A & P II Review Digestion/Metabolism/Kidney Know The Parts of Digestive System: A. Mouth through Anus? 1. Mouth 2. Esophagus 3.

Esophagus Sphincter 4. Stomach 5. Pyloric Sphincter 6. Duodenum 7. Jejunum 8. Ileum 9. Ileum-Caecal Sphincter 10. Caecum 11. Ascending Colon 12. Transverse Colon 13. Descending Colon 14. Sigmoid Colon 15. Rectum 16. Anal Canal 17. Anus B. Type of digestion that occurs in each part? 1. Mouth- Salivary Glands which is a enzymes 2. Esophagus- Transport food to stomach 3. Stomach- Secrete enzymes 4. Small Intestine- Absorption of nutrients 5. Liver- Formation of bile / store glycogen / detoxifies blood 6. Gall Bladder- Store bile which emulsifies fates 7. Pancreas- Pancreatic Secretions 8. Large Intestine- Completes absorption mostly water Manufactures certain vitamins 9. Anus- bile exits C. Secretion/Enzymes of each part? 1. Mouth- Ptylan (salivary Amylase carbs and starches) 2. Stomach- Pepsinogen/ HCL/ Mucous/ Gastrin/ Rennin in infants 3. Small Intestine- Cholecystokinin (CCK) / Pancreatic Juices 4. Liver- Bilirubin 5. Pancreas- Pancreatic Amylase/ Maltase Sucrase Lactase Trypsinogen (inactive) / Trypsin (active) Chymotrypsin/ Carboxypolypeptidase/ Ribonucleas/ Deoxyribonuclease Pancreatic Lipase

D. pH of each secretion? 1. Mouth- pH 6.3 - 6.8 2. Stomach- pH 2 3. Small Intestine- pH 7.6 4. Liver- pH 7.6 - 8.6 5. Pancreas- collectively of pH 7 8 E. Layers of the GI Tract 1. Mucosa- thin lining of the lumen/Epithelia tissue with goblets 2. Submucosa- next layer thicker/ connective tissue/ blood vessel and nerves A. Plexus of Meissner (network of nerves) 3. Muscularis- near outer layer/ has 2 layers/ muscle tissue A. Inner Layer encircle the tract B. Outer Layer runs longitudinally C. One exception the stomach has 3 layers 4. Serosa- most outer layer/ Areolar tissue A. One exception esophagus dose not have a Serosa it has a Adventitia Know What These Words Mean: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bolus mouth to the esophagus food and saliva mix together into a ball Mastication- Chewing Deglutition - Swallow Peristalsis wave like movement through GI Tract Chyme- Semifluid mass into which food is converted by gastric secretion which passes from the stomach into the small intestine 6. Rugae Fold or creases as in the lining of the stomach 7. Villi Wormlike processes on certain membranes. On the mucous membrane of the small intestine where they serve in absorbing nutriment 8. Emulsification Physical / To make into or form an emulsion (stool) Metabolism: Know the charts on the vitamins- minerals- hormones? ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS 1. Arginine (Arg) 2. Histidine (His 3. Isoleucine(Ile) 4. Leucine (Leu) 5. Lysine (Lys) 6. Methionine (Met) 7. Phenylalanine (Phe) 8. Threonine (Thr) 9. Tryptophan (Trp) 10. Valine (Val)

Tyrosine (Tyr) cannot be made unless Phenalalanine is present in the diet.

Define Metabolism: A. B. C. D. Anabolic Reactions- Build things up/ require energy Catabolic Reaction- Break things down/ gives off energy Oxidation Reaction- Remove electrons add oxygen Reduction Reaction- Add electrons or remove oxygen

Define Nutrient- The substance which the body needs to live What are they used for- To supply the body with the nutrients which it needs to Maintain homeostasis. What is an enzyme- They are a catalyst for chemical reaction How do they work- catalyst speeds up the chemical reaction by lowering the energy eact .