Resistencia Quimica

Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastics used in Dual Laminate Constructions
CONTENTS: This page Index Introduction Chemical Resistance Index Chemical Resistance of: PVC, CPVC, PE, PP, PVDF ECTFE, ETFE, FEP, PFA
1
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1. Introduction
It is now inconceivable to construct pipelines and tanks without the use of plastics. Pipes made from plastics are used not only for drinking water, for general use and waste water, but also for the conveyance of aggressive liquids and gases. However limitations imposed by lower tensile strength and temperature of thermoplastics dictate that for certain applications some type of reinforcement be used. A typical example of this is the lining of metal pipe by a suitable plastic. Another and, for many applications, a better way is to use fiberglass reinforcement (also known as Dual Laminate construction) which can provide a better bonding between the liner plastic and the reinforcement. With tanks the problem of bonding between a thermoplastic liner and a metal shell is reduced because the larger diameter allows for different bonding techniques to be used. Even so there can be additional advantages to be gained thru the use of fiberglass reinforcement for tanks also. It is, however, important that the most suitable plastic material is selected for each application. This Chemical Resistance List serves as a useful guide in this respect. The list is periodically revised to include the latest findings. It contains all plastics in "Dual Laminate" product range which can come into direct contact with the media.
The information is based on experiments, immersion and, when available, on data from tests which include temperature and pressure as stress factors. The results achieved in immersion experiments cannot be applied without reservation to pipes under stress, i.e. internal pressure, as the factor stress corrosion cracking is not taken into consideration. In certain cases it can be of advantage to test the suitability under the planned working conditions. The tests referred to have been carried out partly by George Fischer, B. F. Goodrich, Symalit, DuPont and partly by the International Standardization Organization (ISO) or national standards organizations. Pure chemicals were used for the tests except where indicated. If a mixture of chemicals is to be conveyed in practice this may affect the chemical resistance of the plastic. It is possible in special cases to carry out appropriate tests with the specific mixture. Suitable test equipment is available for this purpose. It is recommended that the companies suppling the test data for this Guide be contacted directly for additional information or testing. (See page 2 for specific information on the source company.) The Chemical Resistance List gives valuable assistance in the planning of plastic pipelines and tanks and Dual Laminates. Please refer to the following instructions, which are important for the application and evaluation of this list.
2. Instructions for the Use of the Chemical Resistance List

2.1 General
As stated in the introduction, the Chemical Resistance List is only intended as a guide. Changes in the composition of the medium or special working conditions could lead to deviations. If there is any doubt, it is advisable to test the behavior of the material under the specific working conditions, by means of a pilot installation. No guarantees can be given in respect of the information contained in this booklet. The data shown is based upon information available at the time of printing, but it may, however, be revised from time to time in the light of subsequent research and experience. DLFA is grateful to the following companies for their permission to reproduce the information contained in this Chemical Resistance Guide: George Fischer, Inc. 2882 Dow Av, Tustin, CA 92680-7285 (Basic Guide Layout plus data for PVC, PE, PP and PVDF.) Symalit AG, CH-5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland (Data on ECTFE, FEP and PFA.) B F Goodrich, 9911 Brecksville Road, Cleveland, Ohio 441413247 (Data on CPVC) E. I.DuPont de Nemours, 1625 Newport Gap Pike, Wilmington DE, 19808 (Data on ETFE.)
Please contact the above supplier for further information on Chemical Resistance. 2.2 Classification The customary classifications: resistant, conditionally resistant and not recommended are depicted by the signs: +, O, and , which allow simple presentation and application. These classifications are defined as: Resistant: + Within the acceptable limits of pressure and temperature the material is unaffected or only insignificantly affected. Conditionally Resistant: O The medium can attack the material or cause swelling. Restrictions must be made in regard to pressure and/or temperature, taking the expected service life into account. The service life of the installation can be noticeably shortened. Not recommended: The material cannot be used with the medium at all, or only under special conditions.
2.3 Pipe Joints 2.3.1 Solvent Cement Joints (PVC)

Solvent cement joints made with standard PVC cement and primer systems are generally as resistant as the PVC material itself. The following chemicals are, however, an exception: Sulfuric acid H2SO4 in concentrations above 70 percent Hydrochloric acid HCI in concentrations above 25 percent Nitric acid HNO3 in concentrations above 20 percent Hydrofluoric acid in any concentration In conjunction with the above media the solvent cement joining is classified as conditionally resistant. Previously recommended solvent cement (Dytex, by Henkel, Germany) used for pipe and fittings to carry concentrated acids, can no longer be brought into the United States because of its methylene chloride solvent system being classified as a carcinogen. There is no known domestically available substitute. Special consideration should be given to the possible attack of the cemented joints by these concentrated acids.
2.4 General Summary and Limits of Application

The following tables includes all the materials contained in the Norcore product range, and their abbreviations. The summary gives preliminary information regarding the general behavior of the materials and the temperature limits. In this connection we refer to the Chemical Resistance Lists which have been published as Standards. From the ISO these are: ISO/TR 74731979 Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride pipes and fittings - Chemical resistance with respect to fluids ISO/TR 74741979 High density polyethylene pipes and fittings Chemical resistance with respect to fluids to be conveyed ISO/TR 74711978 Polypropylene (PP) pipes and fittings Chemical resistance with respect to fluids The technical data given in this publication are for general information purposes only. They imply no warranty of whatever kind.
2.3.2 Fusion Joints

In the case of PE, PP, and PVDF (SYGEF) heat fusion joints have practically the same chemical resistance as the respective material. In conjunction with media which could cause stress cracking, the fused joints can be subjected to an increased risk due to residual stress from the joining process.
Physical Constants of Organic & Inorganic Compounds

Density values given at room temperature unless otherwise indicated by superscript figure: thus 0.97112 indicates a density of 0.97 for the substance at 112 0C. A density of 0.89164 indicates a density of 0.89 for the substance at 16 0C relative to water at 4 0C.
Material
Abrev.
Remarks
Maximum Permissible Temperature (Water) Constant Short 0 C
Polyvinyl Chloride
PVC
Resistant to most solutions of acids, alkalis and to organic compunds miscible with 600 water. Not resistant to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
600
Chorinated Polvinyl Chloride
CPVC
Can be used similarly to PVC but at higher temperatures. Consult with factory for 900 specific applications. Resistant to hydrous solutions of acids, alkalis and salts as well as to a large number 600 of organic solvents. Unsuitable for concentrated oxidizing acids. Chemical resistance similar to that of PE but suitable for higher temperatures. 900
1100
High-density Polyethylene
PE 50
800
Polypropylene, heat stabilized Polyvinylidene Fluoride
PP PVDF (SYGEF) ECTFE
1100 1500
R e s i s t a n t t o a c i d s , s a l t s o l u t i o n s , h a l o g e n s , a l i p h a t i c a n d a r o m a t i c h y d r o c a r b o n s , 140 0 chlorinated hydrocarbons and alcohols. Conditionally suitable for ketones, esters, organic bases and alakaline solutions. Resistant to acids, salt solutions, halogens, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, 1500 chlorinated hydrocarbons and alcohols. Conditionally suitable for ketones, esters, organic bases and alakaline solutions. R e s i s t a n t t o a c i d s , a l k a l i n e s , s a l t s o l u t i o n s , h a l o g e n s , a l i p h a t i c a n d a r o m a t i c 200 0 hydrocarbons, Ketones, Amines, Alcohols, Furanes, Esters and Aldehydes. R e s i s t a n t t o a c i d s , a l k a l i n e s , s a l t s o l u t i o n s , h a l o g e n s , a l i p h a t i c a n d a r o m a t i c 2000 hydrocarbons, Ketones, Amines, Alcohols, Furanes, Esters and Aldehydes. R e s i s t a n t t o a c i d s , a l k a l i n e s , s a l t s o l u t i o n s , h a l o g e n s , a l i p h a t i c a n d a r o m a t i c 2250 hydrocarbons, Ketones, Amines, Alcohols, Furanes, Esters and Aldehydes.
Ethylene-chlorotriflluoroethylene Copolymer Etylene-tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer Fluorinated ethylene-propylene
1750
ETFE
2250
FEP
2250
Perfluor-alkoxy
PFA
VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C
Bo ili ng po in t
Sy ge f P FE FE ET E TF EC F D PV PP
Medium Acetaldehyde
Formula CH3CHO (C2H4O)
Concentration 21
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.78164
20 40 O 60 80 100 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O
O +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
40%, aqueous solution
+ + O
+ + + O
+ +
+ + + +
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
118
technically pure, 11.05204 glacial
+ + O
+ + O
+ O
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Acetic acid
Formula CH3COOH
Concentration
A PF
PE
50%, aqueous
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + O O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
7
10%, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 1.08154 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
Acetic acid anhydride
CH3CO \ O / CH3CO
139
technically pure
+ O
+ O
+ +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Acetic ether Acetone
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
CH3COCH3
56
see Ethyl acetate technically pure.
0.80204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
8
CH3COCH3
up to 10%, aqueous
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
Acrylic ester
CH2=CHCOO CH2CH3
100
technically pure
0.93204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
Acrylonitrile
CH2=CHCN
77
technically pure
0.81204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ O
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Adipic acid
HOOC(CH2 )4COOH
153*
saturated, aqueous
1.17224
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
Alcoholic spirits (Gin, Whiskey, etc.)
approx. 40% ethyl alcohol
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
Allyl alcohol
H2C=CHCH2OH
97
96%
0.85204
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Alum Aluminium chloride
see Potassium/aluminium sulphates AICI3 10%, aqueous 2.4425 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
10
115
saturated
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
100 120 150
O
Sy ge
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
A PF
Bo ili ng po in t
f P FE FE ET E TF EC F D PV PP
Medium Aluminium sulphate
Formula AI2(SO4)3
Concentration
PE
10%, aqueous
1.61
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + O O O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
11
cold saturated, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
Ammonia
NH3
33
gaseous, technically pure
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Ammonium acetate
Formula CH3COONH4
Concentration
A PF
PE
aqueous, all
1.1720
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Ammonium carbonate
(NH4)2CO3
50%, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Ammonium chloride
NH4Cl
aqueous, 10%
1.5325
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
12
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Ammonium chloride
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
115
aqueous cold saturated
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 1.51 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Ammonium hydrogen fluoride NH4HF2
50%, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
Ammonium hydroxide
NH4OH
aqueous, cold saturated 25%
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
13
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Ammonium nitrate
Formula NH4NO3
Concentration
A PF
PE
aqueous, 10%
1.7325
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + O
+ + + O
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
112
aqueous, saturated
+ + + +
+ + O
+ + + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Ammonium phosphate
NH4H2PO4
aqueous, all
+ + +
+ + + O
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
14
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Ammonium sulphate
Formula (NH4)2SO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
10%, aqueous
1.7720
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
aqueous, saturated
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Ammonium sulphide
(NH4)2S
aqueous,all
1.3
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
15
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Amyl acetate
Formula CH3(CH2)4OOCCH3
Concentration
A PF
PE
141
technically pure
0.8820
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
O O
+ O O
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Amyl alcohol
CH3(CH2)3CH2OH
137
technically pure
0.81204
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + O + + O
+ + +
Aniline
C6H5NH2
182
technically pure
1.022 0
16
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Aniline hydrochloride
Formula NH3++Cl
Concentration aqueous, saturated
A PF
PE
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 3.10 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + + + + +
+ + O
+ + O
+ + + +
Anon Antimony trichloride
see Cyclohexanone SbCI3 90%, aqueous + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

17
Aqua regia
HNO3+HCI
Concentrated
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150
+ O
+ +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Arsenic acid
Formula H3AsO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
80%, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 2.21

6
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Barium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2
102
aqueous, saturated
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
Barium salts
aqueous, all
4.4
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
18
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Arsenic acid
Formula H3AsO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
80%, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 2.21

6
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Barium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2
102
aqueous, saturated
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
Barium salts
aqueous, all
4.4
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
19
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Battery acid
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
see Sulphuric acid 40% usual commercial 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.0420 20 40 60 80 100 120 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Beef tallow emulsion,sulphonated
Beer
usual commercial
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
Benzaldehyde
C6H5 CHO
180
saturated, aqueous
+ + +
+ O
+ +
20
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Benzene
Formula C 6H 6
Concentration 80
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.88154
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
O O
+ O
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Benzine
C5H12 to C12H26
80 130
free of lead and aromatic compounds
+ + +
+ + O
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
Benzoic acid
C6H5COOH
122*
aqueous, all
1.08
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ O
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
21
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Benzyl alcohol
Formula C6H5CH2OH
Concentration
A PF
PE
206
technically pure
1.05204
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + O
+ + O
+ + O
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Bleaching lye
NaOCl + Na Cl
12.5% active chlorine, aqueous
+ + + +
O O
Borax
Na2B4O7
all, aqueous
1.4
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
22
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Boric acid
Formula H3BO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
aqueous, all
0.86
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Brine, sea water
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Bromine, liquid
Br2
59
technically pure
3.10254
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
23
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Bromine, vapours
Formula Br2
Concentration high
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 0.65-64 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Bromine water
Br - water
saturated, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Butadiene
H2C=CHCH=CH2
technically pure
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
24
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Butane
Formula C4H10
Concentration 0
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.600
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Butanediol
HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH
230
aqueous, 10%
1.01254
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 O
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
Butanol
C4H9OH
117
technically pure
0.81204
+ + +
+ + O O
+ + + + O
+ + + + +
25
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Butyl acetate
Formula
Concentration
CH3COOCH2CH2CH2CH3 126
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.89204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Butyl phenol, p-tertiary
(CH3)3CC6H4OH
237
technically pure
0.98204
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
Butylene glycol
HOCH2CH=CHCH2OH
235
technically pure
1.00
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
26
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Butylene liquid
Formula C 4H 8
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.700
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Butyric acid
CH3CH2CH2COOH
163technically pure
0.96204
+ + O
+ + + O
+ + +
Calcium bisulfite
Ca (HSO3)2
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
27
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Calcium chloride
Formula CaCl2
Concentration saturated, aqueous (all)
A PF
PE
125
2.1625
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
100
aqueous, saturated
2.34
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
Calcium hypochlorite
Ca(OCl)2
2.35
+ +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O O
+ + + + +
28
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Calcium nitrate
Formula Ca(NO3)2
Concentration
A PF
PE
115
50%, aqueous
2.501 8
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Carbon dioxide (carbonic acid)
CO2
technically pure, 1.35 anhydrous
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
technically pure, moist
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
29
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Carbon disulphide
Formula CS2
Concentration 46
A PF
PE
technically pure
1.26304
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Carbon tetrachloride
CCl4
77
technically pure
1.592525
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
Caustic potash solution (potassium hydroxide)
KOH
131
50%, aqueous
2.00
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + O
30
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Caustic soda solution (Sodium hydroxide)
Formula NaOH
Concentration up to 10%, aqueous
A PF
PE
2.13204
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Carbon tetrachloride
CCl4
up to 40%, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + O + + + + + O
50%, aqueous
2.1
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
31
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Chloral hydrate
Formula CCl3CH(OH)2
Concentration 98
A PF
PE
technically pure
1.9
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Chlorethanol
ClCH2CH2OH
129
technically pure
+ + +
+ + +
+ O O
Chloric acid
HClO3
10%, aqueous 40% Sol.
1.28204
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
32
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Chloric acid (conti)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
20%, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Chlorine
Cl2
moist, 97% gaseous
+ + +
anhydrous, technically pure
O O
+ + + + O
+ + +
33
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Chlorine (conti.))
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
liquid, technically pure
1.56-35
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Chlorine water
saturated
20 O 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 1.58 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
O O
+ +
Chloroacetic acid, mono
ClCH2COOH
188
technically pure
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
34
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Chloroacetic acid, mono (conti)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
50%, aqueous
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.112 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Chlorobenzene
C6H5Cl
132
technically pure
+ + O
+ +
+ + + + +
Chloroform
CHCl3
62
technically pure
1.482020
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + + +
Chloromethane
see Methylchloride
35
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Chlorosulphonic acid
Formula Cl SO3 H
Concentration
A PF
PE
158
technically pure
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 1. 8325 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ +
+ +
Chrome alum KCr(SO4)2 (chromium potassium sulphate)
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Chromic acid
CrO3+H2O
up to 50%, aqueous
2.725
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + + + O O
36
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Chromic acid (conti)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 2.725 1.8320
+ + + O O
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Chromic acid plus Sulfuric acid plus water
CrO3 H2SO4 H 2O
50g 15g 35g
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 +
+ + + O
Cider
+ + +
37
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Citric acid
Formula HO C HOOC
Concentration
CH2COOH 153* CH2COOH
A PF
PE
10%, aqueous
1.67
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
Clophenes
C6H5-C6H4Cl
technically pure
Coal gas, benzene free
38
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Coconut fat alcohol
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 O
+ O
+ + O
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Coconut oil
technically pure
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
Compressed air containing oil
+ +
39
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Cooking salt Copper salts
Formula see Sodium chloride
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.0341 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
40
Corn oil
technically pure
+ + O
+ + O
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Cresol
HOC6H4CH3
+ +
+ +
+ + + O
+ + + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Crotonic aldehyde
Formula CH3CH=CHCHO
Concentration
A PF
PE
102
technically pure
0.8520
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
41
Cyclohexane
C6H12
81
technically pure
0.78
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Cyclohexanol
C6H11 OH
161
technically pure
0.96
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
+ + O O
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Cyclohexanone
Formula C6H10 O
Concentration
A PF
PE
155
technically pureIII
0.95204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O O
+ O O
+ O
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Densodrin W
+ + +
Detergents (washing powder)
for usual washing lathers
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
42
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Dextrine (starch gum)
Formula
Concentration usual commercial
A PF
PE
1.04
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Dextrose Dibutyl ether
see Glucose C4H9OC4H9 142 technically pure 0.77204 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 O O + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
43
Dibutyl phthalate
C6H4(COOC4H9)2
340
technically pure
1.05204
+ O O
+ O O
+ + O
+ + +
150
+
Sy ge
Bo ili ng po in t
f P FE FE ET E TF EC F D PV PP
Medium Dibutyl sebacate
Formula C8H16(COOC4H9)2
Concentration
A PF
PE
344
technically pure
0.9420
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
44
Dichloroacetic acid
Cl2CHCOOH
194
technically pure
1.56204
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + O
+ + O
+ + + + O
+ + +
50%, aqueous
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + O
+ + +
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
Dichloroacetic acid methyl ester Cl2CHCOOCH3
143
technically pure
1.38
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
45
Dichlorobenzene
C6H4Cl2
180
technically pure
1.31204
+ + + O
+ + +
Dichloroethane Dichloroethylene
see Ethylene chloride ClCH=CH.Cl 60 technically pure 1.25 O + + + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Diesel oil
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 (C2H5)2NH 56 technically pure 0.71204
+ +
+ O
+ + + + + + + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
Diethylamine
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
Diglycolic acid
HOOCCH2OCH2COOH
148*
30%, aqueous
+ + +
+ + +
+ O O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
46
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Di-isobutyl ketone
Formula
Concentration
(CH3)2CHCH2COCH2CH124 technically pure
A PF
PE
0.88
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + O
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Dimethyl formamide (methyl pyrolidene)
HCON(CH3)2
153
technically pure
0.94254
+ + O
+ + +
+ +
Dimethylamine
(CH3)2NH
technically pure
0.6804
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O
+ +
+ + +
47
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Dinonyl phthalate
Formula C6H4(COOC9H19)2
Concentration
A PF
PE
220
technically pure
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.03204 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
48
Dioctyl phthalate
C6H4(COOC8H13)2
231
technically pure
+ O
+ +
1,4 Dioxane
OCH2CH2OCH2CH2
101
technically pure
+ + +
O O O
+ +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Drinking water Ethyl acetate
Formula see Water CH3COOCH2CH3
Concentration
A PF
PE
77
technically pure
0.90204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O O
+ O O
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Ethyl alcohol
CH3CH2OH
78
technically pure, 0.79204 96%
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ O
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
Ethyl alcohol + acetic acid (fermentation mixture)
+ + +
+ + + O
49
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Ethyl benzene
Formula C 6H 5C 2H5
Concentration
A PF
PE
136
technically pure
0.87204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 120 150
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Ethyl chloride
CH3CH2Cl
12
technically pure
0.9204
+ + + + O
Ethyl ether
CH3CH2OCH2CH3
35
technically pure
0.74204
+ +
50
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Ethylene chloride
Formula ClCH2CH2Cl
Concentration 83
A PF
PE
technically pure
1.25204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + + O O O
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
51
Ethylene diamine
H2NCH2CH2NH2
117
technically pure
0.90204
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + +
Ethylene glycol
HOCH2CH2OH
198
technically pure
1.12204
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Ethylene oxide
Formula CH2CH2 \ / O
Concentration 10
A PF
PE
technically pure, 0.9204 liquid
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Fatty acids >C6
RCOOH
technically pure
+ + +
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Fatty alcohol sulphonates
aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
52
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Fertilizer salts
Formula
Concentration aqueous
A PF
PE
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 1.11 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
53
Fluorine
F2
technically pure
Fluosilicic acid
H2SiF6
32%, aqueous
1.46
+ + +
+ O
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Formaldehyde
Formula HCHO
Concentration
A PF
PE
40%, aqueous
0.82 -204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Formamide
HCONH 2
210
technically pure
1.13204
+ + +
+ + +
Formic acid
HCOOH
101
up to 50%, aqueous
20 + + + 40 + + + 60 O + + 80 + 100 <25% 120 150
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
54
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Formic acid (contined)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
1.22 204
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + O
+ + +
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Freon 113 Frigen12
see 1,1,2-trifluoro-1,2,2-trichloroethane CF2Cl2 -30 technically pure
1.49-30
+ + + + +
Fruit juices
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
55
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Fruit pulp
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Fuel oil
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 C4H3CH2OH 171 technically pure 1.13204 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
Furfuryl alcohol
+ + +
+ O
+ + O
+ +
56
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Gelatine
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
20 40 60 80 100 120
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Glucose
C6H12O6
148*
all, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 1.2620 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
Glycerine
HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH 290
technically pure
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
57
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Glycerine (conti.)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
58
Glycocoll
NH2CH2COOH
233*
10%, aqueous
+ +
+ +
+ +
Glycol Glycolic acid
see Ethylene glycol CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH 80* 37%, aqueous + + + + + + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Heptane
Formula C7H16
Concentration 98
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.68204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
59
Hexane
C6H14
69
technically pure
0.66204
+ O
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + +
Hydrazine hydrate
H2NNH2 - H2O
113
aqueous
+ + +
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Hydrobromic acid
Formula HBr
Concentration
A PF
PE
124
aqueous, 50%
1.5
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Hydrochloric acid (see note on joining, page 38)
HCl
5%, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + O
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
10%, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + O O
+ + + + +
60
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Hydrochloric acid (continued)
Formula
A PF
PE
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 1.19 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ O O
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
61
36%, aqueous
+ + +
+ + +
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Hydrocyanic acid
HCN
26
technically pure
0.90
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Hydrofluoric acid (see note on joining, page 38)
Formula HF
A PF
PE
20 + 40 O 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 +
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
62
50%, aqueous
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
70%, aqueous
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Hydrogen
Formula H2
Concentration
A PF
PE
253
technically pure
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + +
Hydrogen chloride
HCl
85
technically pure, 1.5320 gaseous gr/L
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
63
Hydrogen peroxide
H 2O2
10%, aqueous
1.460
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
Hydrogen peroxide (continued)
30%, aqueous
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
90%, aqueous
+ + +
Hydrogen sulphide
H 2S
technically pure g/L0
1.54
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
64
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Hydrogen sulphide (continued)
Formula
Concentration saturated, aqueous
A PF
PE
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
65
Hydroxylamine sulphate
(H2N - OH)2H2SO4
all, aqueous
+ + +
+ + +
Hyposulphite Iodine solution
see Sodium dithionite J2 6.5% iodine in ethanol + O + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Iron salts
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 0.69204 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
66
Iso-octane
(CH3)3CCH2CH(CH3)2
99
technically pure
+ O
+ O
+ + + + +
Isopropyl alcohol
(CH3)2 - CH - OH
82
technically pure
0.79 204
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + O
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Isopropyl ether
Formula
(CH3) 2 CHOCH(CH3) 2
Concentration 68
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.72
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
67
Lactic acid
CH3CHOHCOOH
10%, aqueous
1.24154
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + O O
+ + +
Lanolin
technically pure
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Linseed oil
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
Liqueurs
+ +
+ + + + +
Lead acetate
Pb(CH3COO)2
aqueous, saturated
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
68
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Lubricating oils
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 Mg Cl2 all, aqueous 2.3
+ + +
+ +
+ + O
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
69
Lubricating oils free of aromatic compounds
+ + +
+ + O
+ + O
+ + + + +
Magnesium salts
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Maleic acid
Formula CHCOOH CHCOOH
Concentration
A PF
PE
131*
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 O 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Marmelade
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Mercury
Hg
pure
13.525
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
70
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Mercury salts
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 0.72 g/L 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
71
Methane (natural gas)
CH4
161
technically pure
+ + + + +
Methanol
CH3OH
100
all
0.79204
20 + + + 40 + + + 60 O + + 80 + 100 120 <10% 150
+ + +
+ O
+ +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Methyl acetate
Formula CH3COOCH3
Concentration 56
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.93204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + O
+ O
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
Methyl amine
CH3NH2
32%, aqueous
0.70-114
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
Methyl bromide
CH3Br
technically pure
1.7300
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
72
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Methyl chloride
Formula CH3Cl
Concentration
A PF
PE
24
technically pure
0.9220
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
73
Methylene chloride
CH2Cl2
40
technically pure
1.33204
+ O O
Methyl ethyl ketone
CH3COC2H5
80
technically pure
0.82
+ O
+ O O
+ +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Milk
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 H2SO4 HNO3 H 2O 48% 49% 3% 1.8320 1.550
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
Mineral water
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Mixed acids (sulphuric, nitric, water)
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150
74
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Mixed acids (continued)
Formula H2SO4 HNO3 H 2O
Concentration 50% 50% 0%
A PF
PE
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 +
+ + + + +
H2SO4 HNO3 H 2O
10% 87% 3%
H2SO4 HNO3 H 2O
50% 31% 19%
75
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Mixed acids (continued)
Formula H2SO4 HNO3 H 2O
A PF
PE
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.550 0.92 0 1.8320 + +
H2SO4 HNO3 H 2O
10% 20% 70%
+ + + +
Mixed acids (nitric, hydrofluoric, sulphuric)
15% pure HNO3 5% pure HF 18% pure H2SO4
3 parts 1 part 2 parts
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
76
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Mixed acids (sulphuric, phosphoric, water)
Formula H2SO4 H3PO4 H 2O
A PF
PE
1.8320 1.8725
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ O
+ O
+ + + +
Molasses
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
Molasses wort
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
77
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Monochloroacetic acid ethyl ester
Formula ClCH2COOC2H5
Concentration
A PF
PE
144
technically pure
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.0204 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
Monochloroacetic acid methyl ester
ClCH2COOCH3
130
technically pure
+ + +
+ + +
+ O
Morpholin
C4H8ONH
129
technically pure
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
78
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Mowilith D
Formula
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.16202 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
Naphthalene
C10H6
218
technically pureI
+ O
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
79
Nickel salts
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Nitric acid (see note on joining, page 38)
Formula HNO3
Concentration
A PF
PE
6.3%, aqueous
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
80
up to 40%, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 O 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + + + +
+ +
65%, aqueous
+ +
+ + + O
+ +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Nitric acid (continued)
Formula
Concentration 100%
A PF
PE
1.550
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
81
Nitric oxide Nitrobenzene
see Nitrous gases C6H5NO2 209 technically pure 1.21154 + + O + + + + O
Nitrotoluene (3-) (o-, m-, p-)
C6H4CH3NO2
222 238
technically pure
1.16204
+ + O
+ + O
+ + + + O
+ + O
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Nitrous gases
Formula NOx
Concentration
A PF
PE
diluted, moist, anhydrous
20 + 40 60 O 80 100 120 150 0.8579 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + +
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
82
Oleic acid
C17H33COOH
16*
technically pure
+ + O
+ + O
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
Oleum
H2SO4+SO3
10% SO3
1.8320 2.72 .g/L20
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Oleum vapours
Formula
Concentration traces
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Olive oil
+ O + +
+ + O
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
Oxalic acid
(COOH)2
1.90174 40 60 80 100 120 150
20 + +
+ + + O
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
+ +
83
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Oxygen
Formula O2
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 0.85624 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + O
+ O
+ + + + O O + + + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
84
Ozone (for ultra high purity applications contact factory)
O3
+ +
Palmitic acid
C15H31COOH
390
technically pure
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Palm oil, palm nut oil
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 usual commercial, aqueous 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + O
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
85
Parafin emulsions
+ +
+ + O
+ + O
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Paraffin oil
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + O
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Perchloric acid
Formula HClO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
10%, aqueous
1.67
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
86
%, aqueous
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + +
Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene)
Cl2C=CCl2
121
technically pure
1.62204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + O O
+ + +
+ + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Petroleum
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 0.64 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + O
+ O O
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Petroleum ether
40 70
technically pure
+ + +
+ O O
+ + O
+ + + + +
Petroleum jelly
technically pure
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O
+ + + + + +
87
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Phenol
Formula C6H5OH
A PF
PE
182
1.06414
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
88
up to 90%, aqueous
+ + O
+ + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Phenylhydrazine
C6H5NHNH2
243
technically pure
1.10204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride
Formula C6H5NHNH3+Cl
Concentration aqueous
A PF
PE
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.39 20 40 60
+ O O
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Phosgene
COCl2
liquid, technically pure gaseous, technically pure
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
20 + 40 O 60 O 1.7 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 + + + +
+ +
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
up to 30%, aqueous
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
89
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Phosphoric acid (continued)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
50%, aqueous
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.57 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + O + + + + + + O + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
85%, aqueous
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
Phosphorous chlorides: phosphorous trichloride phosphorous pentachloride phosphorous oxychloride
PCl3 PCl5 POCl3
75 162 105
technically pure
+ O
+ O
90
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Phosphorous pentoxide
Formula P 2O 5
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Photographic emulsion
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Photographic developer
usual commercial
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + O
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
91
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Photographic fixer
Formula
A PF
PE
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 1.59204 20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Phthalic acid
C6H4(COOH)2
208*
satura aqueous
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
92
Picric acid
C6H2(NO2)3OH
122*
1%, aqueous
1.77204
+ + + + +
+ +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Plating Solutions
Formula Brass
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 Cadmium 20 40 60 80 100 120 20 40 60 80 100 120
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Plating Solutions (continued)
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + +
Chrome
+ + +
+ + +
93
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Plating Solutions (continued)
Formula Copper
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 20 40 60 80 100 120 cold saturated, aqueous 2.4 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + O O + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Gold
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
Potash (potassium carbonate)
K2CO3
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
94
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Potassium/aluminium sulphates (alum)
Formula Al2(SO4)3K2SO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
106
50%, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 2.7 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
95
Potassium bichromate
K2Cr2O7
107
saturated, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
Potassium borate
K3BO3
10%, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Potassium bromate
Formula K BrO3
Concentration
A PF
PE
3.2717
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
96
Potassium bromide
K Br
all, aqueous
2.75
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
Potassium carbonate Potassium chlorate
see Potash K ClO3 cold saturated, aqueous 2.3320 + + + + + + + + + + O + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Potassium chloride
Formula KCl
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
1.99
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
97
Potassium chromate
K2CrO4
2.7320
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
Potassium cyanide
KCN
1.5216
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide
Formula
Concentration
see Caustic potash solution KI cold saturated aqueous , 3.12 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 2.5 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
98
A PF
PE
Potassium nitrate
KNO3
50%, aqueous
2.1
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Potassium perchlorate
KClO4
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Potassium permanganate
Formula KMnO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
aqueous cold saturated,
2.7
40 + 20 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + O
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
99
Potassium persulphate
K 2S 2O 8
all, aqueous
`2.5
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
Potassium phosphates
KH2PO4 and K2H PO4
all, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Potassium sulphate
Formula K2SO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
2.7
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
Propane
C 3H 8
42
technically pure, liquid
+ + +
+ +
C 3H 8
technically pure, gaseous
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
100
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Propanol, n - and iso-
Formula C3H7OH
Concentration
A PF
PE
97 and 82 resp.
technically pure
0.80204 0.79204
20 + 40 O 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + O
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
101
Propargyl alcohol
CH:CCH2OH
114
7%, aqueous
0.97204
+ + +
+ + +
+ O O
+ +
Propionic acid
CH3CH2COOH
141
50%, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Propionic acid (continued)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.99264
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ O O
+ O O
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Propylene glycol
CH3CHOHCH2OH
188
technically pure
1.04204
+ + + + <25%
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
Propylene oxide
CH2CHCH3 O
35
technically pure
0.8604
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O
+ + +
102
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Prussic acid Pyridine
Formula see Hydrocyanic acid N(CH)4 CH
Concentration
A PF
PE
115
technically pure
0.98254
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O O
O O O
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Ramasit fabric water-proofing agents
usual commercial
+ + +
+ + +
Salpetre Silico fluoric acid
see Potassium nitrate see Fluosilicic acic
103
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Silicone oil
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 cold saturated, aqueous 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Silver salts
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Soap solution
all, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
104
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Soda Sodium acetate
Formula see Sodium carbonate CH3COONa
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
1.53
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Sodium benzoate
C6H5COONa
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 2.2 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + O
Sodium bicarbonate
NaHCO3
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
105
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sodium bisulphate
Formula NaHSO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
10%, aqueous
2.4
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
106
Sodium bisulphite
NaHSO3
all, aqueous
1.5
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
Sodium bromate
NaBrO3
all, aqueous
3.34
+ O
+ O
+ + + + +
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sodium bromide
Formula NaBr
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
3.2
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + O O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
107
Sodium carbonate (soda)
Na2CO3
1.55
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Sodium chlorate
NaClO3
all, aqueous
2.5
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sodium chloride (cooking salt)
Formula NaCl
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
2.2
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + O
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
108
Sodium chlorite
NaClO2
diluted, aqueous 2.47
+ + + +
+ + O
Sodium chromate
Na2CrO4
diluted, aqueous
2.72
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sodium disulphite
Formula Na2S2O5
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 2.78 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + + + + +
+ + + + +
Sodium dithionite (hyposulphite)
Na2S2O4
up to 10%, aqueous
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
109
Sodium fluoride
NaF
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sodium hydroxide Sodium hypochlorite
Formula
Concentration
see Caustic soda solution Na OCl 12.5% active chlorine, aqueous 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + O + + + + O O O + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
A PF
PE
Sodium iodide
Na I
all, aqueous
3.67254 40 60 80 100 120 150
20 + O
+ + + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
110
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sodium nitrate
Formula NaNO3
Concentration
A PF
PE
2.26
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Sodium nitrite
NaNO2
2.17020 40 60 80 100 120 150 2.2720 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + + + + + + O
+ + + + + + +
Sodium oxalate
Na2C2O4
+ + O
+ + + + +
111
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sodium persulphate
Formula Na2S2O8
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 2.5418 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 + + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
112
Sodium phosphate
Na3PO4
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Sodium silicate
Na2SiO3
all, aqueous
2.61
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sodium sulphate
Formula Na2 SO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
2.66
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + O O O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
113
Sodium sulphide
Na2S
1.86144
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
Sodium sulphite
Na2SO3
2.63154
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sodium thiosulphate
Formula Na2S2O3
Concentration
A PF
PE
cold saturated, aquoeus
2.35
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Spindle oil
O O
+ O
+ + + +
+ + + + +
Spinning bath acids containing carbon disulphide
100 mg CS2/I
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ +
114
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Spinning bath acids containing carbon disulphide (continued)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
200 mg CS2/I
20 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
700 mg CS2/I
+ +
Spirits Brandy
usual commercial
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
115
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Stannous chloride
Formula SnCl2
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 + 40 O 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Starch solution
all, aqueous
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
Starch syrup
usual commercial
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
116
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Stearic acid
Formula C17H35COOH
Concentration 69*
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.8470
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ +
+ O
+ O
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Succinic acid
HOOCCH2CH2COOH
185*
aqueous, all
1.55
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Sugar syrup
usual commercial
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
117
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sulfur
Formula S
Concentration
A PF
PE
119
*technically pure
1.92
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + O O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
118
Sulfur dioxide
SO2
10
technically pure, 2.72 anhydrous .g/L20
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
all, moist
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ O
+ + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sulfur dioxide (continued)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure, liquid
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.9220 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
119
Sulfur trioxide
SO3
moist
+ +
Sulfuric acid (see note on joining, page 2.2)
H2SO4
up to 40%, aqueous
1.84
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + O
+ + + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sulfuric acid (conti.)
Formula
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + O + + + + O O
+ + + + + O + + + + + O + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
120
up to 80%, aqueous
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + O
+ + O
+ + +
90%, aqueous
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sulfuric acid (conti.)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
96%, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.84 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ O
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
97%
+ +
98%
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
121
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Sulfurous acid
Formula H2SO3
Concentration saturated, aqueous
A PF
PE
1.03
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Sulfuryl chloride
SO2Cl2
69
technically pure
1.87
+ +
Tallow
technically pure
0.86
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
122
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Tannic acid
Formula C14H10O9
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 1.76
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
123
Tanning extracts from plants
usual
+ + + + +
Tartaric acid
H00C(CHOH)2COOH
170*
all, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Tetrachloroethane
Formula Cl2CHCHCl2
Concentration
A PF
PE
146
technically pure
1.59254
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + O
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
124
Tetrachloroethylene Tetraethyl lead
see Perchloroethylene (CH3CH2)4Pb technically pure 1.65204 + + + + + + + + + O O O +
Tetrahydrofurane
C 4H 8O
66
technically pure
0.89204
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Tetrahydronaphthalene (teralin)
Formula C10H12
Concentration
A PF
PE
207
technically pure
0.97204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Thionyl chloride
SOCl2
79
technically pure
1.64204
+ +
Tin dichloride Toluene
see Stannous chloride C6H5CH3 111 technically pure 0.87204 O O + + O + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

125
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Tributylphosphate
Formula (C4H9)3PO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
289
technically pure
0.93204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
126
Trichlorethylene
Cl2C = CHCl
87
technically pure
1.46204
+ + + +
+ + +
Trichloroacetic acid
Cl3CCOOH
196
technically pure
1.63614
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O
+ + +
+ +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Trichloroacetic acid (continued)
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
50%, aqueous
20 + 40 O 60 80 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Trichloroethane (methylchloroform)
Cl3CCH3
74
technically pure
1.3420
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + + O
+ + +
+Trichloromethane 1,1,2-Trichloro- 1,2,2,-Trifluoroethane (Freon 113)
see Chloroform FCl2CCClF2 47 technically pure 1.5625 + + + + + + + + + + + +

127
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Tricresyl phosphate
Formula (CH3C6H4O)3PO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
1.14
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ O
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
128
Triethanolamine
N(CH2CH2OH)3
21*
technically pure
1.12204
20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
Triethylamine
N(CH2CH3)3
89
technically pure
0.73254
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Trioctyl phosphate
Formula (C8H17)3PO4
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.92
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Turpentine oil
technically pure
0.9
20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
O O O
Urea
H2NCONH2
133*
up to 30%, aqueous
1.3184
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + O
+ + + + + + +
129
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Urine
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 O 60 80 100 120 150 usual commercial 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Vegetable oils and fats
+ O
+ + O
+ + + + +
Vinegar
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
130
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Vinyl acetate
Formula CH2 = CHOOCCH3
Concentration 73
A PF
PE
technically pure
0.93204
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ O
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Vinyl chloride
CH2 = CHCl
14
technically pure
0.97-14
+ + + +
Viscose spinning solution
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
131
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Waste gases Alkaline
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 all 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ O
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
132
Waste gases containing Carbon oxides
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
Waste gases containing Hydrochloric acid
all
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + O
+ + + + + +
+ + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Waste Gases Hydrogen fluoride
Formula
Concentration traces
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 40 60 20 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Waste Gases Nitrous gases
traces
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
Waste Gases Sulphur dioxide
traces
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ +
133
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Waste Gases Sulphur trioxide
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
traces
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
134
Waste Gases Sulphuric acid
all
+ + +
+ + +
+ + O
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Water, condensed
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Water distilled, deionized
Formula H 2O
Concentration
A PF
PE
100
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
135
Water, drinking
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
Water, waste water without organic solvent
+ +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Wax alcohol
Formula C31H63OH
Concentration
A PF
PE
technically pure
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Wetting agents
up to 5%, aqueous
20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 +
+ + +
+ + + +
Wines, red and white
usual commercial
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
136
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Wine vinegar
Formula
A PF
PE
20 40 60 80 100 120 150 0.88204 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Xylene
C6H4(H3)2
138 144
technically pure
+ + O
+ + +
Yeast
all, aqueous
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
137
Bo ili ng po in t
Medium Zinc salts
Formula
Concentration
A PF
PE
all, aqueous
20 40 60 80 100 120 150
+ + O
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
End of Chapter
138
Chemical Index
Chemical Index
A
Acetaldehyde 6 Acetic acid 6, 7 Acetic acid anhydride 7 Acetic ether 8 Acetone 8 acid ethyl ester 78 acid methyl ester 78 Acrylic ester 8 Acrylonitrile 9 Adipic acid 9 Alcoholic spirits 9 Allyl alcohol 10 Alum 10 alum 95 Aluminium chloride 10 Aluminium sulphate 11 Ammonia 11 Ammonium acetate 12 Ammonium carbonate 12 Ammonium chloride 12, 13 Ammonium hydrogen fluoride 13 Ammonium hydrogen fluoride NH4HF2 13 Ammonium hydroxide 13 Ammonium nitrate 14 Ammonium phosphate 14 Ammonium sulphate 15 Ammonium sulphide 15 Amyl acetate 16 Amyl alcohol 16 Aniline 16 Aniline hydrochloride 17
Anon 17 Antimony trichloride 17 Aqua regia 17 Arsenic acid 18, 19
C
Calcium bisulfite 27 Calcium chloride 28 Calcium hydroxide 28 Calcium hypochlorite 28 Calcium nitrate 29 Carbon dioxide 29 Carbon disulphide 30 Carbon tetrachloride 30, 31 Carbonic acid 29 Caustic potash solution 30 Caustic soda solution 31 Chloral hydrate 32 Chlorethanol 32 Chloric acid 32, 33 Chlorine 33, 34 Chlorine water 34 Chloroacetic acid 34, 35 Chloroacetic acid, 35 Chlorobenzene 35 Chloroform 35 Chloromethane 35 Chlorosulphonic acid 36 Chrome alum 36 Chromic acid 36, 37 Chromic acid + Sulfuric +H2O 37 chromium potassium sulphate 36 Cider 37 Citric acid 38 Clophenes 38 Coal gas, benzene free 38 Coconut fat alcohol 39 Coconut oil 39 Compressed air containing oil 39 Cooking salt 40 cooking salt 108
B
Barium hydroxide 18, 19 Barium salts 18, 19 Battery acid 20 Beef tallow emulsion sulphonated 20 Beef tallow emulsion,sulphonated 20 Beer 20 Benzaldehyde 20 Benzene 21 Benzine 21 Benzoic acid 21 Benzyl alcohol 22 Bleaching lye 22 Borax 22 Boric acid 23 Brandy 115 Brine, sea water 23 Bromine, liquid 23 Bromine, vapour 24 Bromine, vapours 24 Bromine water 24 Butadiene 24 Butane 25 Butanediol 25 Butanol 25 Butyl acetate 26 Butyl phenol 26 Butylene glycol 26 Butylene liquid 27 Butyric acid 27
A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z
139
Chemical Index
Copper salts 40 Corn oil 40 Cresol 40 Crotonic aldehyde 41 Cyclohexane 41 Cyclohexanol 41 Cyclohexanone 42 Ethyl ether 50 Ethylene chloride 51 Ethylene diamine 51 Ethylene glycol 51 Ethylene oxide 52 Hydrazine hydrate 59 Hydrobromic acid 60 Hydrochloric acid 60, 61 Hydrocyanic acid 61 Hydrofluoric acid 62 Hydrogen 63 Hydrogen chloride 63 Hydrogen peroxide 63, 64 Hydrogen sulphide 64, 65 Hydroxylamine sulphate 65 Hyposulphite 65 hyposulphite 109
F
Fatty acids >C6 52 Fatty alcohol sulphonates 52 fermentation mixture 49 Fertilizer salts 53 Fluorine 53 Fluosilicic acid 53 Formaldehyde 54 Formamide 54 Formic acid 54, 55 Freon 113 55, 127 Frigen12 55 Fruit juice 55 Fruit juices 55 Fruit pulp 56 Fuel oil 56 Furfuryl alcohol 56
D
Densodrin W 42 Detergents 42 Dextrine 43 Dextrose 43 Di-isobutyl ketone 47 Dibutyl ether 43 Dibutyl phthalate 43 Dibutyl sebacate 44 Dichloroacetic acid 44 Dichloroacetic acid methyl ester 45 Dichlorobenzene 45 Dichloroethane 45 Dichloroethylene 45 Diesel oil 46 Diethylamine 46 Diglycolic acid 46 Dimethyl formamide 47 Dimethylamine 47 Dinonyl phthalate 48 Dioctyl phthalate 48 Drinking water 49
I
Iodine solution 65 Iron salts 66 Iso-octane 66 Isopropyl alcohol 66 Isopropyl ether 67
L
Lactic acid 67 Lanolin 67 Lead acetate 68 leum vapours 83 Linseed oil 68 Liqueurs 68 Lubricating oils 69
G
Gelatine 57 Gin 9 Glucose 57 Glycerine 57, 58 Glycocol 58 Glycocoll 58 Glycol 58 Glycolic acid 58
E
Ethyl acetate 49 Ethyl alcohol 49 Ethyl alcohol + acetic acid 49 Ethyl benzene 50 Ethyl chloride 50
M
Magnesium salts 69 Maleic acid 70 Marmelade 70 Mercury 70 Mercury salts 71
H
Heptane 59 Hexane 59
140
Chemical Index
Methane 71 Methanol 71 Methyl acetate 72 Methyl amine 72 Methyl bromide 72 Methyl chloride 73 Methyl ethyl ketone 73 methyl pyrolidene 47 methylchloroform 127 Methylene chloride 73 Milk 74 Mineral water 74 Mixed acids 74, 75, 76, 77 Molasses 77 Molasses wort 77 Monochloroacetic 78 Monochloroacetic acid ethyl ester 78 Monochloroacetic acid methyl estere 78 Morpholin 78 Mowilith D 79 Oxalic acid 83 Oxygen 84 Ozone 84 Potassium cyanide 97 Potassium hydroxide 98 potassium hydroxide 30 Potassium iodide 98 Potassium nitrate 98 Potassium perchlorate 98 Potassium permanganate 99 Potassium persulphate 99 Potassium phosphates 99 Potassium sulphate 100 Potassium/aluminium sulphates 95 Propane 100 Propanol, n - and iso- 101 Propargyl alcohol 101 Propionic acid 101, 102 Propylene glycol 102 Propylene oxide 102 Prussic acid 103 Pyridine 103
P
Palm oil, palm nut oil 85 Palmitic acid 84 Paraffin oil 85 Parafin emulsions 85 Perchloric acid 86 Perchloroethylene 86 Petroleum 87 Petroleum ether 87 Petroleum jelly 87 Phenol 88 Phenylhydrazine 88, 89 Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride 89 Phosgene 89 Phosphoric acid 89, 90 Phosphorous chlorides: 90 Phosphorous pentoxide 91 Photographic developer 91 Photographic emulsion 91 Photographic fixer 92 Phthalic acid 92 Picric acid 92 Plating Solutions 93, 94 Potash 94 Potassium bichromate 95 Potassium borate 95 Potassium bromate 96 Potassium bromide 96 Potassium carbonate 96 potassium carbonate 94 Potassium chlorate 96 Potassium chloride 97 Potassium chromate 97
N
Naphthalene 79 natural gas 71 Nickel salts 79 Nitric acid 80, 81 Nitric oxide 81 Nitrobenzene 81 Nitrotoluene (3-) 81 Nitrous gases 82
R
Ramasit fabric water-proofing agent 103
S
Salpetre 103 see Water 49 Silico fluoric acid 103 Silicone oil 104 Silver salts 104 Soap solution 104 Soda 105 soda 107 Sodium acetate 105 Sodium benzoate 105 Sodium bicarbonate 105 Sodium bisulphate 106
O
Oleic acid 82 Oleum 82 Oleum vapours 83 Olive oil 83
141
Chemical Index
Sodium bisulphite 106 Sodium bromate 106 Sodium bromide 107 Sodium carbonate 107 Sodium chlorate 107 Sodium chloride 108 Sodium chlorite 108 Sodium chromate 108 Sodium disulphite 109 Sodium dithionite 109 Sodium fluoride 109 Sodium hydroxide 31, 110 Sodium hypochlorite 110 Sodium iodide 110 Sodium nitrate 111 Sodium nitrite 111 Sodium oxalate 111 Sodium persulphat 112 Sodium phosphate 112 Sodium silicate 112 Sodium sulphate 113 Sodium sulphide 113 Sodium sulphite 113 Sodium thiosulphate 114 Spindle oil 114 Spinning bath acids with Carbon disulphide 114 Spinning bath acids with carbon disulphide 115 Spirits 115 Stannous chloride 116 starch gum 43 Starch solution 116 Starch syrup 116 Stearic acid 117 Succinic acid 117 Sugar syrup 117 Sulfur 118 Sulfur dioxide 118, 119 Sulfur trioxide 119 Sulfuric acid 119, 120, 121 Sulfurous acid 122 Sulfuryl chloride 122 Vinegar 130 Vinyl acetate 131 Vinyl chlorid 131 Vinyl chloride 131 Viscose spinning 131 Viscose spinning solution 131
T
Tallow 122 Tannic acid 123 Tanning extracts 123 Tartaric acid 123 teralin 125 Tetrachloroethane 124 Tetrachloroethylene 124 tetrachloroethylene 86 Tetraethyl lead 124 Tetrahydrofurane 124 Tetrahydronaphthalene 125 Thionyl chloride 125 Tin dichloride 125 Toluene 125 Tributylphosphate 126 Trichlorethylene 126 Trichloroacetic acid 126, 127 Trichloroethane 127 Tricresyl phosphate 128 Triethanolamine 128 Triethylamine 128 Trioctyl phosphate 129 Turpentine oil 129
W
washing powder 42 Waste Gases - Hydrogen fluoridee 133 Waste Gases - Nitrous gases 133 Waste Gases - Sulphur dioxide 133 Waste Gases - Sulphur trioxide 134 Waste gases -Alkaline 132 Waste Gases -Sulphuric acid 134 Waste gases with Carbon oxides 132 Waste gases with Hydrochloric Acid 132 Water, condensed 134 Water dionized 135 Water distilled 135 Water, drinking 135 Water, waste water 135 Wax alcohol 136 Wetting agents 136 Whiskey, 9 Wine vinegar 137 Wines, red and white 136
X
Xylene 137
U
Urea 129 Urine 130
Y
Yeast 137
V
Vegetable oils and fats 130
Z
Zinc salts 138
142
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143

Resistencia Quimica

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Resistencia Quimica

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Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastics used in Dual Laminate Constructions

2. Instructions for the Use of the Chemical Resistance List

2.3 Pipe Joints 2.3.1 Solvent Cement Joints (PVC)

2.4 General Summary and Limits of Application

2.3.2 Fusion Joints

Physical Constants of Organic & Inorganic Compounds

Maximum Permissible Temperature (Water) Constant Short 0 C

Chorinated Polvinyl Chloride

Polypropylene, heat stabilized Polyvinylidene Fluoride

PP PVDF (SYGEF) ECTFE

Ethylene-chlorotriflluoroethylene Copolymer Etylene-tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer Fluorinated ethylene-propylene

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

Formula CH3CHO (C2H4O)

20 40 O 60 80 100 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150

40%, aqueous solution

technically pure, 11.05204 glacial

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

Medium Acetic acid

20 40 60 80 100 120 150

20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 1.08154 20 40 60 80 100 120 150

Acetic acid anhydride

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

Medium Acetic ether Acetone

see Ethyl acetate technically pure.

20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150

20 40 60 80 100 120 150

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

20 40 60 80 100 120 150

20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 +

Alcoholic spirits (Gin, Whiskey, etc.)

approx. 40% ethyl alcohol

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

20 O 40 60 80 100 120 150

Alum Aluminium chloride

100 120 150

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

Medium Aluminium sulphate

20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +

cold saturated, aqueous

gaseous, technically pure

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

Medium Ammonium acetate

20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150

20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

Medium Ammonium chloride

aqueous cold saturated

Ammonium hydrogen fluoride NH4HF2

aqueous, cold saturated 25%

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

Medium Ammonium nitrate

20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

Medium Ammonium sulphate

20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150 + + +

20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

Medium Amyl acetate

20 40 60 80 100 120 150

20 + 40 + 60 O 80 100 120 150 20 40 60 80 100 120 150

VC CP C PV 0 C re tu ra pe m 0% Te 10 n @ tio ity tra ns en De onc C

Medium Aniline hydrochloride