STRUCTURES

1. Mt bao nhiu thi gian :

It + Takes / Took + Object + Time+ To Infinitive.
S + spend / spent + time +V-ing
2. The extra object It :
S + V + It + Adj / Noun / Noun Phrase + To Infinitive
Verbs : think, made, find , feel, believe, consider, prove
3. Clauses and phrases of purpose : Mnh v cm t ch mc ch.
@ Phrases of Purpose : Cm t
3.1 + Main clause + To / So as to / In order to + Verb ( bare infinitive ).
3.2 +Main clause + Not to / So as not to / In order not to + Verb ( bare infinitive ).
3.3 + Main clause + In order [ for + Object ]+ ( not ) to infinitive .
( Khc ch t)

@ Clauses of Purpose : Mnh can / could
3.4 +Main clause + so that / in order that + S + (not)+Verb (bare infinitive).
will / would

4. Clauses and phrases of result : Mnh v cm t ch kt qu.
4.1 Clauses of result :
* S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That + Clause ( S+ can / could + (not) +Verb
(bare infinitive)
)
* S + V + Such + (A /An) + Adj + Noun + That + Clause.
4.2 Phrases of result :
* S + V + Too + Adj / Adv + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive .
* S + V + Adj / Adv + Enough + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive
5. S + Started/ Began + to inf/ V-ing + time ago.
S + Has/ have+V(3/ed) + since/ for + time.
S+ Has/ have+ been+ V-ing+ since/ for + time.
6. S + has / have + not + V ( 3 / ed ) + (O)+ since / for + time.
S + last + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + time ago.
It s + time + since + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O).
The last time + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + was + time ago.
7. S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + O + before.
This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + O.
8. S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N + before.
This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N.
This / It is the most + long adj + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ).
the adj + est + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ).
9. Cu trc lin quan n USE:
9.1 Be used to / get used to + V-ing / Noun : quen vi
9.2 Be used to + V
(bare inf)
/ Be used for + V-ing : c dng
9.3 Used to + V
(bare inf)
: tng
9.4 Use sth up / Be used up : s dng / c s dng ht
S + Wish ( es ) + That + S +
9.5 Use sth + To infinitive : s dng
10. Inversion : Cu trc o ng
Khi cc trng t mang ngha ph nh ( Seldom , Rarely , Never , No sooner , Hardly , Not until ,
No longer ) c t u cu. Phi o ng tr t.
11. S + DIDNT + V + .. + UNTIL + .
= IT + WAS + NOT UNTIL THAT + S + V2/ Ved + . = cho n th mi
12. S + DONT/ DOESNT + V + .. + UNTIL + .
= IT + IS + NOT UNTIL THAT + S + V or V-es/-s + . = = cho n th mi
13. Because + clause ( S + V + O )
Because of + Noun/ Noun Phrase/ Gerund (V-ing)
Ex : He is absent because he is sick . <=> He is absent because of his sickness.
Ex : Because it rained heavily, they didnt go to work.
<=> Because of the heavy rain, they didnt go to work.
14. Although/ Though/ Even though + Clause (S + V + O)
Despite/ In spite of + Noun/ Noun Phrase/ Gerund (V-ing)
15. Causative Form: Th sai khin
GET SOMEONE TO - Infinitive
HAVE V
(bare infinitive)

GET
SOMETHING

V ed / V
3


BY SOMEONE
HAVE
16. a. NO MATTER HOW + ADJ / ADV + S + V
b. NO MATTER WHAT + S + V
c. NO MATTER WHERE + S + V
17. ( S ) + REMEMBER + TO DO STH
( S ) + DONT FORGET + TO DO STH
18. IT IS HIGH TIME + S + V ( PAST SUBJUNCTIVE )
19. HOW LONG IS IT SINCE + S + PAST VERB <=> WHEN + DID + S + V
20. S + PREFER + V-ING + TO + V-ING
<=>S + WOULD RATHER +V

+ THAN + V
S + PREFER + Sth + TO + Sth
<=> S + LIKE BETTER THAN
21. Wish
a/ Future Wish ( c trai ngc vi mot tnh huong trong tng lai )
would

could
Ex : Mary will visit Paris next week.
=> I wish that Mary wouldnt visit Paris next week .
Ex : I cant speak Spanish fluently.
=> I wish that I could speak Spanish fluently.
b/ Present Wish ( c trai ngc vi mot tnh huong hien tai )


+ V
(bare inf.)
S + wish ( es ) + That + S +
S + Wish ( es ) + That + S +
V
2 / ed

were
Ex : The weather isnt good. => I wish that the weather were good.
Ex : He learns very badly. => They wish he didnt learn badly
c/ Past Wish ( c trai ngc vi mot tnh huong qua kh )

Had + V
3
/ V
ed

Could have + V
3
/ V
ed

Ex : Im sorry, they didnt take part in the party last night.
=> I wish They had taken part in the party last night.
Ex : She couldnt be with me yesterday.
=> I wish she could have been with me yesterday.
22. A. S
1
+ V
1
+ That + Clause ( S
2
+ V
2
+ O
2
)
<=> It + Be + V
3/ed
+ That + Clause
Ex : They think that he is a good teacher.
=> It is thought that he is a good teacher.
Ex : People say that we will pass this exam.
=> It is said that we will pass this exam.
B. S
1
+ V
1
+ That + Clause( S
2
+ V
2
+ O
2
)
<=> S
2
+ Be + V
3/ed
+ To infinitive (V
1
cng thi im V
2
)
<=> S
2
+ Be + V
3/ed
+ To have + V
3/ed
(V
1
khc thi im V
2
)
Ex : People say that he had gone abroad.
=> It is said that he had gone abroad. Or He is said to have gone abroad.
Ex : They believe that he is a good singer.
=> It is believed that he is a good singer. Or He is believed to be a good singer.
23. S + WOULD RATHER THAT ( Mong muon ) + S
2
+ V
2 / ED
/ WERE
24. S + V ( BE ) + TOO
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT ( BE ) + AND +
( Menh e xac nh ) SO + V ( BE ) + S
( Cung vay, Cung the )
Ex : I am happy , and you are too.
so are you.
25. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT + AND + S + AUXILIARY ONLY + TOO
( Menh e xac nh ) SO + AUXILIARY ONLY + S
Ex : They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
so will you.
26. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT + AND + S + do / does / did + TOO
( Menh e xac nh ) SO + do / does / did + S
Ex : Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.
so does my sister.
27. NEGATIVE STATEMENT + AND + S+ NEGATIVE AUXILIARY or BE + EITHER
( Menh e Phu nh ) NEITHER + POSITIVE AUXILIARY OR BE +
S
( Cung khong )
Ex : I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either.
neither did John.
Ex : She wont be going to the conference, and her collegues wont either.
neither will her collegues.
28. S + Present perfect + For + Time <=> Its + Time + Since + S + past verb
Ex : I havent enjoyed myself so much for years. <=> Its years since I enjoyed myself.
29. S + Past verb + For + Time <=> Its + Time + Since + S + past verb
Ex : The telephone rang for hours <=> Its hours since the telephone rang.
30. S + past verb + Time ago <=> Its + Time + Since + S + past verb
Ex : I last saw her 5 years ago. <=> Its is 5 years since I saw her.
31. S + Be + So + Adj + That + S + V ( Negative )
S + V + Because of + Noun/ Noun Phrase/ Gerund (V-ing) Or Because + S + V
S + V + So That + S + V
<=> S + Prevent + Someone / Something + From + V- ing / Noun
Ex : The sea was so rough that the ferry couldnt sail in it.
=> The rough sea prevented the ferry from sailing.
Ex : The water was everywhere and we couldnt save the victims of the flood.
=> The immense water prevented us saving the victims of the flood.
32. S + BE + NOT USED TO + V ING / NOUN
<=> THIS IS THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE + V
3/ed

Ex : This is the first time my daughter has eaten European food.
=> My daughter is not used to eating European food.
33. S + BE + NOT USED TO + V ING / NOUN <=> S + OFTEN + V
Ex : My French friend finds driving on the left difficult.
=> My French friend isnt used to driving on the left.
Ex : I often get up early. => I am used to getting up early.
34. HOW LONG IS IT SINCE + S + PAST VERB <=> WHEN + DID + S + V
Ex : How long is it since we met them.
=> When did we meet them.
34. Immediately No sooner + Had + S + V
3
+Than + S + past tense
The moment <=>
Just
As soon As Hardly + Had + S + V
3
+ When + S + V
2
/ V
ed

Ex : Immediately after his appointment to the post , the new editor fell ill.
=> No sooner had he appointed the post, the new editor fell ill.
Ex : Just after solving the problem, I was faced with another.
=> Hardly had I solved the problem, I was faced with another.

35 . The order of Adjectives : Trat t tnh t
Determiner + COpinion +CSize + CQuality + CAge +CShape + Colour + COrigin +
Material + Purpose + 1Noun
Examples :
Determiner a/ an / the / some / any / many / my / his .../ this / that / these / those
COpinion nice / wonder / excerllent / lovely / terrible / awful
C Size large / small / long / short / tall
C Quality clear / busy / famous / important
C Age old / new / young
C Shape round/ square / fat / thin / wide / narrow
Colours red / white / blue / green / black
C Origin British / Italian / Chinese / Japanese
Material brick / paper / plastic / wooden / silver / golden
Purpose alarm (clock) / tennis (court) / walking (boots) ...
36. Cch pht m ui S/ES ca ng t ngi th ba s t, danh
t s nhiu
c l /S/ nu sau t tn cng bng cc m nh- /k/, /p/, /f// (-gh, -
ph),/(-th),/t/.
c l /IZ/ sau cc t tn cng bng m /ks/ (-x), // (sh), /t/ (-ch),
/s/ (-ss), /d/ (-ge), // (ze), /z/ (-se, -
z)).
c l /Z/ sau cc t tn cng bng cc ph m cn li, v tt c cc
nguyn m.
37. Cch pht m ui ED ca ng t c quy tc.
c l /id/ sau t tn cng bng m /d/ hoc /t/.
c l /t/ sau t tn cng bng m /k/, /p/, /f/ (-gh,-ph), /s/, //
(-sh), /t/ (-ch), // (-th), /ks/ (-x)
c l /d/ sau t tn cng bng cc m cn li.
38/ EQUAL COMPARISON ( SO SANH BANG )
S + V + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS + NOUN ( PRONOUN )
ADVERB

Ex : Mai is as tall as Lan.
Ex : This house is as expensive as that one.
Ex : She studies as hard as I.
Ex : They drive as carefully as we.
* Y BANG NHAU, NH NHAU CO TH C DIEN AT CACH KHAC:
S + V + THE SAME + ( NOUN ) + AS + NOUN ( PRONOUN )
Ex : My house is as high as his. <=> My house is the same height as his.
Ex : Tom is as old as Mary. <=> Tom and Mary are the same age.
39/ UNQUAL COMPARISON ( SO SANH KHONG BANG )
S + BE + NOT + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS + NOUN (PRONOUN)
S + Ord. V NOT + V + SO ADVERB
Ex : Mai is not as tall as Alice.
Ex : We are not so intelligent as they.
Ex : He didnt work as carefully as they last year.
Ex : I dont speak English so fluently as you.
40/ SUPERIOR COMPARISONS ( SO SANH HN )
A. SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH SHORT ADJECTIVE AND ADERB
( SO SANH HN VI TNH T NGAN VA TRANG T NGAN )
S
1
+ V + ADJECTIVE + ER + THAN + S
2

ADVERB
Ex : Alice is taller than Daisy.

Ex : She is better at cooking than I.
Ex : They studied harder than we last school year.
Ex : He is very lazy. He studies worse than we.
B. SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH LONG ADJECTIVE AND ADERB
( SO SANH HN VI TNH T DAI VA TRANG T DAI )
S
1
+ V + MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN + S
2

ADVERB
Ex : She is more beautiful than I.
Ex : They are more careful than we.
Ex : They drive more dangerously than we.
C. INPERIOR COMPARISON WITH LONG ADJECTIVE AND ADERB
( SO SANH KEM HN VI TNH T DAI VA TRANG T DAI )
S
1
+ V + LESS + AJECTIVE + THAN + S
2

ADVERB
Ex : He is less intelligent than Helen.
Ex : They sing less beautifully than Dan Truong.
* Note: LESS IS NOT USED IN SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH SHORT ADJECTIVE
AND ADVERB
( LESS khong c dung trong so sanh hn vi tnh t ngn va trang t
ngn )
Ex : Incorrect : This house is less large than that one.
Correct : This house is not as large as that one.
41/ DOUBLE COMPARATIVES ( SO SANH KEP )
1. Short adjectives S + V + ADJ / ADV + ER + AND + ADJ / ADV + ER
( Moi ngay mot, cang ngay cang, moi luc mot
)
Ex : Betty is younger and younger.
Ex : The river gets bigger and bigger.
2. Long adjectives S + V + MORE AND MORE + ADJ / ADV
( Moi ngay mot, cang ngay cang, moi luc mot
)
Ex : Her story was more and more attractive.
Ex : She becomes more and more beautiful.
Ex : They drive more and more carefully.
3. S + V + LESS AND LESS + LONG ADJ OR SHORT ADJ
( Cang ngay cang t, cang ngay cang kem, moi luc mot t )
Ex : The storm is less and less violent.
Ex : It is less and less cold.
Ex : He is less and less studious.
4. THE + ADJ + ER + S + V , THE + ADJ + ER + S + V
( Loi nay ap dung cho tnh t ngan )
Cang ( th ) cang

Ex : The older he gets, the weaker he is.
Ex : The harder he is, the wiser he is.
5. THE MORE + ADJ + S + V , THE MORE + ADJ + S + V
Cang ( th ) cang

Ex : The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her parents are.
Ex : The more miserable he is, the more diligent ( sieng nang, can man, can cu ) he
becomes.
6. THE ADJ + ER + S + V , THE MORE + S + V + ADJ
Cang ( th ) cang

Ex : The heavier the coin is, the more it is worth.
7. THE MORE + S + V + THE + ADJ + ER + S + V
Cang ( th ) cang

Ex : The more we get together, the happier we ill be.
Ex : The more he worked, the richer he was.
8. THE MORE + S + V, THE + MORE + S + V
Cang ( th ) cang

Ex : The more she knows him, the more she loves him.
Ex : The more my sister hates him, the more he loves her.
9. THE LESS + ADJ + S + V , THE LESS + ADJ + S + V
Cang ( th ) cang

EX : The less diligent the boy is, the less progress he will make.
( Thang be cang t sieng nang th no cang t tien bo. )
42/ SUPERLATIVES ( SO SANH BAC NHAT )
10. SHORT ADJ / ADV + EST
S + V + THE + MOST + LONG ADJ / ADV + IN + N( em c so t) /
LEAST + ADJ / ADV OF + N(em c so nhieu)
Ex : John is the tallest boy in the family.
Ex : Mary is the shortest of the three sister.
Ex : These shoes are the least expensive of all.
* EXCEPTIONAL CASES ( Cac trng hp ngoai le )
1. good/ well better the best
2. bad/ badly worse the worst
3. many much more the most
4. little less the least
5. far farther the farthest ( ve khoang cach )
further the furthest ( ve thi gian )
6. near nearer the nearest ( ve khoang cach )
the next ( ve th t )
7. late later the latest ( ve thi gian )
the last ( ve th t )
8. old older the oldest ( ve tuoi tac )
elder the eldest ( ve cap bac hn la tuoi tac )
43/ SUMMARY (Tom tat)
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
( Cac hnh thc so sanh hn va so sanh nhat cua tnh t va trang t )
1. One-syllable adjectives and adverbs: The - Er and Est forms are added.
(oi vi tnh t va trang t mot van ta them Er va Est vao sau)
old older the oldest
wise wiser the wisest
fast faster fastest
hard harder the hardest
happy happier the happiest
busy busier the busiest
hot hotter the hottest
big bigger the biggest
fat fatter the fattest
2. Two- syllable adjectives : for most two-syllable adjectives, more and most are used.
( Tnh t hai van : More and Most c dung )
famous more famous the most famous
pleasant more pleasant the most pleasant
* Some two syllable adjectives use Er/ - Est or More/ Most : able, angry, clever, common,
cruel, friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, sour.
( Mot so tnh t hai van dung : Er/ - Est hoac More/ Most nh : able, clever,
common , cruel friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, sour.
clever cleverer the cleverest
more clever the most clever
gentle gentler the gentlest
more gentle the most gentle
friendly friendlier the friendliest
more friendly the most friendly
3. Ajectives with three or more syllables : More and Most are used with long adjectives
( Vi tnh t ba hoac nhieu van : More va Most c dung vi tnh t dai )
important more important the most important
fascinating more fascinating the most fascinating
4. More and Most are used with adverbs the endly
*

.( More va Most c dung vi trang t
co tan cung ly
*
.
carefully more carefully the most carefully
slowly more slowly the most slowly
5. Use More + Adjectives end with Suffixes : -ED, -FUL, -ING, -ISH, -OUS
( Dung More + Adjectives tan cung bang cac tiep v ng nh : -ED, -FUL, -ING, -ISH, -
OUS )
more hated more useful more boring more continuous
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- THE END -
GOOD LUCK TO YOU!