61.

Personal Pronouns Subject je tu il elle nous vous ils elles I you he she we you Direct Object me te le la nous vous me you him her us you them them Indirect Object me te lui lui nous vous leur leur to me to you to him to her to us to you Disjunctives moi toi lui elle nous vous me you him her us you them them

they les they les

to them eux to them elles

You have already learned the subject pronouns. They go before the conjugated verb forms. The Direct and Indirect Object pronouns go before the verb even though in English they go after it. They also go after the ne in a negative sentence and right before the verb. The disjunctive always go after prepositions, or can be used alone for emphasis. Sample Sentences: J'achte des pantalons. Je les achte. Je vous donne la bote. Je vous la donne. Aprs toi. Nous allons avec elle. Il ne la quitte pas. Il la quitte. Je t'aime. or Je vous aime. Elle ne l'aime pas. I buy some pants. I buy them. I give the box to you. I give it to you. After you. (familiar) We go with her. He doesn't leave her. He leaves her. I love you. She doesn't love him.

When you have more than one pronoun; me, te, nous, or vous come first, then le, la, or les, then lui or leur. Me, te, le, and la contract to m', t', and l' when they precede a vowel, the same way je does. In commands, the pronouns go after the verb, connected with a hyphen. And the pronoun order changes a little too: Le, la, or les come first; then moi, toi, (Me and te become moi and toi in commands) nous, or vous; then lui, or leur. If you have pronouns, they go before the complete verb in regular sentences; but after the ne and before the form of avoir in negative sentences. Nous lui avons parl. We spoke to him/her.

Vous en avez cout trois. Je t'ai demand du pain. Il ne l'a pas aim. Tu n'y as pas habit. Je ne vous ai pas parl. Nous ne l'avons pas fini.

You've listened to three of them. I asked you for some bread. He didn't like it/her/him. You didn't live there. I didn't speak (or haven't spoken) to you. We didn't finish (or haven't finished) it.

In the pass compos with avoir, direct object pronouns only must agree in gender and number with the past participle. Je les ai aims. I liked them. Il l'a regarde. He watched her. Elles nous ont cout(e)s. They listened to us. Add an e if the pronoun is feminine, and an s if it is plural. The l' could mean him or her, so you might not need to put the extra e on the past participle. The same for nous and vous. They must have an s because they are plural, but it is unclear as to whether they are masculine or feminine.

62. Parts of the Body / Les parties du corps Standard French la tte les cheveux la figure / le visage / la face le front la joue l'oreille l'il / les yeux la barbe la moustache la bouche la lvre le nez la langue la dent le cou les sourcils les cils Slang la caboche / le crne les tifs

head hair face forehead cheek ear eye/s beard mustache mouth lip nose tongue tooth neck eyebrows eyelashes

les esgourdes les mirettes la barbouse la gueule / la bote le blair / le pif les crocs

chin throat skin blood bone shoulder chest waist belly button back heart lungs brain liver kidney bladder rib arm elbow wrist fist hand fingers stomach / belly butt body hip leg knee foot toes ankle thigh shin calf thumb nails tattoo

le menton la gorge la peau le sang l'os l'paule la poitrine la taille le nombril le dos le cur les poumons le cerveau le foie le rein la vessie la cte le bras le coude le poignet le poing la main les doigts l'estomac / le ventre les fesses le corps la hanche la jambe le genou le pied les orteils la cheville la cuisse le tibia le mollet le pouce les ongles le tatouage

le buffet / le bide les miches

le penard / les arpions

piercing blond brunette red-head light brown

le piercing blond/e brun/e roux/rousse chtain

To say something hurts or that you have an ache, you can use avoir mal (body part): J'ai mal la tte. I have a headache. J'ai mal l'estomac. I have a stomach ache. Elle a mal au bras. Her arm hurts. Tu as mal au genou? Your knee hurts? Il a mal aux orteils. His toes hurt. However, if someone is causing you pain, use faire mal (to hurt) plus the indirect pronoun. Tu me fais mal. You're hurting me. Ne lui faites pas mal. Don't hurt him / her. When describing hair color or eye color, you use blonds, chtain, bruns, roux for hair; and bleus, verts, marron, noirs for eyes. Notice that chtain and marron do not agree in gender or number. Elle a les cheveux roux. Elle est rousse. She has red hair. She is a red-head. Il a les yeux marron. He has brown eyes. Combien msures-tu ? / Combien fais-tu ? How tall are you? Combien pses-tu ? How much do you weigh? Je fais 1m60. I am 1 m 60 cm. Je pse 50 kilos. I weigh 50 kilos. 63. Asking Questions 1) Invert the subject and verb form and add a hyphen. Instead of Vous parlez anglais? use Parlez-vous anglais? But if you invert il, elle, or on, you must put a t between the verb form (if it ends in a vowel) and the subject for ease of pronunciation. Parle-il anglais? is incorrect and must become Parle-t-il anglais? And je is usually only inverted with pouvoir or devoir. However, if je is inverted with pouvoir, you don't use peux, but puis. Puis-je ? (pweezh) is Can I? 2) Add n'est-ce pas ? (ness pah) to the end of the sentence. It is equivalent to isn't it, don't you, aren't we, won't you, etc.

3) If the question requires a yes or no answer, put Est-ce que (ess kuh) at the beginning. It contracts to Est-ce qu' before a word beginning with a vowel, such as elle, il or on. You can also use interrogative words (quand, comment, o, etc.) at the beginning of the sentence and then add est-ce que. 4) With interrogative words, you can also use inversion: Quand tes parents partent-ils en vacances ? Or you can use an interrogative with est-ce que and normal word order: Pourquoi est-ce que vous tes ici ? 5) Quel / Quelle / Quels / Quelles (which, what) agrees with the noun it modifies. It precedes the noun or the verb tre, it may follow a preposition, and it can be used with inversion or with est-ce que. Quelle est la date ? A quelle heure partez-vous ? Quels bagages est-ce que vous prenez ? Notice that the forms of quel can also be used in exclamatory sentences. Quel beau jour ! / Quelle belle journe ! What a beautiful day! 6) With negative questions, negative expressions remain in their usual place (i.e. around the verb, or verb and subject if inverted). Tu ne travailles pas ? Est-ce que te ne travailles pas ? Ne travailles-tu pas ? Pourquoi n'as-tu pas travaill ? Asking Questions with the Pass Compos Only the auxiliary verb (avoir or tre) and the subject pronoun are inverted. The past participle follows. A-t-il t surpris ? Was he surprised? T'es-tu amus ? Did you have fun?

64. Interrogative Pronouns

To ask about people: Long Form Subject Direct Object Object of Preposition Qui est-ce qui Qui est-ce qui est venu? Qui est-ce que Qui est-ce que tu as vu? Preposition + qui est-ce que A qui est-ce que tu as parl? Long Form Subject Qu'est-ce qui Short Form Qui Qui est venu? Qui Qui as-tu vu? Translation Who came? Whom did you see?

Preposition + qui Whom did you speak A qui as-tu parl? to?

To ask about things: Short Form No short form Translation What happened?

Qu'est-ce qui est arriv? Direct Object Object of Preposition Qu'est-ce que Qu'est-ce que tu as fait? Preposition + quoi est-ce que De quoi est-ce que tu as parl? Que Qu'as-tu fait? Preposition + quoi De quoi as-tu parl? What did you do? What did you talk about?

Use of Inversion when Subject is Noun: a. With qui and quoi, inversion pattern is regular. Qui Marie a-t-elle vu? Whom did Marie see? De quoi Marc a-t-il besoin? What does Marc need? b. With que, the noun subject must be inverted directly. Que veut Jean? What does Jean want? Que font les autres? What are the others doing? c. However, if the sentence contains more than a subject and verb, or if the verb is in a compound tense (such as the pass compos), the short form is not used. Qu'est-ce que Luc veut faire aujourd'hui? What does Luc want to do today? Qu'est-ce que les autres ont fait? What did the others do? Verb Agreement: a. Interrogative pronouns are usually masculine singular. Les voitures font du bruit. Qu'est-ce qui fait du bruit? Cars make noise. What makes noise? Les enfants sont arrivs. Qui est arriv? The children arrived. Who arrived? b. Exception: when qui is followed by a conjugated form of tre, the verbs agrees with the noun that follows. Qui taient Les Trois Mousquetaires? Who were the three Musketeers? Qu'est-ce que (or qui) vs. Quel: a. Qu'est-ce que c'est que is used to ask for a definition, and quel asks for specific information. Qu'est-ce que c'est que le camembert? What is "camembert"? Quel est le problme? What is the problem? b. When followed by a conjugated form of tre, quel is used if tre is followed by a noun and qu'est-ce qui is used if tre is followed by anything other than a noun. Quelle est la date? What is the date? Qu'est-ce qui est bon? What is good? Written vs. Spoken French with Questions

In spoken French, inversion and the use of est-ce que are usually dropped, but they must be used in written French. Additionally, some forms are contracted or the word order may differ. It's also very common to use qui c'est qui in place of qui or qui est-ce qui. Written forms Spoken forms Parlez-vous franais ? Est-ce que vous parlez Vous parlez franais ? franais ? Comment l'avez-vous appris ? Vous l'avez appris Comment est-ce que vous comment ? l'avez appris ? Quand es-tu arriv ? Quand t'es arriv ? Quand est-ce que tu es T 'es arriv quand ? arriv ? De quoi parlent-ils ? De quoi ils parlent ? De quoi est-ce qu'ils parlent ? Ils parlent de quoi ? Pourquoi me regardes-tu ? Pourquoi est-ce que tu me Pourquoi tu me regardes ? regardes ? Qui t'a dit a ? Qui c'est qui t'a dit a? Qui est-ce qui t'a dit a ? 65. Forms of Lequel Lequel is a pronoun that replaces the adjective quel and the noun it modifies. It expresses Which one? as a question, but which in a statement (usually preceded by a preposition). Adjective Singular Masculine Quel livre lis-tu? Feminine Plural Quels livres lis-tu? Singular Lequel lis-tu? Pronoun Plural Lesquels lis-tu? Translation Do you speak French? How did you learn it? When did you arrive? What are they talking about? Why are you looking at me? Who told you that?

Quelle page lis-tu? Quelles pages lis-tu? Laquelle lis-tu? Lesquelles lis-tu?

Lequel contracts with and de in the plural and masculine singular forms: Singular Masculine Feminine + lequel = auquel de + lequel = duquel + laquelle = laquelle Plural + lesquels = auxquels de + lesquels = desquels + lesquelles = auxquelles

de + laquelle = de laquelle de + lesquelles = desquelles

Voil le portrait sans retouche de l'homme auquel j'appartiens. - That's the unaltered portrait of the man to which I belong. [Edith Piaf - La Vie en Rose]

Et des amours desquelles nous parlons. - And the loves about which we talk. [by JeanDenis Bredin] You can also use another preposition + form of lequel to translate preposition + which: on which, to which, in which, etc. La table sur laquelle j'ai mis la bouteille est l-bas. - The table on which I put the bottle is over there. Le btiment dans lequel j'habite est trs vieux. - The building in which I live is very old.

66. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns join sentences together. These words signal a relative clause which explains the noun, called the antecedent. If the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause (a verb immediately follows), use qui. If the relative pronoun is the direct object of the clause (subject + verb follows), use que. If the verb of the dependent clause requires the preposition de, use dont to replace it. Also use dont to mean whose. Qui, que, and dont can all mean that or who, depending on the sentence. If the antecedent is a place or time, use o to mean where or when. When there is no specific antecedent, ce is added as an artificial one before que, qui or dont; but it can refer to only things, not people. Ce qui, ce que and ce dont generally mean what. Je mange des choses qui sont bonnes. C'est ce que je disais. La femme dont le mari est mort... Voici ce dont j'ai besoin. C'est un restaurant o on sert du poisson. I eat things that are good. qui is subject que is object no antecedent

Je mange des choses que j'aime. I eat things that I like. That's what I said.

The woman whose husband is whose dead... Here is what I need. It's a restaurant where they serve fish. avoir besoin is followed by de restaurant is a place

Dont can also be translated as including or of which. Sept morts, dont 6 civils, dans l'attentat. Seven dead, including six civilians, in the attack. After verbs of declaration or opinion (dire, affirmer, prtendre, jurer, dclarer, reconnatre, avouer, penser, croire), you do not need to use a relative pronoun or to repeat the subject. As long as the subject is the same in both clauses, you can replace que + subject + conjugated verb with the infinitive.

Je pense que je peux le faire. = Je pense pouvoir le faire. I think that I can do it. Elle dit qu'elle le connais. = Elle dit le connatre. She says that she knows him. Vous avouez que vous avez menti. = Vous avouez avoir menti. You admit that you lied.

67. Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns translate to the one(s), or that/those when replacing a noun. There are four forms, but they are not often used alone. De, qui, que, dont and -ci or -l usually follow them. Masc. Fem. Singular celui Plural ceux celle celles

Donnez-moi mon billet et celui de Guillaume. Give me my ticket and William's. (or: the one of William) Il porte ses propres livres et ceux de sa sur. He is carrying his own books and his sister's. (or: those of his sister) Quelles fleurs aimes-tu, celles-ci ou celles-l? Which flowers do you like, these (ones) or those (ones)? Ceux qui travaillent dur russissent. Those who work hard succeed. C'est celui dont je parle. That's the one I'm talking about. The indefinite demonstrative pronouns ceci (this), cela (that) and a (this/that) refer to indefinite things or ideas. J'aime a. I like that. Prenez ceci. Take this.

68. To Read, To Say / Tell, & To Laugh lire-to read dire-to say/tell rire-to laugh lis lis lit lisons lisez lisent dis dis dit disons dites disent ris ris rit rions riez rient

The past participles are: lu, dit and ri, and all three are conjugated with avoir.

69. Disjunctive Pronouns

1. As mentioned above, disjunctives are mostly used after prepositions and can only replace people, not things. However, if the preposition is , there are two possible rules: + person = indirect pronoun + person + = disjunctive pronoun, in these cases: se fier s'habituer s'intresser penser rver to trust to get used to to be interested in to think about to dream about

2. They can also be used alone, to emphasize a subject, with tre (to belong to) or in compound subjects. Moi, j'ai faim. Me, I am hungry. Ses amis et lui, ils aiment manger. His friends and he, they like to eat. Ce livre est moi ! That book is mine! 3. They can be added to -mme to mean -self. elle-mme = herself 4. They are also used with ne...que. Ce n'est que lui. It's only him.

70. Y & En Y and en are both pronouns that go before the verb. Y (ee) means it or there. En (awn) means some or some (of them), or of it. They replace prepositional phrases. In French, the phrases will begin with (or any contraction of it), en, sur, sous, chez, devant, derrire, dans, etc. for y; and de (or any contraction of it) or a number for en. They cannot replace people unless the person is introduced with an indefinite article, partitive, number or quantity. Sometimes y and en have no direct translation in English. Remember that they go before the verb, except in a command, in which they follow the verb and are connected with a hyphen. The -er verbs also add the -s they lost when forming the you (familiar) command. Sample Sentences Do you want some apples? Voulez-vous des pommes?

Do you want some? I have three sisters. I have three (of them). It is in the drawer It is there. I am going to Detroit. I am going there. I am going to go to Atlanta. I am going to go there. Answer the telephone! Answer it! (formal) Stay there! (familiar) Don't stay there! (familiar)

En voulez-vous? J'ai trois surs. J'en ai trois. Il est dans le tiroir. Il y est. Je vais Dtroit. J'y vais. Je vais aller Atlanta. Je vais y aller. Rpondez au tlphone ! Rpondez-y ! Restes-y ! N'y reste pas.

Y and en can also replace a phrase or clause, especially with verbs that require or de after them: I think a lot about these stories. I think about them a lot. He obeyed the rules. He obeyed them. Je rflchis beaucoup ces histoires. J'y rflchis beaucoup. Il a obi aux rgles. Il y a obi. On n'a pas besoin de ce We don't need this book. livre. We don't need it. On n'en a pas besoin. Elle se sert de She's using the computer. l'ordinateur. She's using it. Elle s'en sert. Notice y and en don't go after the verb in negative commands. Treat them like pronouns. Ne or Je plus y or en all contract to N'y, J'y, N'en, and J'en. When you have a conjugated verb plus an infinitive (vais and aller), the y or en go in between the two verbs.

71. To See, To Believe, & To Write Verbs take a direct object if they do not need a preposition to connect it to the noun. Verbs that take indirect objects use prepositions after the verb. Voir-to see (vwahr) and croire-to believe (krwahr) take a direct and crire-to write (ay-kreer) takes an indirect.

voir-to see vois

(vwah)

croire-to believe crois

(krwah)

crire-to write cris (aykree)

voyons (vwahyohn)

croyons (krwahyohn)

crivons (ay-kreevohn)

vois voit

voyez (vwah-yay) crois voient (vwah) croit

croyez (krwah-yay) cris croient (krwah) crit

crivez (ay-kree-vay) crivent (ay-kreev)

The past participles are: vu, cru, and crit. You can sometimes tell if a verb takes a direct or indirect object by using the verbs in English. We say "I see her" or "She believes him" or "He writes to them." In French, it would be "Je la vois" (direct), "Elle le croit" (direct) and "Il leur crit." (indirect) But don't always count on English to help you out. Tlphoner () and obir () both take indirect objects in French but you can't tell that in English. In this case, you can tell by the that follows the infinitive. Writing Vocabulary question mark la exclamation punctuation ponctuation point quotation period le point marks comma la virgule parentheses les deux colon apostrophe points (m) le pointsemi-colon hyphen virgule writing l'criture (f) le point d'interrogation le point d'exclamation les guillemets (m) la parenthse "at" sign l'arobase (f) (@) l'astrisque asterisk (m) brackets slash le crochet la barre

l'apostrophe (f) uppercase majuscule le trait d'union lowercase minuscule

When typing in French, you must leave an extra space before a punctuation mark that has two components, such as a colon, semi-colon, question mark, exclamation point, etc.

72. Animals ant antelope antenna bat beak bear bee la fourmi l'antilope l'antenne la chauvesouris le bec l'ours (m) l'abeille (f) giraffe goat goose gorilla grasshopper hamster hare la girafe la chvre l'oie (f) le gorille la sauterelle le hamster le livre pig pigeon pike pony le cochon le pigeon le brochet le poney

puppy le chiot rabbit le lapin raccoon le raton laveur

bird blackbird bull butterfly calf cat caterpillar cheetah chicken chimpanzee claw cockroach cod cocoon cow crab crayfish crocodile crow deer dog donkey

l'oiseau (m) le merle le taureau le papillon le veau le chat la chenille le gupard le poulet le chimpanz la griffe la cafard la morue le cocon la vache le crabe l'crevisse (f) le crocodile le corbeau le cerf le chien l'ne (m)

hen herring hoof horn horse hummingbird iguana insect jellyfish kitten ladybug lamb lark lion lizard lobster (spiny) louse mackerel mole monkey mosquito moth

dragonfly la libellule mouse duck le canard mule eagle l'aigle (m) mussel eel l'anguille (f) nest elephant l'lphant (m) nightingale feather la plume octopus fin la nageoire ostrich fish le poisson owl flea la puce ox fly la mouche oyster fox le renard parrot frog la grenouille partridge gill la branchie penguin sit assis lie down couche-toi

la poule la hareng le sabot la corne le cheval le colibri l'iguane l'insecte (m) la mduse le chaton la coccinelle l'agneau (m) l'alouette (f) le lion le lzard la langouste le pou le maquereau la taupe le singe le moustique le papillon de nuit la souris le mulet la moule le nid le rossignol la pieuvre l'autruche le hibou le buf l'hutre (f) le perroquet la perdrix le pingouin to bark to growl

rat rooster salmon scale scorpion sea gull seal shark sheep shrimp slug snail snake sparrow spider squid squirrel starfish swallow swan tadpole tail tiger toad trout tuna turkey turtle wasp weasel whale wing wolf worm zebra aboyer grogner

le rat le coq le saumon l'caille (f) le scorpion la mouette le phoque le requin le mouton la crevette la limace l'escargot (m) le serpent le moineau l'araigne (f) le calamar l'cureuil (m) l'toile de mer l'hirondelle (f) le cygne le ttard la queue le tigre le crapaud la truite le thon le dindon la tortue la gupe la belette la baleine l'aile (f) le loup le ver le zbre

shake dog/cat food leash collar to take/let dog out to climb on 73. Plaire & Manquer

donne la patte les croquettes la laisse le collier sortir le chien grimper sur

to pant to whine/whimper to drool to meow to scratch to pounce on

haleter gmir baver miauler griffer se jeter sur

plaire-to please, enjoy manquer-to miss, be lacking plais plais plat plaisons plaisez plaisent manque manques manque manquons manquez manquent

The past participle of plaire is plu. To say that someone likes something, you have to switch the subject and object around, so that literally it translates to "something or someone pleases." As a reflexive verb, se plaire means to enjoy being somewhere. Faire plaisir can also be used to mean "to delight or to like." Cette chienne plat Dominique. Dominique likes this dog. (Literally: This dog is pleasing to Dominique.) a t'a plu? Did you like it? Ils se plaisent Londres. They enjoy being in London. Cela me fait plaisir de vous revoir. I am happy to see you again. Manquer has several meanings: to miss, to lack, or to regret the absence (miss). The last meaning uses inverted word order just like plaire. Manquer means "to fail to do." Elle a manqu le train. She missed the train. Vous manquez de courage. You lack courage. Tu me manques. I miss you. (Literally: You are missing to me) Ils ont manqu aux devoirs. They failed to do the homework.

74. Pluperfect (Past Perfect) This compound tense is used for flashbacks or anything that had happened before the time of the narration. It's formed with the imperfect tense of avoir or tre and the past participle of the main verb. This tense is comparable to the pass compos. Imperfect of avoir or tre avais avions tais tions

avais avait

aviez avaient

tais tiez tait taient

+ past participle

Je n'avais pas fini mon travail quand il est arriv. I had not finished my work when he arrived. Vous aviez faim parce que vous n'aviez pas du tout mang. You were hungry because you hadn't eaten at all. Nous avions manqu le rendez-vous parce que le bus tait en retard. We had missed the meeting because the bus was late.

75. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns refer to no one or nothing in particular, such as someone or something. someone/body quelqu'un something some somewhere several some...others another quelque chose (de + adjective) quelques-uns / quelques-unes quelque part plusieurs certains...d'autres un(e) autre each anything anyone anywhere any time nowhere chacun(e) n'importe quoi n'importe qui n'importe o n'importe quand nulle part

not one, none aucun(e)

Do not confuse chacun with chaque (each, every). Chacun is a pronoun and replaces a noun, while chaque is an adjective that describes a noun.

76. Subjunctive Mood If a sentence expresses a subjective statement of opinion, the subjunctive mood is used rather than the indicative. The subjunctive is used in dependent clauses introduced by the word que. The main clause must express personal opinions or feelings and have a different subject from the dependent clause. If the two subjects are the same, the infinitive is used. Je doute que Marc soit l. I doubt that Marc is here. (shows judgment and opinion) Je veux venir. NOT: Je veux que je vienne. (use infinitive, same subject) To form the subjunctive, use the ils/elles form of the present indicative tense. This is also the form for the ils/elles form of the subjunctive. For je, tu, il/elle, drop the -ent and add -e, -es, and -e. Nous and vous use the imperfect forms.

-e -ions -es -iez -e -ent Conjugations in the Subjunctive avoir ayons ayez aient tre soyons soyez soient faire aller fasse fassions aille allions fasses fassiez ailles alliez fasse fassent aille aillent

aie aies ait

sois sois soit

vouloir pouvoir savoir pleuvoir veuille voulions puisse puissions sache sachions veuilles vouliez puisses puissiez saches sachiez veuille veuillent puisse puissent sache sachent pleuve These verbs and conjunctions are followed by the subjunctive: Verbs douter suggrer vouloir proposer avoir peur regretter craindre tre content(e)/triste/dsol(e)/surpris(e), etc. penser/croire/trouver
(negative and interrogative forms only)

Verbal Expressions il faut que il vaut mieux que il se peut que il est possible que il est temps que

Conjunctions avant que pour / afin que moins que bien que / quoique sans que

il est important que jusqu' ce que

c'est dommage que en attendant que

Je veux que tu viennes avec moi. I want you to come with me. Il est content que nous soyons l. He's happy that we are here. Est-ce que vous pensez qu'elle puisse le faire ? Do you think that she can do it? Il faut que je fasse la vaisselle. I have to do the dishes. Elle sera l jusqu' ce que vous partiez. She will be there until you leave.

 However, douter, jusqu' ce que, moins que, and bien que / quoique use the subjunctive whether there is a change in subject or not. And when using avant before an infinitive, the construction is avant de + infinitive. Note, also, that the subjunctive is not used with esprer or il est probable, although the subjunctive may be used with these words in other Romance languages. The word ne is used after certain conjunctions (most notably avant que and moins que) that take the subjunctive, but this does not make the phrase negative: Finissez le travail avant que la classe ne se termine. Finish the work before class ends.

77. Falloir & Valoir Falloir (to be necessary) and valoir (to be worth) are two very common impersonal verbs used in several phrases and situations. Their conjugations are: imperfect present perfect present future conditional il fallait il a fallu il faut il faudra il faudrait il valait il a valu il vaut il vaudra il vaudrait

Falloir can be translated as must, have to, be required to, etc. It can be followed directly by an infinitive, or a subject and the subjunctive mood. Il faut rester la maison aujourd'hui. You must stay at home today. Il faut pas le faire ! You must not do it! Il faut qu'il parte 8h. He must leave at 8. In addition to worth, valoir mieux is used in translating "it's better." a ne vaut pas la peine. It's not worth it. Il vaut mieux en rire quen pleurer. It's better to laugh about it than cry.

78. Adverbs bien mieux mal peu dj bientt ici l well better badly little already soon here there quelquefois toujours vite donc encore quelque part maintenant tt sometimes always quickly therefore yet somewhere now early

dedans dehors souvent d'habitude

inside outside often usually

tard peut-tre jamais nulle part

late maybe (n)ever nowhere

To form an adverb, simply take the feminine form of an adjective and add -ment to the end. If the masculine form ends in -e, you just add the -ment to that. Adjectives ending in -ent or -ant take the endings -emment and -amment. Masculine naturel heureux lent facile probable intelligent brillant rcent Feminine naturelle heureuse lente facile probable intelligente brillante rcente Adverb naturellement heureusement lentement facilement probablement intelligemment brillamment rcemment

Some adverbs such as actuellement (currently, now) and ventuellement (possibly, perhaps) can be deceiving. A Few Irregular Adverbs vrai vraiment gentil gentiment profond profondment bref brivement prcis prcisment Adverbs are placed right after the verb in a simple tense. Adverbs of opinion and time usually go at the beginning or end of the sentence. When peut-tre and sans doute begin a sentence or clause, they are usually followed by que. With the pass compos, most adverbs are placed between the auxiliary verb and past participle. In negative sentences, pas precedes the adverb, except with peut-tre, sans doute, srement, and probablement. Adverbs of time and place generally follow the past participle.

79. Tools & Hobbies tools toolbox les outils chisel le ciseau la bote outils measuring tape le mtre

hammer screwdriver nail screw wrench adjustable wrench bolt nut pliers saw blade handle anvil clamp / vise shovel pick axe drill drill bit

le marteau le tournevis le clou la vis la cl la cl molette le boulon l'crou (m) les pinces (f) la scie la lame le manche l'enclume (f) l'tau (m) la pelle la pioche la perceuse la mche

chainsaw file do-it-yourself handicrafts embroidery cross-stitch needlework needle thread painting jewelry making gardening knitting photography woodworking pottery drawing cooking

la trononneuse la lime le bricolage l'artisanat la broderie le point de croix la couture l'aiguille (f) le fil peindre faire des bijoux le jardinage le tricot la photographie la menuiserie la poterie le dessin la cuisine

Other expressions related to hobbies/leisure time: bavarder - to chat bronzer - to tan faire la grasse matine - to sleep in late faire la sieste - to take a nap faire une pause - to take a break faire une promenade - to take a walk faire un tour - to go out for a while prendre un bain de soleil - to sunbathe prendre un verre - to go out for a drink se dtendre - to relax se reposer - to rest 80. False Cognates Les faux-amis or false cognates are a common pitfall among language students. The following are some common words that you may be deceived by: Abus is used to mean excess or overindulgence, and usually not abuse. Disposer means to arrange or to have available, not to dispose of. Une injure is an insult, not an injury.

Actuel and actuellement mean current and currently. Avertissement is a warning, not an advertisement. Une recette is a recipe, not a receipt. Fournitures refers to supplies, not furniture. Original means new or innovative. Humeur means mood, not humor. Formel is used to mean strict, not formal. Djeuner du matin Jacques Prvert Il a mis le caf Dans la tasse Il a mis le lait Dans la tasse de caf Il a mis le sucre Dans le caf au lait Avec la petite cuiller Il a tourn Il a bu le caf au lait Et il a repos la tasse Sans me parler Il a allum Une cigarette Il a fait des ronds Avec la fume Il a mis les cendres Dans le cendrier Sans me parler Sans me regarder Il s'est lev Il a mis Son chapeau sur sa tte Il a mis Son manteau de pluie Parce qu'il pleuvait Et il est parti Sous la pluie Sans une parole Et moi j'ai pris Ma tte dans ma main Et j'ai pleur. Breakfast Jacques Prvert He put the coffee In the cup He put the milk In the cup of coffee He put the sugar In the caf au lait With the coffee spoon He stirred He drank the caf au lait And he set down the cup Without a word to me He lit A cigarette He made smoke-rings With the smoke He put the ashes In the ashtray Without a word to me Without a look at me He got up He put His hat upon his head He put his raincoat on Because it was raining And he left In the rain Without a word And I, I took My head in my hand And I cried.

Translated by Lawrence Ferlinghetti, from Paroles by Prvert

Le Corbeau et le Renard Jean de la Fontaine Matre corbeau, sur un arbre perch, Tenait en son bec un fromage, Matre renard, par l'odeur allch, Lui tint peu prs ce langage: <<Eh bonjour, Monsieur du Corbeau. Que vous tes joli ! que vous me semblez beau ! Sans mentir, si votre ramage Se rapporte votre plumage, Vous tes le phnix des htes de ces bois.>> A ces mots, le corbeau ne se sent pas de joie; Et pour montrer sa belle voix, Il ouvre un large bec, laisse tomber sa proie. Le renard s'en saisit, et dit: <<Mon bon monsieur, Apprenez que tout flatteur Vit aux dpens de celui qui l'coute. Cette leon vaut bien un fromage sans doute.>> Le corbeau, honteux et confus, Jura, mais un peu tard, qu'on ne l'y prendrait plus.

The Crow and the Fox Jean de la Fontaine Master Crow perched on a tree, Was holding a cheese in his beak. Master Fox attracted by the smell Said something like this: "Well, Hello Mister Crow! How beautiful you are! how nice you seem to me! Really, if your voice Is like your plumage, You are the phoenix of all the inhabitants of these woods." At these words, the Crow is overjoyed. And in order to show off his beautiful voice, He opens his beak wide, lets his prey fall The Fox grabs it, and says: "My good man, Learn that every flatterer Lives at the expense of the one who listens to him. This lesson, without doubt, is well worth a cheese." The Crow, ashamed and embarrassed, Swore, but a little late, that he would not be taken again.