Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Microcontroller

Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Microcontroller

A Report On Project Work Submitted For Final Year

Of Diploma of engineering In Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted by:Vaibhav Mansingh Chauhan (096540311019) Gitendra Prabhusingh Tanvar (096540311020) Guided by:Preeti Mahavar
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Vishnubhai Punjalal Mangaldas Patel Polytechnic Secter-15, Gandhinagar

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Certificate
This is to Certify that Mr._____________________________ having Enrolment No:-____________________ has complited part 2 IDP project work Having Title:-SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR He has under gone the process of shod yatra literature survay and problem Definition.He is supposed to carry out the residue IDP part-II work on same problem during semester-VI for the final fulfillment of the IDP work which is prerequisite to complete diploma engineering.

Guide IDP

Head Of Dapartment

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Acknowledgment
It is a privilege for us to have been associated with Mrs. preety Mahavar, our guide, and IntraAction Electronics, our company, during this project work. We have been greatly benefited by their valuable suggestions and ideas. It is with great pleasure that we express our deep sense of gratitude to them for their valuable guidance, constant encouragement and patience throughout this work. We express our gratitude to Mrs.Kinjal Bhavsar, Head Department of Electronics & Communication for her constant encouragement, co-operation, and support. We express our sincere thanks to Miss. Preeti Mahavar and Mr. Atman Trivedi for their unfailing inspiration. We are also thankful to Mr. Hitesh for providing the lab facilities. We take this opportunity to thank all our classmates for their company during the course work and for useful discussion we had with them. We would be failing in our duties if we do not make a mention of our family members including our parents for providing moral support, without which this work would not have been completed.

Students name: Vaibhav mansingh chauhan (0965403311019) Jitendra prabhusingh tanvar (096540311020)

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Abstract

Direct current (DC) motor has already become an important drive configuration for many applications across a wide range of powers and speeds. The ease of control and excellent performance of the DC motors will ensure that the number of applications using them will continue grow for the foreseeable future. This project is mainly concerned on DC motor speed control system by using microcontroller AT89S52. It is a closed-loop real time control system, where optical encoder (built in this project) is coupled to the motor shaft to provide the feedback speed signal to controller. Microcontroller acts as proportional (P) controller with Kp =1 in this study. A program in C-language is developed to provide a graphic user interface (GUI) for the user to enter desired speed at computer. Besides, it also shows a graph of motor speed versus time to let the user monitor the performance of the system easily. Based on the result, the reading of optical encoder built is quite reliable. Through the project, it can be concluded that microcontroller AT89S52 can control motor speed at desired speed although there is a variation of load.

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Index
Sr.no Title
1 Chapter:-1 Introduction to Industrial profile

Page
6

Chapter:-2 Component details

22

3 4

Chapter:-3

At89s52 microcontroller

25

Chapter:-4 Different Method for speed control of DC motor 46

Chapter:-5 Conclusion

50

How much work completed in IDP-2

51

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Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Microcontroller

Chapter:-1
Introduction to Industrial profile:-

NAME:- A.D. ENTERPRISES ADDRESS:- Plot no. E-99.GIDC electronic Estate,Sector-26,GANDHINAGAR-382028

Gujarat

PRODUCTION:- This industry is mainly produce product on microcontroller and PIC controller,
Like weighing scale,speed control of dc motro etc

SERVICES PROVIDED BY THIS COMPANY:-

Mainly this company is provide repairing of faulty instrument like Telephone,Different types of PCB faults, And also provide designing of PCB for project.

Our company is also help to solve the problem like hardware component faults.

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Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Microcontroller INTRODUCTION:The purpose of a motor speed controller is to take a signal representing the demanded speed, and to drive a motor at that speed. The controller may or may not actually measure the speed of the motor. If it does, it is called a Feedback Speed Controller or Closed Loop Speed Controller, if not it is called an Open Loop Speed Controller. Feedback speed control is better, but more complicated, and may not be required for a simple robot design. Motors come in a variety of forms, and the speed controller's motor drive output will be different dependent on these forms. The speed controller presented here is designed to drive a simple cheap starter motor from a car, which can be purchased from any scrap yard. These motors are generally series wound, which means to reverse them, they must be altered slightly.to produce mechanical output is DC Motor. The advantages of using these types of motors over conventionally used AC motors are stated below. DC motors have higher controller efficiency. DC motors have typical 98% efficiency. DC motors have better overload and peak voltage characteristics. The main advantage of using these DC motors ids that the speed- torque characteristics can be varied to almost any useful form. As a result of all these advantages these motors have a wide range of applications in places where constant speed is to be maintained at varying loads. Conveyor belts, elevators, cranes, ski lifts, extruders, mixers, sewing machines are few such applications where DC motors are used. So controlling the speed of a DC motor is a 7|Page

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purposeful and required

Principle of speed control:Rotational speed N of an induction motor can be shown by the expression (1). When the voltage applied to the motor is increased and decreased, the slip s changes, then the rotational speed N will change. N= 120*(1-s)/P N: Rotational speed [r/min] F: Frequency Hz P: Number of poles of a motor S: Slip

In the case of an induction motor as shown in Fig. 4, a stable range and an unstable range exists in the Rotational Speed - Torque curve. Since it is impossible to reliably operate in the unstable range, simple voltage control (open loop control) is limited to controlling the speed in a narrow range like, N1~N3 in Fig. 5. To make it possible to operate reliably even in the above-mentioned unstable range, it is necessary to detect the rotational speed of the motor.

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Speed control methods in a DC motor:The motor speed can be controlled by controlling armature voltage and armature current. It is obvious that speed control is possible by varying Flux per pole , (Flux control)

Resistance Ra of armature circuit (Rheostatic Control)

Applied voltage V (Voltage Control)

The above methods have some demerits like a large amount of power is wasted in the controller resistance. Hence, efficiency is decreased. It needs expensive arrangement for dissipation of heat produced in the controller resistance. It gives speeds below the normal speed. By these data that are acquainted we can draw a conclusion that these electric and electromechanical methods are less adaptive so electronic techniques are used for speed control. These methods provide higher efficiency, greater reliability, quick response, higher efficiency. One such technique is Pulse Width Modulation. We apply this technique in our project so as to control the speed of the

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DC motor.

Another Widely Used Mathod Pwm Mathod:Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a method for binary signals generation, which has 2 signal periods (high and low). The width (W) of each pulse varies between 0 and the period (T). The main principle is control of power by varying the duty cycle. Here the conduction time to the load is controlled. Let for a time t1, the input voltage appears across the load i.e. ON state and for t2 time the voltage across the load is zero. The average voltage at output is given by Va = 1/T vodt = t1/T Vs = ft1 Vs = kVs the average load current Ia = Va/R = kVs/R where, T is the total time period =t1+t2, k = t1/T is the duty cycle. The rms value of output voltage is V0 = ( i/T V02 dt ) = k Vs The output power and is given by Pi = 1/T v0idt = 1/T v02/R dt = kVs2/R

The duty cycle can be varied from 0 to 1 by varying t1, T or f. Therefore, the output voltage V0 can be varied from 0 to Vs by controlling k, and the power flow can be controlled. As the time t1 changes the width of pulse is varied and this type of control is called pulse width modulation (PWM) control. For better understanding of PWM these diagrammatic representations can be used. These 10 | P a g e

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figures represent the waveforms obtained as output at different voltage requirements. High Speed Signal (90%): The green part of the signal represents the ON

Signal with half voltage (50%):-

Signal with low voltage (10%): -

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Advantages of PWM :
The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM works also well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle. Using pulse width modulation has several advantages over analog control. Using PWM to dim a lamp would produce less heat than an analog control that converts some of the current to heat. Also, if you use PWM, the entire control circuit can be digital, eliminating the need for digital-to-analog converters. Using digital control lines will reduce the susceptibility of your circuit to interference. Finally, motors may be able to operate at lower speeds if you control them with PWM. When you use an analog current to control a motor, it will not produce significant torque at low speeds. The magnetic field created by the small current will be too weak to turn the rotor. On the other hand, a PWM current can create short pulses of magnetic flux at full strength, which can turn the rotor at extremely slow speeds.

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MICROCONTROLLER:A microcontroller (abbreviated C, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. This programmes memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Advantages of Microcontroller Microcontrollers are widely used in todays control systems for the following reasons: Design and Simulation Because you are programming with software, detailed simulations may be performed in advance to assure correctness of code and system performance. Flexibility Ability to reprogram using Flash, EEPROM or EPROM allows straightforward changes in the control law used. High Integration Most microcontrollers are essentially single chip computers with onchip processing, memory, and I/O. Some contain peripherals for serial communication and r eading analog signals (with an analog-to-digital converter or ADC). This differentiates a microcontroller from a microprocessor. Microprocessors require that this functionality be provided by added components.

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Most microcontrollers also contain read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), or erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). Al1 of these memories are permanent: they retain what is programmed into them even during loss of power. They are used to store the firmware that tells the microcontroller how to operate. They are also used to store permanent lookup tables. Often these memories do not reside in the microcontroller; instead, they are contained in external ICs, and the instructions are fetched as the microcontroller runs. This enables quick and low-cost updates to the firmware by replacing the. Where would a microcontroller be without some way of communicating with the outside world? This job is left to input/output (I/O) port pins. The number of I/O pins per controllers varies greatly, plus each I/O pin can be programmed as an input or output (or even switch during the running of a program).The load (current draw) that each pin can drive is usually low. If the output is expected to be a heavy load, then it is essential to use a driver chip or transistor buffer. Most microcontrollers contain circuitry to generate the system clock. This square wave is the heartbeat of the microcontroller and all operations are synchronized to it. Obviously, it controls the speed at which the microcontroller functions. All that needed to complete the clock circuit would be the crystal or RC components.

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8051 is also one such microcontroller with certain features like : An 8-bit ALU. Harvard memory architecture the external program memory and data memory have separate address spaces from 0x0000 and separate controlsignal(s). 8-bit internal data bus width and 16-bit internal address bus Harvard memory architecture CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) Special function registers (SFRs) PSW(processor status word), A (accumulator),B register, SP (stack pointer) and registers for serial IOs, timers, ports and interrupt handler. on-chip RAM of 128 bytes. 32 bytes of RAM also used as four banks of registers. Each register-set thus eight registers. External data/stack memory can be added upto 64 kB in most of the version. In certain 8051 enhancements, this limit enhanced to 16 MB. After acquiring the data about microcontroller, DC motor and PWM technique we can get into designing a circuit that uses these units in controlling the speed of a DC motor

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

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Code or progrmme:sbit SW_1 = P2^6; //connecting switch 1 to the port 2 ,pin 6. sbit SW_2 = P2^7; // connecting switch 1 to the port 2 ,pin 7. sbit MTR = P1^0; // from this pin we get the signal that is to be fed to the base void main() { int x; while(1) { if(SW_1==0 & SW_2==0) { MTR=1; for(x=0;x<150;x++); MTR=0; for(x=0;x<600;x++); } if(SW_1==0 & SW_2==1)

{ MTR=1; for(x=0;x<300;x++); MTR=0; for(x=0;x<300;x++); } if(SW_1==1 & SW_2==0) { MTR=1;

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for(x=0;x<600;x++); MTR=0; for(x=0;x<150;x++); } if(SW_1==1 & SW_2==1) { MTR=1; { TMOD=0x10; TH1=0x3C; TL1=0xB0; TR1=1; while(TF1==0); TF1=0; TR1=0; } sbit i1=P1^0; sbit i2=P1^1; sbit i3=P1^2; sbit i4=P1^3; sbit f=P1^4;

void main(void) {
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i1=1;i2=1;i3=1;i4=1 i5=5; first: if(i1==1) //25 % duty cycle { while(1) { f=0; delay();if(i2==1||i3==0||i4==0||i5==0)gotoasd;//1 f=1; delay();if(i2==0||i3==0||i4==0)gotoasd;//1 delay();if(i2==0||i3==0||i4==0)gotoasd;//2 delay();if(i2==0||i3==0||i4==0)gotoasd;//3 } } asd: if(i2==1) //50 % duty cycle { while(1) { f=0; delay();if(i1==0||i3==0||i4==0||i5==0)goto first;//1 delay();if(i1==0||i3==0||i4==0)goto first;//2 f=1; delay();if(i1==0||i3==0||i4==0)goto first;//1 delay();if(i1==0||i3==0||i4==0)goto first;//2
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}} if(i3==1) //75 % duty cycle { while(1) { f=0; delay();if(i1==0||i2==0||i4==0,i5==0)goto first;//1 delay();if(i1==0||i2==0||i4==0)goto first;//2 delay();if(i1==0||i2==0||i4==0)goto first;//3 f=1; delay();if(i1==0||i2==0||i4==0)goto first;//1 } } if(i4==1) //85 % duty cycle { f=0; while(1) { if(i1==0||i2==0||i3==0)goto first; } { if (i5==1) // 100 % duty cycle {f=1; while(1)
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}

Block Diagram:-

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Chapter:-2
Component details:(1):- AT89S52 (2):- DAC 0808 (3):- 7-segment display (4):- LM7805 (5):-power supply (6):- 2n4033 transistor (7):9 - 10k resister (8):- 2 switch (9):-11.0592mhz crystal oscillator (10):- 2-33pf capacitor (11):-1uf capacitor (12):-0.1uf capacitor

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WORKING:As shown in the above diagram the circuit diagram of dc speed control of motor is shown.The working of this circuit is quit simple. When supply of 230v is applied to the primary winding of the transformer at the secondary side it converted into the 9v, After this it is applied to the LM7805 IC which is the voltage regulator IC,this convert 9v voltage into the 5v. This is the required power for AT89s52. Here there is 5steps of speed control is provided. Due to pressing of a switch 7-segment display the speed of motor. Dac0808 is mainly used for the convert the analog signal into the digital signal.

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Application Of Dc Motor:-

(1):- ROBOTIC CONTROLS. (2):(3):SWING MACHINES. ELECTRONIC BIKES.

(4):- WINDING MACHINES. (5):- DC OPERATED DRILL MACHINES. (6):- CNC MACHINES. (7):- MOBILE AIR CONDITION FANS. (8):- TOYS. (9):- ELCTRONIC DOOR CONTROLLERS. (10):- ELECTRONIC CHAIRS(beauty parlor etc.)

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Chapter:-3
AT89S52 PIN DIAGRAM:-

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AT89S52 DISCRIPTION:The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

AT89S52 PIN DISCRIPTION:26 | P a g e

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VCC:- Supply voltage .GND:- Ground. Port 0:- Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL
inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1:- Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the follow-ing table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2:- Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. 27 | P a g e

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Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and dur-ing accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash program-ming and verification.

Port 3:- Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source
four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST:- Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.
This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG :-Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accessed to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes.

PSEN:- Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is
executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two 28 | P a g e

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PSEN activations are skipped during each access to exter-nal data memory

EA/VPP:- External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code
from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1:- Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 :-Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier Special Function Registers:- A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register
(SFR) . Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be imple-mented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0. Timer 2 Registers: . The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode. Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.

AT89S52 image:-

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Block diagram of AT89S52:-

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DAC 0808 :Introduction:31 | P a g e

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The DAC0808 is an 8-bit monolithic digital-to-analog converter(DAC) featuring a full scale output current settling time of 150 ns while dissipating only 33 mW with 5V supplies. No reference current (IREF) trimming is required for most applications since the full scale output current is typically 1LSB of 255 IREF/256. Relative accuracies of better than0.19% assure 8-bit monotonicity and linearity while zero level output current of less than 4 A provides 8-bit zero accuracy for IREF2 mA. The power supply currents of theDAC0808 is independent of bit codes, and exhibits essentially constant device characteristics over the entire supply voltage range. The DAC0808 will interface directly with popular TTL, DTL or CMOS logic levels, and is a direct replacement for theMC1508/MC1408. For higher speed applications, seeDAC0800 data sheet.

Features:1:- Relative accuracy: 0.19% error maximum 2:-Full scale current match: 1 LSB typ 3:-Fast settling time: 150 ns typ 4:-No inverting digital inputs are TTL and CMOScompatible 5:-High speed multiplying input slew rate: 8 mA/s 6:-Power supply voltage range: 4.5V to 18V 7:-Low power consumption: 33 mW @ 5V

DAC0808 Pin Diagram:-

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Dac0808 pin description:Pin 1 2

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Description
NC - Not Connected GND - Ground

Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Microcontroller 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Vee - Negative Supply Iout - Current Out A1 - Digital Input Bit 1 A2 - Digital Input Bit 2 A3 - Digital Input Bit 3 A4 - Digital Input Bit 4 A5 - Digital Input Bit 5 A6 - Digital Input Bit 6 A7 - Digital Input Bit 7 A8 - Digital Input Bit 8 Vcc - Positive Supply Vref+ - Voltage Reference + Vref- - Voltage Reference COMP - Compensation

Electrical characteristics of DAC0808:-

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OUTPUT VOLTAGE RANGE:The voltage on pin 4 is restricted to a range of 0.55 to 0.4Vwhen VEE = 5V due to the current switching methods employed in the DAC0808.The negative output voltage compliance of the DAC0808 is extended to 35 | P a g e

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5V where the negative supply voltage is more negative than 10V. Using a full-scale current of 1.992 man load resistor of 2.5 kW between pin 4 and ground will yield a voltage output of 256 levels between 0 and 4.980V.Floating pin 1 does not affect the converter speed or power dissipation. However, the value of the load resistor determines the switching time due to increased voltage swing. Values of RL up to 500W do not significantly affect performance, but a 2.5 kW load increases worst-case settling time to 1.2 s (when all bits are switched ON).

OUTPUT CURRENT RANGE:The output current maximum rating of 4.2 mA may be used only for negative supply voltages more negativethan 8V,due to the increased voltage drop across the resistors in the reference current amplified.

7-segment display:Introduction:The 14.2 mm (0.56 inch) LED seven segment displays are designed for viewing distances up to 7 meters (23 feet). These devices use an industry standardize package and pinot. Both the numeric and 1 overflow devices feature a right hand decimal point. All devices are available as either common anode or common cathode.

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Industry Standard Size Industry Standard Pinout 15.24 mm (0.6 in.) DIP Ladson 2.54 mm (0.1 in.) Centers Choice of Colors AlGaAs Red, High Efficiency Red, Yellow, Green, Orange Excellent Appearance Evenly Lighted Segments Mitered Corners on Segments Gray Package Gives Optimum 50 Viewing Angle Design Flexibility Common Anode or CommonCathodeSingle and Dual Digits Right Hand Decimal Point 1. Overflow Character Categorized for Luminous Intensity Yellow and Green Categorized for Color Use of Like Categories Yields uniform Display High Light Output High Peak Current Excellent for Long Digit String Multiplexing Intensity and Color Selection Option See Intensity and Color.

Implementations:Seven-segment displays may use a liquid crystal display (LCD), arrays of light-emitting diodes(LEDs), or other light-generating or controlling techniques such as cold cathode gas discharge, vacuum fluorescent, incandescentfilaments, and others. For gasoline price totems and other large signs, vane displays made up of electromagnetically flipped light-reflecting segments (or "vanes") are still commonly used. An alternative to the 37 | P a g e

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7-segment display in the 1950s through the 1970s was the cold-cathode, neon-lamp-like nixie tube. Starting in 1970, RCA sold a display device known as the Numitron that used incandescent filaments arranged into a seven-segment display. In a simple LED package, typically all of the cathodes (negative terminals) or all of the anodes(positive terminals) of the segment LEDs are connected and brought out to a common pin; this is referred to as a "common cathode" or "common anode" device. Hence a 7 segment plus decimal point package will only require nine pins (though commercial products typically contain more pins, and/or spaces where pins would go, in order to match industry standard pinouts). Integrated displays also exist, with single or multiple digits. Some of these integrated displays incorporate their own internal decoder, though most do not each individual LED is brought out to a connecting pin as described. Multiple-digit LED displays as used in pocket calculators and similar devices used multiplexed displays to reduce the number of IC pins required to control the display. For example, all the anodes of the A segments of each digit position would be connected together and to a driver pin, while the cathodes of all segments for each digit would be connected. To operate any particular segment of any digit, the controlling integrated circuit would turn on the cathode driver for the selected digit, and the anode drivers for the desired segments; then after a short blanking interval the next digit would be selected and new segments lit, in a sequential fashion.

Hexadecimal display:-

Digit 0 1 38 | P a g e

gfedcba 03F 006

abcdefg 07E 030

a on off

b on on

c On On

d on off

e on off

f on off

g off off

Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Microcontroller

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A b C d E F 05B 04F 066 06D 07D 007 07F 06F 077 07C 039 05E 079 071 06D 079 033 05B 05F 070 07F 07B 077 01F 04E 03D 04F 047 on on off on on on on on on off on off on on on on on off off on on on on off off on off off Off on on on on on on on on on off on off off on on off on on off on on off on on on on off on off off off on off on off on on on on on on off off on on on off on on on on on off on on on on on on on off on on on on off on on on

visual structure and images:-

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Power supply section:-

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APPLICATIONS:DC POWER SOURCE UTILIZATION:41 | P a g e

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Inverter designed to provide 115 VAC from the 12 VDC source provided in an automobile. The unit provides up to 1.2 Amps of alternating current, or just enough to power two sixty watt light bulbs.An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage. Grid tie inverters can feed energy back into the distribution network because they produce alternating current with the same wave shape and frequency as supplied by the distribution system. They can also switch off automatically in the event of a blackout.

HVDC POWER TRANSMISSION:With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a static inverter plant converts the power back to AC.

THE GENERAL CASE:A transformer allows AC power to be converted to any desired voltage, but at the same frequency. Inverters, plus rectifiers for DC, can be designed to convert from any voltage, AC or DC, to any other voltage, also AC or DC, at any desired frequency. The output power can never exceed the input power, but efficiencies can be high, with a small proportion of the power dissipated as waste heat.

LM7805 Discription:Description:42 | P a g e

Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Microcontroller

This series of fixed-voltage integrated-circuit voltage regulators is designed for a wide range of applications. These applications include on-card regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. Each of these regulators can deliver up to 1.5 A of output current. The internal current-limiting and thermal-shutdown features of these regulators essentially make them immune to overload. In addition to use as fixed-voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents, and also can be used as the power-pass element in prcis ion regulators.

Pin Diagram:-

Pin Discription:-

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Features: 3-Terminal Regulators 44 | P a g e

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Output Current up to 1.5 A Internal Thermal-Overload Protection High Power-Dissipation Capability Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting Output Transistor Safe-Area Compensation

APPLICATION INFORMATION:-

Fixed output regulator

Chapter:-4
Different method for speed control of dc motor:45 | P a g e

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AC speed control motors:Construction of motor:As shown in Fig. 2, the construction of the single phase and three-phase induction motors includes a stator where the primary winding is wound and a basket-shaped, solid aluminum die cast rotor. The rotor is low-cost because the structure is simple and does not use a magnet.

Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) Control:The block diagram of a converter-fed dc motor drive with phase-locked-loop control is shown in Figure 2.6. In 46 | P a g e

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a phase-locked-loop (PLL) control system, the motor speed is converted to a digital pulse train by using a speed encoder. The output of the encoder acts as the speed feedback signal of frequency f0.

Block diagram of phase locked-loop

When the motor runs at the same speed as the reference pulse train, the two frequencies would be synchronized (or locked) together with a phase difference. The output of the phase detector would be a constant voltage proportional to the phase difference and the steady-state motor speed would be maintained at a fixed value irrespective of the load on the motor.

Speed Control by Using Thyristor:Figure shows the block diagram of DC motor speed control by using thyristor. The thyristor is used to supply a variable DC voltage to motor, thus it can control the speed of motor (Equation 2.15). The average output of 47 | P a g e

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voltage is given by,

Block diagram of DC Motor speed control by using thyristor

From Equation 2.16, by controlling the firing angle, , the average of output DC voltage can be varied. If the motor speed is low, the speed sensor frequency will be below the reference frequency. The frequency difference produces a change in the firing circuit that causes the thyristor, SCR to fire sooner (firing angle, is reduced). There is a resulting increase in motor speed which brings the output speed back up to the value which is equal to the reference signal.

Speed Control by Using PWM and Full H Bridge Motor Drive:-

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Let us consider a simple circuit that connects a battery as power supply through a switch MOSFET (MetalOxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) as shown in Figure 2.8 [5]. When the switch is closed, the motor sees 12 Volts, and when it is open it sees 0 Volts. If the switch is open for the same amount of time as it is closed, the motor will see an average of 6 Volts, and will run more slowly accordingly. This on-off switching is performed by power MOSFETs. A MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) is a device that can turn very large currents on and off under the control of a low signal level voltage. The average of voltage that supply to DC motor is given by,

Vavg = ton/T*Vin

Chapter:5
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We have achieved the required speed . And also we display this on 7-segment display. Our aim of this project, we have achieved the speed control of dc motor.

How much work completed in IDP-2

In this semester we completed the project namedspeed control of dc motor using microcontroller

AT89S52.

And we achive a requird speed of motor.

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