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Energy Policy 37 (2009) 36593664

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Energy Policy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol

A windPV-battery hybrid power system at Sitakunda in Bangladesh

Sanjoy Kumar Nandi a, Himangshu Ranjan Ghosh b,
a b

Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, Bangladesh Renewable Energy Research Centre, University of Dhaka, Energy Park, Doyel Chattar, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

a r t i c l e in fo
Article history: Received 2 March 2009 Accepted 16 April 2009 Available online 26 May 2009 Keywords: Solar energy Wind energy Green house gas

abstract
The measured wind data of Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) for 2006 at 30 m height shows a good prospect for wind energy extraction at the site. For a few months and hours the speed is below the cut in speeds of the available turbines in the market. The predicted solar radiation data from directly related measured cloud cover and sunshine duration data of Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) for 19922003 indicates that a reliable power system can be developed over the year if the solar energy technology is merged with the wind energy technologies for this site. This research work has studied on optimization of a windphotovoltaic-battery hybrid system and its performance for a typical community load. The assessment shows that least cost of energy (COE) is about USD 0.363/kWh for a community using 169 kWh/day with 61 kW peak and having minimum amount of access or unused energy. Moreover, compared to the existing fossil fuel-based electricity supply, such an environment friendly system can mitigate about 25 t CO2/yr. The analysis also indicates that windPV-battery is economically viable as a replacement for conventional grid energy supply for a community at a minimum distance of about 17 km from grid. & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction In Bangladesh about 96% grid electricity is generated from fossil fuel (Annual Report, 200304), which is emitting abundant CO2 in the atmosphere. In energy sector CO2 emission can be mitigated by emphasizing the percentage of renewable energy source in the fuel mixture of grid. Moreover, grid electricity production is not sufcient to meet the energy demand over the country. Only 38% of the population has getting the access to electricity Bangladesh Economic Review (2006). Most of the power stations are old and their efciencies deteriorated signicantly Annual Report (200304). Compensation of electricity shortage and reduction CO2 emission would be done by introducing renewable energy sources for electricity production in mass scale. Though grid-connected system is usually practiced in this case over the world, the unstable voltage of grid electricity discourages such system implementation in Bangladesh (Project report of rooftop grid connected solar, 2007). In this paper, a local micro-grid windPV hybrid system is studied for a community. Micro-grids bear the promise of substantial environmental benets brought about by higher energy efcient and by facilitating by integration of renewable sources. When there is a good match between the generation and load, micro-grids have a low impact on electricity network, despite a potentially signicant

Corresponding author.

E-mail address: hrghosh@yahoo.com (H.R. Ghosh). 0301-4215/$ - see front matter & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.04.039

level of generation by intermittent energy sources. To have least initial setup and maintenance cost, only the DC loads are considered. Sitakunda is a costal Upazila which has an area of 483.97 km (Grameen Bank website). There is a wind-monitoring station here under a wind energy exploration project driven by LGED at 30 m height (WERM) and a wind-monitoring station of Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) at 10 m height. To provide power at sh farms a small wind turbine (300 W) has been established by Grameen Bank at Sitakunda. An optimize-sized hybrid power system combines two or more sources and can produce synergistic benets in which the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Economic efciency of the system is higher than that of the individual technologies used separately and higher reliability can be accomplished with redundant technologies and/or energy storage. Before implementing a renewable energy-based hybrid system to generate electricity, it is required to study the renewable resources, proper sizing of the system with respect to demanded load and energy economics. Such a study will help the investors when they want to setup renewable energy-based power system. In this paper, we predicted solar radiation over Sitakunda from other climatological data from BMD and assessed wind resource using measured data of LGED location at Sitakunda. For feasibility and optimum sizing of the components simulation software, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) has been used. The assessment criterions of the analysis are cost of energy (COE) used by the households, net present cost (NPC), excess energy, renewable factor and payback

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4
4 Wind Speed (m/s)

Wind Speed (m/s)

3 2 1

1 1 6 12 Local Time 18 24

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Fig. 1. (a) Monthly variation of wind speed at Sitakunda and (b) hourly variation of wind speed at Sitakunda.

2. Wind energy resource It has been found that BMD data gives low values due to the obstacle effect by trees and buildings close to the met stations (Final report of Solar and Wind Energy, 2007). Moreover for 19912000 wind data at Sitakunda were missing Final report of Solar and Wind Energy (2007) and no data were collected by Grameen Banks 300 W wind turbine. Raw data at 10 min intervals at Sitakunda (22.60N, 91.58E) have been collected from LGED for January 2006December 2006. The data in its original format was checked and removed unrealistic data. Then data are converted into hourly data to import in HOMER. It has been found that during the windy months (MayAugust) the diurnal variation in wind speed is low but for rest of the months it is high. The annual wind speed is 3 m/s. The diurnal cycles show that the wind speed reaches the maximum during 1216 h and minimum during the early morning (Fig. 1). The Weibull distribution function, which is a two parameter function, for wind speed is expressed mathematically as f v   k     k1 k v v exp c c c (1)

Frequency %

time. The modeling and resulting data from the analysis indicate that PVwind-battery is technically feasible and economically viable as a replacement for conventional grid energy supply for a community with different constrains on hourly and daily loads, PV and wind turbine outputs at Sitakunda.

15

10

0 5 10 Wind speed m/s Actual Frequency Weibull Frequency 15 20

Fig. 2. The probability density functions of wind speed.

3. Solar energy resource There is no source of measured solar radiation data at Sitakunda or at neighboring areas. To predict solar radiation from other climatological parameters, cloud cover and sunshine duration data were collected from BMD for 19812003. BMD used original Casella London cards till 1991. From 1991 they are using locally made sunshine duration measurement cards which are slightly different in sensitivity compared to the standard Casella London card ones. Hence, for analysis data from 1992 to 2003 have used to avoid additional error. Cloud cover is a direct indicator of sunshine duration and they are correlated. An increase in cloud cover in the sky shows a decrease in sunshine duration. The variation of the yearly averaged daily sunshine duration and cloud cover data are shown in Fig. 3. The sunshine duration and cloud cover are not correlated for most of the years for Sitakunda. There were some problems of misalignment of burning line with the central line of the cards. A study (Ghosh et al., 2006a, b) showed that the cloud cover measurements are satisfactory in all the BMD stations. Hence, sunshine duration values were estimated using the state of the sky method based on the work of Barbaro et al. (1981). n an1 bn2 cn3 n123 N0 (4)

and the cumulative distribution is   k  v Fv 1 exp c (2)

where v is the wind speed, k the shape parameter, describing the dispersion of the data, and c the scale parameter, with units of speed (m/s).The two parameters c and k are related to the average wind speed by the following relation:   1  v cG 1 (3) k where G is the gamma function. To t a Weibull distribution to measured wind data, HOMER uses the maximum likelihood method (Stevens and Smulders, 1979). The frequency distribution of actual and Weibull predicted wind speed is shown in Fig. 2.

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where n is the number of bright sunshine hours. N0 the period when the CampbellStokes sunshine recorder remains sensitive over the representative day for the month and N0 arccoscos 85 sin f sin d= cos f cos d , 7:5

Angstrom equation (Angstrom, 1924) H n ab H0 N (5)

f is the latitude of the station and d the declination (Rangaranjan et al., 1984), n1 the number of clear days, n2 the number of mixed days, n3 the number of overcast days in a month, n123 n1+n2+n3 the total number of days in the month under consideration and a, b and c are climatological parameters. The predicted sunshine duration using parameters of (Ghosh et al., 2006a, b) were used to calculate global radiation using
6 6

where H/H0 is known as clearness index KT. H represents the daily global radiation and H0 the daily extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface, N the maximum sunshine duration or daylength, a and b are correlation coefcients. H0 and N were evaluated according to equations reported in Iqbal (1979) sunshine duration and global radiation relation. For each day there exists an ordered set {kT} of hourly values of the clearness index values kT. Estimation of hourly kT values from daily KT was carried out using and empirical model developed by Graham and Hollands (1990). The global solar radiation and clearness index over Sitakunda are shown in Fig. 4.

5 Hour

4. Power-demand assessment

5 Octa
The hypothetical hybrid system is designed for a communitys domestic uses. They are using energy generally for lighting, cooling and entertaining. The same purpose can be served by replacing the ac loads by dc ones like 4 pcs of 20 W lights, 2 pcs of 80 W Fan, and 1 pc of 80 W TV. The energy-consumption pattern usually varies over 24 h and over different seasons of the year. The Fig. 5 shows two load proles on a weekday in summer (MarchSeptember) and winter (OctoberFebruary). The demand of electrical power for 120 rural homes is 169 kWh/day with 61 kW peak. Measured hourly load information over the year in Sitakunda was not available, so load data were synthesized by specifying typical daily load proles and then adding some randomness of daily 15% and hourly 20% noise.

3 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year
Sunshine duration (Hours Cloud cover (Octa)

Fig. 3. Variation of sunshine duration and cloud cover Sitakunda.

6 Global radiation (kW/m /day 5 4 3

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 Clearness index

5. Setup of the hybrid system The solar modules were placed at south facing with azimuth angle of 01. The modules were tilted with an angle of 22.61, same as the latitude angle of the site. The wind turbines were set at a hub height of 20 m as the selected wind turbines are available with 20 m hub height. For 10 m reduction (30 m for measured data and 20 m for hub height) wind power reduction is not so signicant compared to the costly tall hub installation and maintenance. Batteries were in ambient temperature. No temperature compensation facilities. In the proposed site 20% ground reection and derating factor due to dust of 90% have

2 1 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Daily Radiation (kWh/m/d) Clearness Index

0.2 0

Fig. 4. Solar resource over Sitakunda.

40 32 Load (kW) 24 16 8 0 6 12 Hour 18 24 Load (kW)

32

24

16

0 6 12 Hour 18 24

Fig. 5. Load proles during on (a) summer and (b) winter seasons for 120 rural homes.

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Table 1 Components of the hybrid system analysis. Characteristics Model Power Life time Price (USD) PV module Typical 1 kW 20 yr 4000.00/kWp Wind turbine Synergy S-20,000 3 kW 15 yr 4643.00/turbine Battery Trojan T-105 Nominal voltage: 6 V nominal capacity:225 AH (1.35 kWh) Lifetime throughput 845 kWh 143.00/battery

Table 2 The comparisons among the optimized hybrid options. Options PV (kW) Wind turbine synergy S-20,000 13 90 Battery trojan T105 370 350 380 Initial cost (USD) Operating cost (USD) 6144 6928 8662 Total NPC (USD) Cost of energy (USD/kWh) 0.363 0.646 0.525

WindPV-battery Wind-battery PV-battery

27 68

223,143 461,429 326,286

319,132 569,659 461,600

12 20000000 8

Net present value (Tk)

10000000

Power (kW)

15000000

5000000

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Wind Jul Aug Sep PV Oct Nov Dec

-5000000

Capital

Replacement
PV Wind turbine

Operating
Battery

Salvage

Fig. 6. (a) Cash ow summary of optimized windPV-battery hybrid system and (b) monthly averaged annual electricity production of the optimized windPV-battery system.

been considered. Properties of each considered energy-conversion equipment and others are given in Table 1.

rate minus the ination rate. The project life time has been considered to be 25 yr and the annual real interest rate has been taken as 4%.

6. Economics and constrains 7. Results and discussion Constraints are conditions which systems must satisfy. A feasible system is one that satises the constraints. An infeasible system is one that does not satisfy the constraints. In this analysis, 10% maximum annual capacity shortage was considered. For operating reserve 10% of hourly load, 0% of annual peak load, 25% of solar output variation and 25% of wind power output variations were dened as constrains. HOMER assumes that all prices escalate at the same rate over the project lifetime. With that assumption, ination can be factored out of the analysis simply by using the real (ination-adjusted) interest rate rather than the nominal interest rate when discounting future cash ows to the present. We used the real interest rate, which is roughly equal to the nominal interest Different hybrid options were analyzed to get an optimized hybrid system sizing. The comparisons among the optimized hybrid options (least NPC for a combination) are given in Table 2. The table depicts that for a windPV-battery hybrid system the net present value reduces by 30% and 50% in comparison with PV-battery and windbattery options, respectively. Fig. 6(a) describes the net present cost of the optimized windPV-battery system for a load size of 120 homes and cash ow summary. The monthly averaged annual electricity production of a windPV-battery hybrid system is shown in Fig. 6(b) in which 58% electricity comes from solar source and 42% electricity comes from wind source.

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35

35000000 30
COE (Tk) Total Net Present Cost (Tk)

28000000 21000000 14000000 7000000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Grid Extension Distance (km)

Grid extension Stand alone system

25

20 15 Homes

30 Homes

60 Homes

120 Homes

Fig. 7. (a) Effect of loads size on COE and (b) the breakeven grid extension distance for the proposed windPV system.

29

Natural gas 89%

LCOE (Tk)

27

Best estimate Global solar radiation=4.33kwh/m2/d Wind speed =3 m/s

25
Diesel 7% Large hydro 4%

23 0.8

1 Relative to best estimate

Global Solar Wind Speed

1.2

Fig. 9. Fuel mixture for grid electricity generation on the scal year 2004.

Fig. 8. Sensitivity of COE on renewable sources.

The initial capital cost can be reduced if diesel generator is used in place of battery bank (initial cost around USD 14286.00), but the system will not remain as 100% green energy source. Comparing the results for home systems with different load sizes suggest that the minimum economic scale for mini- off-grid windPV-battery system can be found for a load size at least for 60 households and probably higher at the proposed site. So for mini-off-grid systems, the COE decreases as the village size increases, as shown in Fig. 7(a). The results from the simulation of renewable hybrid system shows that in order to reduce the COE it is important to reduce the amount of excess energy of the system produced. A reduction of excess energy would have similar effect on the COE reduction. Since COE is dened as the ratio of total annualized cost and annual load served, reducing the annualized or/and increasing the annual load served should be one of the objective of optimization. Another alternative is to limit the load usage pattern towards the dominant power supplier of the renewable energy hybrid system. This is to ensure that the initial capital and annualized cost to be at its minimum. Grid extension distance is the distance from the grid which makes the NPC of extending the grid equal to the NPC of the stand-alone system. Further away from the grid, the stand-alone system is optimal. Nearer to the grid, grid extension is optimal. The initial capital cost of the grid extension is USD 1429.00/km., the annual cost of maintaining the grid extension is USD 286.00/

yr/km (Bangladesh Power Sector) and the price of electricity from the grid is USD 0.043/kWh are considered to calculate the grid extension distance. Fig. 7(b) indicates the breakeven grid extension distance for this hypothetical system in this location for 120 homes that is greater than 17 km from the grid. To determine the sensitivity of the systems COE on solar radiation and wind speed variation, sensitivity analyses have been performed. The best estimate for the wind speed was 3 m/s and for the solar radiation 4.33 kWh/m2/d. The following Fig. 8 shows that the levelized cost of energy (LCEO) does not vary with variation of solar and wind energy resources so signicantly. Consideration of 25% output variation of the wind turbines and 50% output variation in PV in this study have supported in minimization of the deviation of LCEO. Fig. 9 presents the fuel mixture for grid electricity generation for the scal year 2004 (Annual Report, 200304). It shows that the fossil fuel is about 96% of the fuel mixture. For the fuel mixture the green house gas (GHG) emission per MWh energy production (IPCC, 1996) is shown in Table 3. For a load of 120 houses the proposed system produces around 75,000 kWh/yr and the consumption is around 56,000 kWh/yr. Hence, if the base case grid electricity is replaced by a 100% renewable energy source around 25 t CO2/yr can be mitigated.

8. Conclusion The total net present cost of the proposed windPV-battery hybrid system is reasonable in shake of 17 km grid extension cost and around 25 t CO2/year emission. Moreover, national grid

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Table 3 GHG emission factor of the grid electricity from various sources. Fuel type CO2-emission factor (kg/GJ) 56.1 00.0 74.1 CH4-emission factor (kg/GJ) 0.0030 0.0000 0.0020 N2O-emission factor (kg/GJ) 0.0010 0.0000 0.0020 Fuel-conversion efciency (%) 45.0 100.0 30.0 T&D losses (%) GHG-emission factor (t CO2/MWh) 0.452 0.000 0.897 0.465

Natural gas Large hydro Diesel

0.0 0.0 0.0 Electricity mix

Global warming potential of GHG. 1 t CH4 21 t CO2. 1 t N2O 310 t CO2.

electricity production is not good enough to meet the demand of all and there is an uncertainty about the payback period of the grid extension cost from the small loads of the community. Wind and solar energy resources at Sitakunda have showed that an optimized windPV-battery can serve the local community electricity demand with COE of USD 0.363/kWh. In such system 58% electricity comes from solar resource and 42% electricity comes from wind resource. But the hybrid of the two energy resources reduces the COE of 78% and 45%, respectively, in comparison with wind-battery and PV-battery combinations. Thus, the proposed hybrid system will signicantly minimize the high cost of renewable energy-consumption burden from the community residing at Sitakunda. To accelerate the micro-gird renewable energy generation, it is necessary to either provide incentives to micro-grid developers or network operators or alternatively to mandate the connection of micro-grid. In the long term, there is no doubt that micro-grid technology will become competitive as the price of fossil fuels rise due to their ever growing demand worldwide. References
Angstrom, A., 1924. Solar and terrestrial radiation. Q.J.R. Meteorological. Society 50, 121125. Annual Report, 200304. Bangladesh Power Development Board, pp. 512. Bangladesh Economic Review, 2006. p. 95.

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