By the end of the twelfth century, a distinctive system of republican government had come to be well established in most of the major cities of the republic. The cities were generally controlled by chief magistrates known as podesta, so called because they were vested with supreme power. Scholars have generally agreed that the cities initially failed to develop anything in the nature of a corresponding civic ideology.
By the end of the twelfth century, a distinctive system of republican government had come to be well established in most of the major cities of the republic. The cities were generally controlled by chief magistrates known as podesta, so called because they were vested with supreme power. Scholars have generally agreed that the cities initially failed to develop anything in the nature of a corresponding civic ideology.
By the end of the twelfth century, a distinctive system of republican government had come to be well established in most of the major cities of the republic. The cities were generally controlled by chief magistrates known as podesta, so called because they were vested with supreme power. Scholars have generally agreed that the cities initially failed to develop anything in the nature of a corresponding civic ideology.