A

ON
ELECTRONIC DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEM Submitted to the

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

for the award of the

B.TECH in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Under the Guidance of: Mr. Manoj Mishra SDE- BSNL Mr. Vijay Bandhu JTO- BSNL Prepared By: Saurabh sharma

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

INDERPRASTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE GHAZIABAD (UP)

Session 2010-2012

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the report entitled EWSD DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEM, is being submitted by SAURABH SHARMA, in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the B.Tech (Computer Science) of University of technical education, Lucknow and is a record of their own work carried out under my supervision and this has not been submitted elsewhere for awarding a B.Tech.

(Mr. Manoj Mishra) Sub Divisional Engineer (SDE) Officer (JTO) BSNL

(Mr. Vijay Bandhu) Junior Telephone BSNL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my profound sense of gratitude to my guides Mr. Vijay Bandhu : Junior Telephone Officer (BSNL) and Mr. Manoj Mishra : Sub Divisional Engineer (SDE) for their guidance and support throughout the development of report.

Saurabh sharma
Department of Electronics & communication Inderprastha Engineering College Ghaziabad, (UP)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Objective of the report 2. Introduction to BSNL i. ii. iii. 3. 4. 5. 6. Corporate Finance Services

System Design Introduction EWSD Digital Switching System System features System architecture i. Digital Line Unit (DLU) System and Hardware ii. Line/Trunk Group (LTG) Configuration and Types iii. Switching Network (SN) Functions and Structure iv. Coordination Processor (CP) Units and Hardware - Common Channel Signaling Network Control (CCNC) - Message Buffer

7. Subscriber Administration 8. Tariff Administration 9. Routing Administration 10. References

Objective of the report:

This report is developed for the study of overall operation, control and maintenance of the EWSD digital switching system. It involves the study of the following: 1. All the forms for the new connection and generates customer identification no by the system itself. 2. Checking all the details and existing connections for some facilities for the telephone like lock mode cases. 3. All searching criteria to search any details of customer. 4. Reporting and generating facility for number of connections on particular data requirements. 5. Reporting and generating facility for raising alarms whether major or minor in the maintenance situations. 6. Reporting for all connection and telephone facilities. Summary reports and daily reports as per chosen by authority to view connection details.

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LTD. (BSNL) About BSNL:

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Within a span of five years it has become one of the largest public sector unit in India. BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it, expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages and wining customer's confidence. Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone capacity, 4 million WLL capacity, 20.1 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges, 18000 BTS, 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5 Lakh villages. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates across India except Delhi & Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier and Northeastern region of the country. BSNL serves its customers with its wide bouquet of telecom services. BSNL cellular service, Cell One, has more than 17.8 million cellular customers, garnering 24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone subscribers i.e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customers who access Internet through various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, Account Less Internet (CLI). BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country. BSNL has set up a world-class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 0.6 million Data One broadband customers. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute. Scaling new heights of success, the present turnover of BSNL is more than Rs.351, 820 million (US $ 8 billion) with net profit to the tune of Rs.99, 390 million (US $ 2.26 billion) for last financial year. The infrastructure asset on telephone alone is worth about Rs.630, 000 million (US $ 14.37 billion). BSNL plans to expand its customer base from present 47 millions lines to 125 million lines by December 2007 and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67 million) in the next three years. The nationwide coverage, reaches,

comprehensive range of telecom services and the desire to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India.

COMPANY
Vision: To become the largest telecom Service Provider in South East Asia. Mission: 1> to provide world-class State-of-art technology telecom services on demand at affordable price. 2> to Provide world-class telecom infrastructure to develop the country's economy Objectives: To be a Lead Telecom Services Provider. Build customers confidence through quality and reliable service. Provide Bandwidth on demand. Contribute towards: National Plan Target of 250 million-subscriber bases for the country by December 2007. Broadband customers base of 20 million in the country by 2010 as per Broadband Policy 2004. Telephone in all villages. Implementation of Triple play as a regular commercial proposition .

Board of Directors
Corporate structure of BSNL Board consists of CMD & Five full time Directors Human Resource Development (HRD), Planning & New Services, Operations, Finance and Commercial & Marketing, who manages the entire gamut of BSNL operations. There are five other Directors in the full Board of BSNL. CMD: Shri A.K.Sinha

Shri A.K. Sinha joined the Indian Telecommunication Service of Govt of India in the year 1969. He is B.Sc (Engineering) from MIT Muzaffarpur. Prior to joining Indian Telecom Service he worked as a Lecturer at Bihar College of Engineering, Patna. Shri A.K. Sinha has wide experience in installation and commissioning of various switching systems in the network of Calcutta Telephones and Delhi Telephones. While working as Divisional Engineer (Installation), he was instrumental in commissioning first C-400 type Japanese Telephone Exchange in the network of Calcutta Telephones and thereafter in MTNL, Delhi Telephones.

Shri A.K. Sinha has worked as General Manager (Dev) in MTNL Corporate Office as well as MTNL Delhi Telephones. He has taken extensive training both within the country and abroad in various Telecom Switching Systems and many other important fields of Telecommunications. He has also worked for three years on deputation to the Telecom Department of Government of Nigeria as Principal Engineer Training. Shri Sinha has worked as Chief General Manager of Andaman and Nicobar Island Telecom Circle and Jharkhand Telecom Circle. Shri Sinha joined as CMD BSNL on 16.09.2004. Prior to joining as CMD, he was working as Sr. DDG (Switching) in BSNL Corporate Office. Director (Operations)- Shri J.R.Gupta

Shri J.R. Gupta is an Electrical Engineer, graduated from Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh in 1971 securing first rank in the Punjab University. He joined the Indian Telecom Service of the DOT through a country wide competitive examination in December 1972. During the last more than 33 years, he held various important & responsible positions in the DOT. Before joining the BSNL Board, as Senior Director General, he was heading the Telecom Engineering Center of DOT, which is a reputed institution that works on Telecom Standardization, Engineering, and evaluation of Telecom Projects, Services and Networks. Shri J.R. Gupta has joined the BSNL Board as Director (Operations) on 02-11-2005. His main thrust is on improving the Systems and Methods so as to achieve Optimal Performance of BSNL's extensive country-wide (except Delhi and Mumbai Metros) Infrastructure and Network. He is also responsible for short-term and long-term business interests of the Company, particularly, Customer Satisfaction by way of ensuring timely, satisfactory and quality services, coordination with field units, successful implementation of New Technologies and Services through proper monitoring, and providing world class integrated Telecom Services in the highly competitive environment. Director (Finance)- Shri S.D.Saxena

Shri S.D.Saxena has taken over as Director (Finance) in BSNL on 03.04.2002. Shri Saxena holds an excellent academic record. He is M.Sc. (Physics) and MBA (Financial Management). Winner of many awards and medals, he was awarded Chancellors Gold Medal for being the most outstanding student in the Agra University in the year 1967. He was associated with various organizations including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and Atomic Energy. Among the notable assignments of Shri S.D. Saxena, special mention can be made of C-DOT where he was involved in setting up of C-DOT with Shri Sam Pitroda and Padmshri G.B. Meemamsi. He was also Director (F) in the E-10 B Project for induction of Electronic Switching System in Indian Telecom Network. He was IFA of Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. for 7 years and was actively involved in the GDR Issue, rated as one of the best GDRs brought out by an Indian Corporate including private companies. He was the Chairman of the Special Rapporteur Group of Study Group III for telecommunication statistics, which made significant contributions for the presentation of telecom statistics on a Global scale.

Director (Planning & New Services)-Shri R.L.Dube

Shri R.L. Dube joined the Department of Telecommunication as ITS Group "A" officer in the year 1971. He is B.E. (Electrical) from Allahabad University. He has served in various capacities at number of stations viz. Delhi, Patna, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Bhopal, Indore and Pune. His field of specialization is "Telecom Management". Shri Dube has many firsts in Telecom network in India in his name like introduction of STD PCOs, computerization of FRS & Commercial System, Introduction of modern customer care centers, issuance of pagers to telecom field staff for prompt customer care etc. Shri Dube has taken training on latest telecom technologies in countries like France, Germany, Switzerland and Sweden. Before joining BSNL as Director (Planning & NS) on 15th December 2004, he was working as Executive Director (MTNL), Mumbai. Director (Commercial & Marketing)- Shri G.S.Grover

Shri G.S.Grover belongs to 1970 batch of Indian Telecom Service. He is BE (Electrical) from MACT Bhopal and PGD from IIT Delhi. He has worked in the Department in different capacities as Area Manager, General Manager Projects, General Manager Telecom, Chief General Manager and Senior Deputy Director General (Vigilance) and Chief Vigilance Officer, Department of Telecommunications. He was pioneer in successful implementation of first PSDN network and teletext switch. He has also gone on deputation to Oman for installation, maintenance of LM Ericsson Exchanges and external plant and worked as Head of Telephones in Salalah, Oman. He has presented papers at ITU, Geneva. He has joined as Director (Commercial & Marketing) BSNL on 01.05.2005. He is responsible for the activities relating to Cellular Mobile Services, Commercial, Marketing, New Services, Regulatory matters and Business Development. Director (HRD)- Shri Niranjan Singh

Shri Niranjan Singh joined the Indian Telecommunication Service of Government of India in the year 1971. He is B.Sc. (Electrical Engineering) from Aligarh Muslim University with specialization in communications. Prior to joining Department of Telecommunications, he worked with U.P. State Electricity Board for a short span. While serving, he did Post Graduation Diploma in Financial Management followed by MBA degree in Financial Management from Indira Gandhi National Open University. During 34 years of service in Department of Telecommunications and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited in various capacities, he acquired wide experience for operations, maintenance and development of network, personnel, financial and commercial, marketing, project implementation, regulatory affairs, operations and implementation of various lease agreements with other parties. He was actively involved in legal affairs of MTNL in various fields, public relations and coordination with other utility agencies. Shri Singh was deputed to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as Senior Engineer-cum-Quality Surveyor in Telecom Operations and maintenance projects of Eastern Province and also as Project Director of Saudi Telecom external plant expansion project in the capital city of Riyadh during 1985-90. Shri Singh visited countries like USA, UK,

Germany, Sweden, Bahrain, Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong to get excellent exposure of management of telecom systems at international level. Before joining as Director (HRD) Mr. Singh held the charge of Chief General Manager (south) and Principal Chief General Manager (Operations) in MTNL. Shri Singh joined as Director (HRD) on 1st May 2005. He is responsible for formulating and implementing policies pertaining to personnel, industrial relations, training, performance management, employee's productivity etc. of BSNL.

FINANCE
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, the largest Public Sector undertaking of the Nation, is certainly on a financial ground that's sound. The corporation has a net worth of Rs 63,000 crores (US $ 14.32 billion), authorized equity capital of Rs. 10,000 crores (US $ 2.27 billion), paid up capital of Rs 5,000 crores (US $ 1.14 billion) and revenue is Rs. 33,450 crores (US $ 7.60 billion) in 2004-05. Revenue: The Department of Telecom operations now known as BSNL, has shown sustained growth in the last 15 years. The growth rate in 2004-05 was 6.5%. Capital Investment: Annual Investment in the network has increased from Rs. 785 crores (US$ 0.18 billion) in 1986-87 to over Rs. 7578 crores (US $ 1.72 billion) in 2004-05. This investment has been financed mainly by the internal accruals. The planned capital outlay during 2006-07 is Rs. 19431 crores (US $4.42 billion). Cumulative capital outlay: Department of Telecom Operations, now BSNL, had as of 31-3-2005 a cumulative investment in Gross fixed assets of over Rs 143,930 crores (US $ 32.71 billion). Cumulative Fixed Assets have grown at an average annual rate of over 12% in the last 15 years. Assets: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited has got fixed assets valuing more than Rs. 62,862 Crores (US $ 14.29 billion), which are in the form of Land, Buildings, Cables, Apparatus & Plants etc. Information Technology: With the convergence of technologies, catalyzed by the global IT revolution the world is witnessing change as never before in recorded history. In the realm of telecommunication, the change and the pace of it are more pronounced - from basic telephony to voice, video and data services, and from bandwidth on demand to

virtual private networks, IT is making the entire plethora of BSNL's telecom services expand. And, being rapidly implemented as the backbone for running customerfriendly services: FRS (Fault Repair System), DQ (Directory Enquiry), IVRS (Interactive Voice Response System) and accounting and billing systems are already operational at BSNL. DOTSOFT, an integrated commercial & FRS package being inducted countrywide, to provide single window convenience. Telephone Directory on CD ROM and on the Internet. Infrastructure, technology and expertise for full service support to ecommerce enterprises

National Internet Backbone: BSNL is an Internet service provider, providing Internet service throughout the entire country except in New Delhi and Mumbai, under the brand name of "Sanchar net". Sancharnet provides free all India roaming and enables it's users to access their accounts, using the same access code (172233) and user ID from any where in the Country. It has a customer base of more than 21 lakh subscribers. In order to make Internet available through out the length and breadth of the Country Internet Dhabas are being commissioned at all the Block Headquarters

SERVICES
Telephone: BSNL is the largest telecom operator in India and is known to everybody for Basic Telephony Services for over 100 years. Presently the Plain old, Countrywide telephone service is being provided through 32,000 electronic exchanges, 326 Digital Trunk Automatic Exchanges (TAX), Digitalized Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) all interlinked by over 2.4 lakh km of Optical Fiber Cable, with a host of Phone Plus value additions to our valued Customers. BSNL's telephony network expands throughout the vast expanses of the country reaching to the remotest part of the country Phone plus service: Gone are the days when basic telephones were used only to make and receive calls. With the aid of state-of-the-art digital exchanges, BSNL offers you a host of phone plus services, converting your old basic telephones to a sophisticated tool, which can be used, for a variety of applications.

Call Waiting: This facility lets you receive incoming calls even when

your telephone is busy. You will get a short duration pip-pip tone when you are busy talking, indicating that another call is waiting for you , provided you have activated this facility. You can talk to any one of the callers keeping the other waiting. Complete secrecy of communication between the two callers is maintained.

 Abbreviated Dialing: You may be calling a few people very

frequently. It is possible to program these numbers as abbreviated codes of 1 or 2 digits. A maximum of 20 numbers can be programmed for abbreviated dialing. It is ideal for STD/ISD. Hot line: You may want to be connected directly to a pre-determined number as soon as you lift the hand set even without dialing. At the same time you may want to have the flexibility to dial any other number of your choice. It is possible to have this facility in the digital exchanges by the delayed hotline feature. The exchange staff at your request can program the number of your choice. After doing so if you lift the telephone and do not dial within 5 seconds, you will be automatically connected to the programmed number. However if you start dialing with in 5 seconds, you can make an outgoing call as usual.

Call transfer (call forward): Useful for very mobile persons who may
not want to miss incoming calls. Using this facility Calls can be forwarded to another telephone number designated by you.

Automatic Wake-up/Reminder call service: When you want to be

given reminder at a specific time, all you have to do is to call the exchange and leave the time you want to be reminded. The facility allows you to initiate a call automatically by the exchange at a fixed time specified by the user of the telephone.

Number/Call hunting service: If you have more than one telephone

line, this facility is very helpful for your caller. If the called line is engaged, your caller does not have to disconnect and dial other line(s). This facility automatically transfers the incoming call to whichever line is free.

Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP): The subscriber has

to buy separately the CLIP display device from market. Using this facility you can see the number of the calling party before lifting your telephone. Very useful to trace malicious caller. However, the CLIP instrument shall be procured and installed by the users themselves.

Calling Line Identification (CLI) Announcement Services: Dial 164

and listen to the number of the phone line that you have used to make the call. Very useful when in doubt about your phone number.

Phone Bell Check: Dial 161 and after a few second replace the
handset. Your phone will ring very soon. Useful for checking functioning or adjusting volume of bell of your phone. .

Electronic Locking for STD/ISD: For 100% protection against

improper use, you can lock your telephone electronically. Here, you only know the secret code. You can lock/allow Local, STD or ISD calls in many way viz. all calls allowed, only local calls allowed, only STD & Local calls allowed, all outgoing calls barred etc.

 Call Conferencing: With this service telephonic conference can be set

up within 3 or more parties. This service is available subject to technical feasibility. BSNL offers telephone connections in the following main categories to its subscribers: Permanent Connections: Permanent connections are available in the eight categories to suit different subscribers. Temporary Connections: Temporary Connections are provided for short period for emergency requirements of purely temporary nature. Temporary connections are to be provided for a maximum period of 3 months at a time in the case of private individuals and 6 months at a time in the case of Government Offices. The charges for the entire period along with security deposit, installation charges and rentals will be collected in advance. No waiting list is maintained for this category. Casual Connections: Casual connections are provided to applicants for social/religious functions, marriages, and exhibitions etc., for a period not exceeding 30 days. WLL: Tarang WLL-M offers you a host of value-added services: Voice-mail service: 24 hour personal call answering service. Call waiting: allow you to receive an incoming call while already engaged in one call. Call hold: allow you to put a current call on hold and make a second call. Calls divert: allow you to divert calls within your SDCA. 3-way call conferencing: allows a conference between 3 persons from your mobile handset. CLIP (Caller Line Identification Presentation): enables you to view the number of the calling person when you receive a call. CLIR (Call Line Identification Restriction): enables you to block presentation of your own number on a called person's phone. Dynamic STD/ISD locking. Data / Fax transmission (up to 14.4 kbps). Morning alarm / Hotline.

SYSTEM DESIGN
The System design involves the following phases: 1. Design of input. 2. Design of output. 3. Design of Database. Design of Input. Input design is the process of converting user-originated inputs to a computer-based format. The goal of designing the input data is to make the data entry as easy, logical and free from errors as possible. Inaccurate input data are the most common cause errors in data processing. Errors entered by data entry operator can be controlled by input design. In entering the operators need to know the following: How to allocated space for each information. Field sequence, which must match that in the source document.

The format in which the data fields are entered for e.g. the data may be of different formats but the user might be required to enter it only in one format. So, it is essential for him to know the exact format in which he should enter data so that later on working results are not obtained after processing the data Design of Output Output is the most important and direct source of information to the user. Efficient, intelligible output design should improve the systems relationships with the user and helps in decision making. A form of output is a hard copy from the printer and can be displayed on the terminal. The general design principles used in designing output reports are: The design must be such that it can be read from left to right and from top to bottom. The most important item, such as key field, should be easily available. All pages must have headings and page number. The date on which the report was prepared should also be printed. All columns must be labeled with meaningful labels. Too many details should be avoided.

Control footing abstracts information about groups of detail lines must be effectively used. Similarly, page and report footings must be properly defined.

Input Forms: Main Form:

This screen is first screen i.e. parent screen. All screens are part of main form. It contains Menu to select different options. First time when it gets loaded it asks to enter username password. If username password is correct then only user can go for other options.

Login Screen:

This screen is to add new user with default permissions based on status. Administrator can access this screen. Only administrator can create user.

Enable/Disable User:

This screen is to enable or disable existing user. Administrator can do this only. Normal user cannot access this option.

Telephone Connection Screens: New telephone Connection screen:

This screen is to take details of new connection. Verify button verifies all entered details. If all entries are correct then save button will be activated to save data.

Search telephone connection screen:

This screen is to search exiting connection details on the basis of criteria. All matching connection details are displayed in grid and selected connection details are displayed in consumers details

New ISDN Connection Screen:

This screen is to take details of new isdn connection. Verify button verifies all entered details. If all entries are correct then save button will be activated to save data.

Edit/Delete ISDN Connection:

This screen is to modify or delete existing ISDN connection details.

Search ISDN connection details screen:

This screen is to search existing connection details on the basis of criteria. All matching connection details are displayed in grid and selected connection details are displayed in consumers details.

Opening/Closing Facilities:

This option is to fill details to open or close telephone facilities like STD, ISD Hotline.

Safe Custody screen:

This option is to put connection in safe custody.

Transfer Connection:

This option is to fill details to transfer telephone connection. It asks to enter transferor details and transferee details.

Shifting screen:

This option is to shift telephone connection in case of change of address

INTRODUCTION
EWSD Digital Switching System Communications networks are changing rapidly, placing vast new demands on switching systems. Once single-function machines designed simply to connect voice circuits, central office switches must now deliver a wide range of services, create customized services on demand, and manage network operations. In addition to these changes in functionality, changes to how these switches are deployed have also taken place. Once locked into central offices, they are now distributed into numerous network nodes, close to communications users and customized to the end users' needs. These evolutionary changes, begun only a decade ago, are by no means completed. New services for data, images and personal communications, now under development, will make further demands on the network switching function, such as increased processing power, additional line connectivity and open connections to a new generation of multi-service access platforms. The Siemens EWSD Switching System is well ahead of the challenge with a uniquely flexible architecture that anticipates change and adapts easily. Modular hardware design allows network-switching elements to be reconfigured and line port functions to be redefined. Multiple processors are able to add virtually unlimited power for call processing, management of network functions and service creation. Because of its inherent versatility, the EWSD system has become the universal switch, capable of responding to the full range of telecommunications standards and the full variety of global service demands. Over 160 million lines of EWSD switch capacity are now in service in more than 100 countries. In North America, EWSD systems are leading the introduction of integrated digital services, Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) capabilities and open interfaces to multi-service terminal platforms. The EWSD Powerful Network creates a vision for converged voice and data on a single network. A vision that optimizes your network for flexibility and profit at every stage of growth assists you in developing new customer applications, reduce operating costs, and matches network investment with real revenue opportunities. The EWSD Digital Switching System is an integral part of the Powerful Network Solutions. It meets all of today's service needs in even the largest metropolitan centers. The EWSD switch is designed for incremental expansion in processing power, connectivity and services. The communications environment of the future demands efficient management of both voice and data on the same network.

EWSD technology opens today's networks to all of tomorrow's possibilities, minimizing the investment required to meet each new level of service demand. It makes the convergence of voice and data a reality.

EWSD Powerful Network Solutions Evolution Strategy The EWSD Powerful Network Solutions gives local, tandem, and long distance network providers a logical evolution strategy towards voice and data convergence in client/server architecture with a powerful new operations platform, called Smart Commander. Step 1 - The EWSD Powerful Network Solutions eliminates network congestion by offloading data traffic from the interoffice network with the EWSD DataTandem. The EWSD Data Tandem product is the first offering in the EWSD Internet Solutions and is available today and already proven in our customers' networks to reduce congestion from long Internet holding times. Step 2 - The EWSD Powerful Network Solutions will offload data traffic from the access network with a Universal-ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) technology that bypasses the voice network. The Smart Commander plays an important role in this step. Step 3 - Powerful Network Solutions extends the subscriber access and consolidates the network by introducing a distributed switching architecture in a client/server arrangement. The client server architecture consists of an EWSD host serving Smart Remote clients that have new levels of survivability. These Smart Remote clients can interface to other central offices; connect PRIs, TR303, and other EWSD remotes, as well as DCO ONEUP remotes.

Step 4 - Powerful Network Solutions fully converges voice and data with the EWSD ATM/IP Enhanced Trunking functionality that enables the EWSD system to act as a gateway for handling both circuit-switched and ATM/IP-type services. The EWSD ATM/IP Enhanced Trunking is complemented by the introduction of the Open Service Platform Interface. This Interface offers open programming interfaces in several application building blocks, enabling the rapid and flexible implementation of new end-user applications for new revenues. Step 5 - The Powerful EWSD Network Solutions provides another level of network survivability. As networks begin to consolidate and very large EWSD hosts serve up to one million subscribers, the addition of the multi-hosting capability to the distributed switching network ensures failsafe network reliability.

Imagine the Network Power of the Future You're operating a fully converged voice and data network with as many as one million subscribers off a single Siemens EWSD host. You're efficiently switching both voice and Internet traffic on the same network, and you're making money from new applications like broadband access, advanced long distance services and Internet telephony. You've experienced a huge increase in traffic capacity and a significant reduction in capital costs.

EWSD ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEM DIGITAL

After years of being treated as a luxury, telecommunication has come into its own in the Eight Plan. The Department of Telecommunication has announced ambitious plans for the addition of 7.5 million lines to the existing 5.8 million by the end of 8th Plan (1992-97) as compared to only 3.2 million in 1982-92. To bridge the gap between the supply and demand, DoT invited a tender for 200,000 lines of digital switching equipment was de-licensed and thrown open to foreign investments. Consequently, six up their validation exchanges, each of 10.000 lines capacity (including two RSUs of 2K each), at different places, e.g. EWSD of Siemens (Germany) at Calcutta, AXE-10 of Ericsson (Sweden) at Madras, Fetex-150 of Fujitsu (Japan) at Bombay, OCB-283 of Alcatel (France) at Delhi etc. Three new Digital Switching Systems, i.e., EWSD, AXE-10, Fetex-150, which got validated first, were inducted in the Indian Telecom, Network and three lakh lines were imported from these three suppliers. In addition 3.5 lakh lines were also imported on lease basis from these suppliers. Subsequently, four more switching, i.e., OCB-283 of Alcatel (France), 5 ESS of AT&T (USA), System-X of GPT (UK) and NEAX-61E of NEC (Japan) also got validated. EWSD is one of the two technologies selected for TAX and is also the technology for Intelligent Network and Mobile Communication. This article gives a general introduction to the EWSD system, its features, architecture and facilities.

SYSTEM FEATURES

EWSD Digital switching system has been designed and manufactured by M/s Siemens, Germany. This name is abbreviated form of German equivalent of Electronic Switching System Digital (Eletronische Wheler Systeme Digitale). EWSD switch can support maximum 2,50,000 subscribers or 60,000 incoming, outgoing or both way trunks, when working as a pure tandem exchange. It can carry 25,200 Erlangs traffic and can withstand 1.4 million BHCA (Busy Hour Call Attend). It can work as local cum transit exchange and supports CCS No. 7, ISDN and IN and V5.X features.

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The main features of an EWSD switch are as under:

1. Digital line unit (DLU)- functional unit on which subscriber lines are

terminated. 2. Line /Trunk Group (LTG) Digital Trunks and DLUs are connected to LTGs. The access functions determined by the network are handled by DLUs and LTGs. 3. Switching Network (SN)- All the LTGs are connected to the SN, which interconnects the line and trunks connected to the exchange in accordance with the call requirement of subscribers. CCNC and CP are also connected to SN. 4. Coordination Processor (CP) it is used for system wide coordination functions such as routing, zoning etc. however each subsystem in EWSD carryout practically all the tasks arising in their area independently. Block Diagram of EWSD is given below. It also shows that the most important controls are distributed throughout the system. Thos distributed control reduces the coordination overheads and the necessity of communication between the proceesors. It results in high dynamic performance standard.

Access

Common Channel Signaling

Switching Network

Coordination

5. Common channel Signaling Network control (CCNC) Unit This unit

functions as the message transfer part (MTP) of CCS#7. The User Part (UP) is incorporated in the respective LTGs.

Digital Line Unit (DLU)

Analog or Digital (ISDN) subscribers or PBX lines are terminated on DLU. DLUs can be used locally within the exchange or remotely as remote switch unit, in the vicinity of the groups or subscribers. DLUs are connected to EWSD sub-systems via a uniform interface standardized by CCITT, i.e., Primary Digital Carrier (PDC) to facilitate local or remote installation. A subset of CCS#7 is used for CCS on the PDCs. One DLU is connected to two different LTGs for the reasons of security. A local DLU is connected to two LTGs via two 4 Mbps (64 TSs) links, each towards a different LTG. In case of remote DLUs maximum 4 PDCs of 2 Mbps (32 TSs) are used per DLU; two towards each LTG. Hence, total 124 channels are available between a DLU and the two LTGs, out of which 120 channels are used for user information (speech or data) and signaling information is carried in TS 16 of PDC0 and PDC2. Within the DLU, the analog subscribers are terminated on SLMA (Subscriber Line Module Analog) cards (module). Similarly Digital (ISDN) subscribers are terminated on the SLMD modules. Each module can support 8 subscribers, hence has 8 SLCAs (Subscribers Line Circuit Analog) and one SLMCP (Subscribers Line Module Circuit Processor). One DLU can carry traffic of 100 Erlangs. A standard rack of DLU (local or remote) can accommodate one DLU of 944 subscribers or two DLUs of 432 subscribers each. Smaller racks (shelter) are also available for remote DLUs in which lesser number of subscribers can be equipped. In case the link between a remote DLU and the main exchange is broken, the subscribers connected to the remote DLU can still dial each other but metering will not be possible in this case. For emergency service DLU-controller (DLUC) always contain up-to-date subscribers data. Stand Alone Service Controller card (SASC) is provided in each R-DLU for switching calls in such cases. This card is also used for a Remote Control Unit (RCU), so that subscribers connected to these remote DLUs can also talk to each other in case the line of more than one DLU to the main exchange is broken. An EMSP module (Emergency Service equipment for Push button subscribers) is used to make internal calls by DTMF subscribers when the remote DLU link is broken. All DLUs are proved with a Test Unit (TU) for performing tests and measurements on SLCAs, subscribers lines and telephones. An ALEX (Alarm External) module is used for forwarding external alarms, i.e., fire, temperature, etc. to System Control Panel (SYP). Numbers of SLMAs are accordingly reduced to accommodate these modules. The main components of a DLU as shown in Figure are: SLMAs and/or SLMDs

Main Components of a DLU

PDC0

SLMA Analog and ISDN subscriber lines, PBX lines

DIUD0
PDC1

Test lines

DLUC0

to two LTG s
PDC2

SLMD

DIUD1
PDC3

DLUC1

TU

4096 kbps network 0 4096 kbps network 1 Control network 0 Control network 1

Two Digital Interface Units Digital (DIUD) for connections of the PDCs. Two DLU Controls (DLUC) Two 4 Mbps networks for the transmission of user information between SLMs and the DIUDs Two control network for the transmission of control information between SLMS and DLUCs (136 kbps). TU, EMSP, ALEX modules.

DLU Hardware Types

DLU A: this is the oldest hardware type. It contains SLM modules with maximum of 8-subscriber circuit. One fully equipped DLUA is housed in one rack R DLU. A maximum of 952 analog or 928 digital subscribers with a traffic volume of 0.1 ERL each can be connected to a DLUA. It consists of: 1> One frame F DLU (A) 2> 0,1,2 or 3 frames depend upon the number and traffic volume of the subscriber. DLU B: currently used in most EWSD switches. There are 16 subscribers and two fully DLU are equipped in one rack. A maximum of 1760 analog or 1536 digital subscribers can be connected on a rack. It consists of: 1> A frame 2> 0 and 1 frame depends upon the number and traffic volume of the subscriber. DLU D: latest DLU hardware. The main difference with DLUB is a new more integrated solution for the central port of the DLU. It consists of: 1> one frame 2> 0 or 1 frame depends upon the number and traffic volume of the subscriber.

Structure of DLUA / DLUB / DLUD

In the majority of cases, the modules belonging to a DLU are arranged in module frames with two rows of modules. Module frames with one row of modules are only used in 2130-mm racks. In the DLU a row of modules in a module frame is termed as a shelf. A shelf is subdivided into a left-hand and a right-hand half-shelf. To understand the architecture of the DLU, the DLU structure is discussed in the following sequence:

DLU system comprising of central cards, Ringing & Metering Voltage Generation,

Subscriber lines and PBX lines for small and medium-sized PBXx

Local application

4 Mbps DLU 4 Mbps LTG

Subscriber lines and PBX lines for small and medium-sized PBXx

Remote application

PDC0 with CCS DLU

PDC1 without CCS

SN LTG

PDC2 with CCS

PDC3 without CCS

Remote application: in same directory number area, in another directory number area as extension to conventional exchange.

CCITT standard interface G.703

CP

Applications for and connection of Digital Line Unit

Bus system comprising of

Control Network for processors 4096-kbits/s network for speech signals Collision detection buses Ringing and metering bus

Peripheral cards which include Line cards and Test cards, DCCs i.e. Direct Current Converters.

DLU System
A DLU system in DLUB or DLUD contains the following functional units: (a) a control for digital line unit (DLUC), (b) a digital interface unit for DLU (DIUD), (c) a clock generator (..CG) & (d) two bus distributor modules (BD..) A DLU system is a failure unit, which is duplicated in the DLU. Both DIU systems are housed together in a module frame.

The DLU system 0 (DLUC0, DIUD0, BDCG0 and BDB0) is contained in the upper shelf (shelf 0) of the module frame A of DLUA and The DLU system 1 (DLUC1, DIUD1, BDCG1 and BDB1) is contained in the lower shelf (shelf 1) of the module frame A of DLUA. Or

The DLU system 0 (DLUC0, DIUD0, BDCG0 and BDB0) is contained in the upper shelf left half (shelf 0) of the module frame D of DLUB and The DLU system 1 (DLUC1, DIUD1, BDCG1 and BDB1) is contained in the upper shelf-right half (shelf 0) of the module frame D of DLUB. Or

The DLU system 0 is contained in the upper shelf-left half (shelf 0) of the module frame G of DLUD and The DLU system 1 is contained in the upper shelf-right half (shelf 0) of the module frame G of DLUD.

DLU Controller (DLUC)

For security reasons and to increase throughput, there are two DLUCs in the DLU. They work independently in a task-sharing mode. If one DLUC fails, the second DLUC can continue to handle the tasks alone.

The DLUC controls the sequence of DLU-internal functions and either distributes or concentrates the signaling between the subscriber line circuits and the DLUC. The DLU- internal control network connects the DLUC with the shelves. All functional units equipped with their own microprocessors are addressed through this control network. The units are polled cyclically by DLUC for messages ready to be sent, and are accessed directly for the transfer of commands and data from DLUC. The DLUC carries out test and supervision routines to detect errors.

Periphery
Test Unit: The test unit (TU) consists of two modules FMTU and LCMM. These two modules can be plugged into mounting locations for SLMs in the module frame with central units, i.e. F:DLU(A) or F:DLU(D) or F:DLU(G). The test unit is provided in the DLU to test subscriber telephones, subscriber lines and subscriber line circuits (SLCs). It can be connected to each subscriber line or each SLC via a test bus. The test relays for metallic access to the items to be tested are an integral part of the SLCs. Testing of the subscriber lines connected to the DLU is controlled from the line workstation (LWS). The LWS can be located either centrally in the OMC or locally in the exchange. A special user program (TLFI) in the GP of the LTG acts as the interface between the TU and the LWS. The program TLFI controls the TU and therefore the subscriber line test in accordance with the inputs. During such a test, the GP and TU exchange commands (GP to TU) and results (TU to GP) via CCS channel pair 16 of one PDC and via one DLUC. In addition to the LWS, the subscriber line measuring system (SULIM) can also be used to control testing of analog subscriber lines. The SULIM measuring boards are located at the DLU site, in exchange or in the OMC. The user program TLFB in the GP of the LTG acts as the interface between the TU and the SULIM measuring boards.

Subscriber line module, analog

(SLMA)

The subscriber line modules (SLM) build the interface to the subscribers. The SLMs are accommodated partly in shelves 0 and 1 with the central units and partly in shelves 2-7 in the extension module frames. The subscriber line modules, analog (SLMA) serves to connect analog subscribers to the system. Digital subscribers are connected via subscriber line modules, digital (SLMD).

Subscriber line module, analog

(SLMA:COS)

The following subscriber line modules are used for the connection of analog subscribers: SLMA:COS, for ordinary subscribers

The SLMAs can have six, eight or sixteen analog subscriber line circuit (SLCA), which are controlled by the processor (SLMCP). One analog subscriber can be connected to the DLU via each subscriber line circuit. The SLCA contains the necessary indication and feeding circuits as well as the analog-to-digital and digitalto-analog conversion for voice information.

8 analog subscriber lines

4096 kbit/s network 0 (DIUD0)

SLCA

4096 kbit/s network 1 (DIUD1) Control network 0(DLUC0)

test lines

SLMCP

Control network 1 (DLUC1)

Important functions of the SLMA are:

High impedance line monitoring for detection of events in the idle state.
Constant current injection with adjustable current values in the call condition. with loop closure and short-to-ground detection. Receiving of pulse dialing. Forwarding of DTMF dialing to LTG. Balanced ringing injection, ring tripping when subscriber answers. SLCA with integrated range extension. Connection of the subscriber line and subscriber circuit side to a test multiple. Protection against over-voltage and external voltage. DC decoupling of the voice signals. Adjustable relative transmit and receive levels. Adjustable 2-wire impedance. Coding/decoding of speech signals according to A-law with filter function. Fulfilling the CCITT transmission requirements. Pre-processing of signals in the SLMCP. Hard reversal of speech wires. Single-wire disconnection of supply voltage. Loop open. Transmission of dial pulses. Injection of meter pulses. Interface to the 4096 bit/s networks. Interface to the control networks.

Subscriber line module analog SLMA:CMRL

(SLMA:CMRL) 12-kHz meter pulse injection, hard line reversal and loop open with 6 subs.

Subscriber line module analog SLMA:FPE

(SLMA:FPE) feature programmable extended

The subscriber line module SLMA:FPE in DLUB and DLUD contains 16 analog subscriber line circuits and one common control unit with the processor (SLMCP). The SLMA:FPE does not require an RGMG; these functions are implemented on the module themselves (exception: the SLMA:FPE with external ringing does require an RGB for injection of unbalanced ringing). The SLMA:FPE replaces the previous SLMA:COS/SLMA:CMRL for ordinary subscribers/PCOs e.g. subscriber line modules. Subscriber line module analog (SLMA:ILTF)

The ILTF-SLMA replaces the standard SLMA:FPE and the Test Unit (TU). The functions otherwise performed by the TU are implemented in the subscriber line circuits (ILTF-SLCA) of the SLMA. In other words, each line circuit ILTF-SLCA performs self-tests and tests the line and subscriber terminal. Two variants of the ILTF-SLMA can be used: Subscriber Line Module, Analog, with ILTF, no classical MTA (SLMA:ITF) Subscriber Line Module, Analog, with ILTF, for classical MTA (SLMA:ITM)

The TU is still required in cases where subscribers have special ports or where the variant SLMA:FPE with external ringing generation (i.e. by the RGB) is employed. Subscriber line module, digital (SLMD)

The subscriber line module, digital (SLMD) is used to connect digital subscribers. A module has 8 or 16 subscriber line circuits, digital (SLCD), which are controlled by a processor. Each subscriber line circuit provides a basic access for SDN terminals for one subscriber via the network termination. The data are transmitted between SLMA and NT via a balanced 2-wire line with a total data rate of 160-kbit/s. The total data rate is made up of 144-kbit/s-user information and 16-kbit/s for synchronization, monitoring and diagnostics. The user information available to the subscriber at 144 kbit/s offers each subscriber simultaneous access to two B-channels each with 64 kbit/s for bittransparent transmission of information (voice, text, data and image) and access to a D-channel with 16 kbit/s. The D-channel is used to transmit, among other things, the signaling between subscriber and exchange and to transmit low transfer rate data (e.g. packet data, telemetry data).

There are different SLMD types existing for serving the two different coding standards on a BA. SLMD
4096 kbit/s network 0 (DIUD0/DIU:LDID0) 8 analog subscriber lines test line (DIUD1/DIU:LDID1) Control part with system adapter, line card processor (LCP) and system adapter processor (SAP)

SLCD

4096 kbit/s network 1 Control network 0 (DLUC0) Control network 1 (DLUC1)

Important functions of the SLMD are: Interface to the subscriber line (feeding of the subscriber line circuit with -60V and for range extension with93V or 97V, for test purposes, connection of the subscriber line circuit and the subscriber line to the test unit (TU) via the test matrix). Remote power feeding of the NT and digital telephone following failure the local power network. 2-wire/4-wire conversion with adjustable line building-out network. Echo compensation for fully duplex transmission on the 2-wire subscriber line. Conversion of the data received from the subscriber in 4B/3T or 2B/1Q code to binary code and level alignment. Conversion of the data to be sent to the subscriber from binary code in to 4B/3T or 2B/1Q code and level alignment. Signaling transmission according to the D-channel protocol. Assignment of the incoming information from the subscriber in the B1, B2 and D channels to the allocated time slots of the 4096 kbit/s network. Assignment of the information received via the various time slots of the 4096 kbit/s network to the B1, B2 and D channels of the subscriber line.

Main functions of the SLMD

Provisioning of the time multiplex interface with the 2B and D channel with a total of 144 kbit/s and the kbit/s for the clock synchronization. Echo compensation for the bi-directional digital transmission on the 2-wire subscriber line. 2-wire/4-wire conversion and adoption of the line code used on the subscriber line. Separation of the DSSI signaling messages from the X.25 data packets of the subscriber. Protection of the transfer of the DSSI signaling messages in the D channel.

SLMD type

Subscriber line circuits

Line code*dependent on ISD BA 4B3T 2B1Q 4B3T 2B1Q

SLMDA access of the subscriber line/circuit. Test 8 SLMDB SLMD:TFB SLMD:QFB 8 16 16 2B1Q = 2 binary signals to 1 quaternary signal 4B3T = 4 binary signals to 3 ternary signal

Stand-alone service control (SASC)

R-DLUA

During emergency operation the stand-alone service control (SASC) is required in remote DLUs for the communication between the connected analog, ISDN and CENTREX subscribers. SASCs are also used in each DLU of a remote control unit. Emergency service equipment for push-button subscribers (EMSP) R-DLUA

DLU can be equipped with an EMSP instead of an SLMA. Normally a maximum of 2 EMSPs can be provided. Each EMSP contains 3 code-reciever circuits. Under normal operating conditions an LTG receives the dialed information from DTMF subscribers and evaluates it. In emergency service, push button receivers are required in the DLU itself for these subscribers. These push button receivers are contained in the EMSP modules. Stand-alone service control (SASC-E) R-DLUB/DLUD

The stand-alone service control SASC-E replaces the former emergency control (SASC) and the emergency service equipment for push button subscribers (EMSP). Depending on the application program system (APS), the former SASC and EMSP modules can continue to be use. Each SASC-E contains 8 code-receiver circuits.

Call setup under emergency service

Prerequisite for initiation of emergency service in a DLU is that the DLU is no longer able to communicate with a minimum of one LTG via a PDC with CCS, e.g. total breakdown of the connections to the LTGs. In this case, the DLU switches over to continue operation in emergency service. Emergency service is not provided for local DLU connections to LTGs. Emergency service provides the subscribers connected to the same DLU with facilities for setting up connections to one another (DLU internal traffic). Up to 60

simultaneous connections can exist. No charges are registered during emergency service. To enable control of connection setup during emergency service, it is necessary for the DLUs to contain all the latest, up-to-date subscriber data. For this purpose, the DLUs constantly receive during normal operation the relevant, changed or additional subscriber data from the LTGs. Under emergency service conditions, however, the DIUDs do not throughconnect the information octets of the 4096 kbit/s networks to the PDC channels, but loop them back to the SLCAs. The DLUs are responsible for routing the octets in the channel originating from the calling subscribers to the SLCA of the called subscribers and vice versa. During emergency service, the DIUDs also supply the dial, ring back, and ringing and busy tones. If a DLUC detects that the directory number of a subscriber that is not connected to the DLU has been dialed, it tells a DIUD to send a busy tone to the calling subscriber. Under normal operating conditions, dialed information from a push-button subscriber is received and evaluated by an LTG. For emergency service, push-button receivers are provided in the EMSP functional units in the DLU and these are connected if required. Internal connection If a connection is to be set up (e.g. calling subscriber goes off-book), the associated A-SLCA recognizes this change of state and informs the A-SLMCP. A corresponding report is sent to the first DLUC, which interrogates (polls) the ASLMCP. This DLUC is now responsible for the setup and later release of this internal connection. The DLUC - seizes a free push-button receiver in an EMSP and - forwards the fixed time slot for dial tone to the A-SLMCP. The A-SLMCP loads this time slot in to the A-SLCA. The DLUC sends a through-connect command to the A-SLMCP. The A-SLMCP causes the calling party to receive dial tone from the DIUD via the 4096 kbit/s network. (a) Calling party with rotatory dialing The A-SLMCP integrates the dial pulses (converts them in to digital information) and passes this information on to the DLUCs via the control network. (b) Calling party with push-button dialing The A-SLCA forwards the dialed digits via the 4096 kbit/s network and the DIUD to the push-button receiver in an EMSP. The push-button receiver converts the

dialed digits into digital form and passes them on to the DLUCs via the control network. As soon as the first dialed information is received, the DLUC sends a command to the A-SLMCP to disconnect the dial tone and determines the time slot for the speech connection.

The A-SLMCP disconnects the dial tone in the A-SLCA. As soon as the DLUC has received all digits it releases the EMSP (if a subscriber has push button dialing) and sends the fixed time slot for ringing tone to the A-SLMCP. The A-SLMCP loads this time slot into the A-SLCA and the calling party receives ringing tone from the DIUD via the 4096 kbit/s network. The DLUC sends a seize command to the B-SLMCP. The B-SLCA is loaded with the time slot for the speech connection and the subscriber loop is switched to low resistance. The calling party receives ringing current. The B-SLMCP controls the ringing cadence. When the called party accepts an incoming call by going of-hook (loop closure), the ringing current is disconnected. The B-SLMCP -through connects the B-SLCA to the 4096 kbit/s network (specific time slot for speech connection) -sends an appropriate report to the DLUC. The DLUC forwards the time slot for the speech connection to the A-SLMCP. The A-SLMCP -loads the time slot for the speech connection in to the A-SLCA -thereby disconnects the ringing tone The connection is now established.

Line/Trunk Groups
The line/trunk group (LTG) is a subsystem of EWSD. The LTG forms the interface between the digital environment of an EWSD exchange and the switching network (SN). The LTG perform non-central control functions and thus relieve the coordination processor (CP) of routine work. Several LTG types are available for optimal implementation of the various line types and signaling methods. The LTG types essentially have the same basic structure and operate according to the same principles. They differ only in a few hardware units and the specific application programs in the group processor (GP). In its maximum configuration, the EWSD Switching System can connect up to 54 LTGs.

Configuration Options:
The LTGs are connected in any of the following ways: (i) With 2/4 Mb/s PDCs (Primary Digital Carrier) with remote/local DLUs to which analogue or ISDN subscribers are connected operating at transfer rate of 2048 kbits/s. Here, DLU is operated as a remote unit with respect to the EWSD exchange. With 2 Mbps digital access lines to other digital exchanges in the network, or via Signal Converter-Multiplexer (SC-MUX) to analog trunks from analog exchanges in the network. SC-MUX do not form the part of the EWSD exchange equipment. With Primary rate Access lines to medium-size and large-size ISDN PBXs (ISDN subscribers with PA) operating at transfer rate of 4096 kbit/s. Announcements trunks. V5.2 access network.

(ii)

(iii) (iv) (v)

The transfer rate on the secondary digital carrier (SDC) from the LTG to the SN and vice versa is 8192 kbit/s (8 Mbps). Each of these SDCs has 128 time slots of 64 kbit/s each, out of which 127 time-slots are used for user information and one time slot for messages. User information is the information relevant to the communication partners (voice, text, date, images). Messages are used for interprocessor communication in the EWSD system, e.g., in the case of the LTG, for communication with (a) the coordination processor, (b) other LTGs and (c) the CCNC. User information and messages are transferred together. Line/trunk groups can operate with all conventional signaling systems and can therefore be easily integrated into any switching system. Signaling is the communication between exchanges. Analog user information and analog signals are digitized by means of a signal converter, multiplexer (SC/MUX) outside the EWSD exchange.

Functions of LTG
The primary functions of the LTG are as follows:

(i)

Call processing functions, i.e., receiving and analyzing line and register signals, injecting audible tones, switches user channels from and to the switching network, etc.

(ii) (iii)

Safeguarding functions, i.e., detecting errors in the LTG and on transmission paths within the LTG, analyzing the extent of errors and initiating counter measures such as disabling channels or lines, etc. Operation and maintenance functions, acquiring traffic data carrying out quality-of-service measurements, etc.

The LTGs can work with all standard signaling systems (e.g. CCITT No. 5, R2, No. 7). Echo suppressors can be incorporated in the LTGs for the connection or longhaul circuits (e.g., via satellite). Although the subscriber lines and trunks employ different signaling systems, the LTGs present signaling-independent interface to the switching network. These facilities are the following: Flexible introduction of additional or modified signaling procedures, A signaling-independent software system in the CP for all applications.

The bit rate on all highways linking the line/trunk groups and the switching network is 8192 kbps (8 Mbps). Each 8 Mbps highway contains 128 channels at 64 kbps each. Each LTG is connected to both planes of the duplicated switching network. The functional units of the line/trunk groups as shown in figure are:

Line/Trunk Unit (LTU) is a logical unit that comprises 8 number of different functional units, i.e. Digital Interface Unit (DIU30) for connection of 2 Mbps digital trunks and either DLU or PA. One LTG can comprise four DIU30. Codes Receivers (CR) are multi-frequency code receivers for trunks or DTMF subscribers. Automatic Text Equipment for Trunks (ATE:T) checks trunks and Tone Generators (TOG) during routine tests.

Signaling Unit (SU comprises Tone Generator (TOG) for audible tones, Code Receivers (CR) for MFC signaling and push-button dialing and Receiver Module for Continuity Check (RM- CTC), etc. Group Switch (GS) or Speech Multiplexer (SPMX) are used for DLUs or trunks respectively. These are non-blocking time stage switch controlled by the GP. Line Interface Unit (LIU) connects LTG to SN via two parallel 8 Mbps SDCs. Group Processor (GP) controls the functional units of the LTG. The received signals from LTU, SU, GS/SPMX and LIU are processed with the help of GP software.

In LTGG, GS and LIU have been combined into GSL module. Only LTGGs have been supplied to India. One LTG rack can accommodate 40 PCMs in five LTGG frames, each containing two LTGGs.

SU CR TOG CTC

LTU DIU30 SPHI SPHO LTU COUB SIHI SIHO

SN0 to/from SN (8Mbps) LIU SN1

8 Mbps

GS/ SPMX

LTU CR

Address signals

LTU ATE:T

GP (PU, MU, SMX and GCG)

SILC

Functional Units of the LTG

LTG types
In order to optimally realize various line types and signaling systems, several LTG functional types each with specific application programs are available. These various functional types of the LTG SW determine the connecting capabilities to an LTG. A different type of LTG frames exists simultaneously. The following table shows which LTG software functional type is compatible with which hardware implementation.

Functional LTG types for EWSD Functional type B Can be applied to connect: - DLU - PBX (ISDN-PA) - V5.2 Access Network (only to LTG M/N)

Compatible LTG HW-Type LTG G/M/N

Functional type C Can be applied to connect: - Trunks with CAS signaling - Trunks with CCS7 signaling - CCS7 signaling channels Functional type D Can be applied to connect: - International trunks with echo suppression No 5 signaling Functional type H Frame handler for (de) concentration of X.25 data packets from ISDN subscribers.

LTG G/M/N

LTG D

LTG H

Structure of the LTGM

Only three modules are necessary for a complete LTGM with four PCM systems connected. DIU 120A or DIU:LDIM: The four PCMs are combined together with the current converter on the module DIU 120A. Logically, this module is treated as LTU0 to LTU3 with ordinary DIU30 modules. Optionally, this module can be replaced by a DIU. The GPL module (group processor for LTGM): It holds the PMU and, if required, the SILC functionality. Two different GP modules are used. GPL: Group Processor for LTGM without SILC function. GPLS: Group Processor for LTGM with SILC function. The GSM (Group Switch for LTGM): Depending on the available on board components, different GSM modules are used. Types of GSMabc modules b A B C D X 8 times CRPC 8 times CRMR1 8 times CRMR2 RM: CTC (4 CR only for continuity check) no code receiver X X X X X X e X X X

Structure of the LTGN

The LTGN is the newest release of the LTG. Only one module makes up a complete LTGN for the basic tasks. The LTGN hardware combines almost every possible functional unit on this single module, e.g. different code receivers in logical LTU and SU positions. Depending on the application, different module types are used: Name GPNLE Types of GSMabc modules Type Local DLU interface Memory 64 Mbytes 32 Mbytes 64 Mbytes 32 Mbytes 16 Mbytes SILC yes yes yes yes no

GPNLD Local DLU interface GPNYE PCM30

Switching Network GPNYD PCM30

GPNYC PCM30

Switching Network (SN) performs the switching function for speech as well as for messages in an EWSD exchange. For this purpose it is connected to LTGs and CCNC for speech/data and to CP (through MB) for exchange of control information. Switching network with ultimate capacity up to 63 LTGs is called SN DE4. For larger exchanges SN DE5.1 is used which can connect up to 126 LTGs. Similarly SN DE5.2 can connect up to 252 and SN DE5.4 up to 504 LTGs.

General Features
The self-monitoring switching network uses a uniform through connection format. Octets (8 bit speech samples) from the incoming time slots are switched to the outgoing time slots leading to the desired destination fully transparently. This means that each bit of all octets is transmitted to the output of the switching network in the way that it appears at the input (bit integrity). For each connection made via the switching network, the octets have the same sequence at the output as at the input (digit sequence integrity). The switching networks full availability makes it possible for each incoming octet to be switched at any time to any outgoing highway at the output of the switching network. The time slots used in switching network for making through connections make up a 64 kbit/s connection path. Different peripheral units of EWSD, i.e., LTGs, CCNC, MB are connected to the Switching Network (SN) via 8192 kbps highways called SDCs (Secondary Digital Carriers), which have 128 channels each. Separate cables each containing several (eight or sixteen) such internal highways, are used for each transmission direction. All externally connected highways also have the same uniform bit rate. Two different switching network versions have been supplied in India: Switching Network [SN] supplied with first 110K orders. Switching Network B [SN (B)] supplied with subsequent orders.

Position and Functional Structure

Switching Network is connected to LTGs and CCNC for speech/data and to CP (through MB) for exchange of control information. The external highways for both transmission directions i.e. between the switching network and one LTG or between the switching network and one Message Buffer Unit (MBU) are identified as:

SDC:LTG interface between SN and LTG: time slot 0 for message exchange
between the LTG and coordination processor (CP) as well as between two LTGs, time slot 1 to 127 for subscriber connections.

SDC:CCNC interface between the SN and the common channel signaling

network (CCNC): for common channel signaling

SDC:TSG interface between SN and a message buffer unit assigned to CP

(MBU:LTG) for message exchange between the CP and the LTGs as well as between the LTGs.

SDC:SGC between the SN and an MBU:SGC of the CP for setting up and

clearing connections.

The SN consists of several duplicated Time Stage Groups (TSG) and Space Stage Groups (SSG) housed in the separate racks. Connection paths through the TSGs and SSGs are switched by the Switch Group Controls (SGC) provided in each TSG and SSG are switched by the switching information from the coordination processor (CP). The SGCs also independently generate the setting data and set the message channels for exchange of data between the distributed controls. The switching network is always duplicated (planes 0 and 1). Each connection is switched simultaneously through both planes, so that a standby connection is always immediately available in the event of a failure. Each TSG can accommodate 63 SDCx from LTGs and one SDC to MB. One SDC is extended from SGC of each TSG and SSG towards MB. Thus one TSG can handle upto 63 LTGs. The switching network can be expanded in small stages by adding plug-in modules and cables and if necessary by assigning extra racks. Optimized switching network configurations are available in a range of sizes. The smallest duplicated SN: 63 LTG configuration which can handle 30,000 subscriber lines 0r 7,500 trunks when fully equipped is installed in a single rack and can handle 7,500 erlangs traffic. In its maximum configuration, the EWSD switching network has 8 TSGs and 4 SSGs (in 12 Racks) to connect 504 LTGs and has a traffic handling capacity of 25,300 erlangs. SNs for 126 LTGs and 252 LTGs are also available which can handle 6300 and 12600 erlangs traffic respectively. The SN supplied in first 110K orders contains only seven different types of module and each TSG and SSG is accommodated in a separate full rack. In the subsequent supplies SN (B) has been supplied which has only 5 types of modules and each TSG and SSG is accommodated in only two shelves of the respective racks. Remaining four shelves accommodate LTGs.

Functional Units of SN
The switching network is subdivided into time stage groups (TSG) and space stage groups (SSG). Due to its modular structure, the EWSD switching network can be partially equipped as needed and expanded step by step. The switching network uses the following switching stages: one time stage incoming (TSI) three space stages (SS) and one time stage outgoing (TSO)

These time and space stages (functional units) are located in the following module types: link interface module between TSM and LTG (LIL) time stage module (TSM) link interface module between TSG and SSG (LIS) space stage module 8|15 (SSM 8|15) space stage module 16|16 (SSM 16|16) LIL & LIS:

The receiver components of the LIL and LIS compensates for differences in propagation times via connected highways. Thus, they produce phase synchronization between the incoming information on the highways. These differences in propagation times occur because an exchanges racks are set up at varying distances to each other. Module LIL is connected on the interface to LTGs and has 4 inputs and 4 outputs while module LIS is connected on the interface to SSG and has 8 inputs and 8 outputs. TSM:

The number of TSMs in a switching network is always equal to the number of LILs. Each TSM contains one time stage incoming (TSI) and one time stage outgoing (TSO). The TSI and the TSO handle the incoming or outgoing information in the switching network. Between input and output, octets can change their time slot and highway via time stages. Octets on four incoming highways are cyclically written into the speech memory of a TSI or TSO (4x128=512 locations corresponding to 512 different time slots). The speech memory areas 0 and 1 are used alternately in consecutive 125 microseconds periods for writing the octets. The connections to be made determine the octet sequence during read-out. The stored octets are read-out to any one of 512 time slots and then transferred via four outgoing highways. SSM 8|15 and SSM 16|16:

The SSM 8|15 contains two space stages. One space stage is used for transmission direction LIS-> SSM 8|15-> SSM 16|16 and has 8 inlets and 15 outlets while a second space stage is used for transmission direction SSM 16|16-> SSM 8| 15-> LIS and has 15 inlets and 8 outlets. Via space stages, octets can change their highways between input and output, but they retain the same time slot. Space stages 8|15, 16|16 and 15|8 switch the received octets synchronously with the time slots and the 125 microseconds periods. The connections to be switched change in consecutive time slots. In this process, the octets arriving on incoming highways are spatially distributed to outgoing highways. In capacity stages with a TST structure, the SSM 16|16 switches the octets received from the TSIs directly to the TSOs. Control Section:

Each TSG, each SSG, and with SN: 63LTG, each switching network side has its own control. These controls each consist of two modules viz. switch group control (SGC) and link interface module between SGC and MBU: SGC (LIM). An SGC consists of a microprocessor with accompanying memory and peripheral components. The main tasks of an SGC are to handle CP commands (such as connection setup and clear down), message generation and routine test execution. Apart from the interface to the message buffer unit (MBU:SGC), an LIM has a hardware controller (HWC) and a clock generator for clock distribution.

Firmware:

The firmware for the switching network is permanently stored in the program memory of each SGC. For this reason, it does not have to be loaded or initialized by the coordination processor (CP). SN firmware is organized in the following manner: executive control programs call processing programs maintenance programs startup and safeguarding programs

Functions:
Three essential functions of switching network namely speech path switching, message path switching and changeover to standby are described below: Speech path switching:

The switching network switches single channel and broadcast connections with a bit rate of 64 kbit/s and multichannel connection with nx64 kbit/s. Two connection paths are necessary per single channel connection (e.g. from calling to called party and from called to calling party). For a multichannel connection, nx2 connection paths are necessary. In broadcast connections, the information is passed from one signal source to a number of signal sinks (no opposing direction). The coordination processor (CP) searches for free paths through the switching network according to the busy status of connection paths stored at that moment in the switching networks memory. The path selection procedure is always the same and is independent of the capacity stage of the switching network. During path selection, the two connection paths of a call are always chosen so that they will be switched via the same space stage section. A space stage section is a quarter of the space stage arrangement; with an SN: 252 LTG, for example, this corresponds to half a space stage group SSG. After path selection, the CP causes the same connection paths to be switched through in both switching network sides of an SN. The SGCs are responsible for switching the connection paths. In a capacity stage with 63 LTGs, one switch group control participates in switching a connection path; however in a capacity stage with 504, 252, or 126 LTGs, two or three switch group controls are involved. This depends on whether or not the subscribers are connected to the same TSG. The CP gives every involved switch group control setting instructions necessary for the through connection. These setting instructions always have the same data format. An SGC receives the setting instructions from the CP via the message buffer unit MBU:SGC, the secondary digital carrier SDC:SGC, and its dedicated link interface module LIM. The commands and messages between an SGC and the CP are exchanged via an LIM. The SGC calculates the setting data using the call processing programs and service routines. The SGC loads the data into registers in the hardware controller (HWC) of the LIM and, via the HWC, controls the setting of desired connection paths in the time and space stage modules (TSM and SSM).

Message path switching:

Apart from the connections determined by subscribers by inputting dialing information, the switching network also makes connections between the LTG and the CP. These connections are used to exchange control information; they are setup only once, and then they are always available. For this reason, they are called semi permanent connections. Via these same connections, the LTGs also interchange message without having to burden the CPs processing unit. In this manner, a separate line network for the exchange of messages within an exchange is not necessary. Nailed-up connections and connections for common channel signaling are made on a semi permanent basis as well. Changeover to standby:

All connection paths are duplicated, i.e. switched through in SN0 and SN1. This provides an alternative route for each connection in case of failure. The connection paths are switched in the same manner over both switching network sides (SN0 and SN1). The LTGs accept the incoming octets of the effective connections (subscriber/subscriber connections) from only one switching network side. Switching over to standby is implemented only if errors occur simultaneously in both switching network sides. The effective connections are then lead over routed TSGs and SSGs of both switching network sides 0 and 1. In the switching network capacity stage with 63 LTGs, it is only possible to route the connections over SN0 or SN1. If an error occurs in the switching network, the CP initiates corresponding measures for switching over to standby and issues the corresponding messages. Changeovers to standby do not interrupt existing connections. Thanks to this duplication principle, all operational measures are easily carried out without impairing traffic (e.g. adding new modules or replacing defective modules).

Coordination Area
Coordination Processor The EWSD system consists of number of largely autonomous subsystems. Each of the subsystems has their own microprocessor controls, for example, the controls for the digital line units are DLUC and for the LTG is the group processors (GP). The distributed microprocessor controls and the data transfer between them are coordinated by the coordination processor (CP). The Coordination Processor is the heart of a Siemens exchange. It controls all other functional units, does the main call processing tasks and processes. The coordination processor (CP) handles the database as well as configuration and coordination functions, e.g.. Storage and administration of all programs, exchange and subscriber data. Processing of received information for routing, path selection, zoning, charges. Supervision of all subsystems, receipt of error messages, analysis of supervisory result messages, alarm treatment, error messages, alarm treatment, error detection, error location and error neutralization and configuration functions and handling of man-machine interface.

CCS via analog data links

MODEM

Multiplexer

CCS via digital data links 7

0 SILT group 0

SILT group 31

0 CCNP 0

31

0 CCNP 1

31

CP bus System

The CP is divided into several subunits:

Two base processors (BAP) for maintenance and call processing tasks. Up to 6 call processors (CAP) for call processing only. Up to 4 input/output controllers as interfaces to input/output processors. A duplicated common memory (CMY) A duplicated bus system (BCMY) between the BAP, CAP, IOC and CMY Several input/output processors for connecting external equipment.

The CP performs the following functions in a network node: Call processing: Digital translation Routing administration Zoning Path selection through the switching network Cal charge registration Traffic data administration Network administration

Operation and maintenance: Input and output from and to external memories (EM) Communication with the operation and maintenance terminals (OMT/BCT) Communication with the operation and maintenance center (OMC)

Safeguarding: Self-supervision Error detection Error handling

The coordination processor 113 (CP113) is supplied for all sizes of switching center. The CP113 is a multiprocessor, which can be expanded progressively (by adding call processors). It satisfies all safeguarding and performance requirements exceptionally well. The CP area also includes the system panel (SYP). The SYP indicates alarms (audio & visual) and advisories from system internal and system external supervisory units. Other important functions in the CP area are handled by : message buffer (MB) central clock generator (CCG)

The latest type of Coordination Processor is known as CP 113C. It is used in medium-sized to very large exchanges. The CP113 is multiprocessor and can be expanded in stages. It has a maximum call handling capacity of over 1,000,000 BHCA. In the CP 113 as shown in figure, two or more identical processors operate in parallel with load sharing. The rated load of n processors is distributed among n+1

Maximum capacity 15 Basic capacity 15 B:IOC 0 IOP IOC1 IOC0 CAP CAP BAP BAP IOC3 IOC2 IOP 0 IOP IOP

B:CMY1 CMY1 CMY0

Structure of CP 113

processors. This means that if on processor fails, operation can continue without restriction (redundancy mode with n+1 processors).

Hardware:
The CP113 consists of a modular multiprocessor system with a processing width of 32 bits and an addressing capacity of 4 Gbytes. It is formed by the following functional units: The CP113C comprises the following hardware functional units:

CCNP0
CCNP1

MBG IN MB0

MBG MTD IN IOP:MB MB1 The call processors (CAP) deal only with call processing functions. Hardware wise they are similar to BAPs and form a redundant pool together with BAPs. IOP:SCDV IOP:MB a. IOP:MB (input/output processor for message buffer) CCG0 b. IOP:TA (input/output for time and alarms) CCG1 c. IOP:LAU (input/output processor for line adoption unit) IOP:MB IOP:SCDV d. IOP:UNI (input/output processor unified for O & M devices) e. IOP:AUC (input/output processor for authentication center), only for use in mobile communication network nodes. IOP:MB IOP:MB IOP:SCDX CP113 There are two BAPs in the CP113, one is called the master, performing all the maintenance tasks and, if necessary, call processing, the other one is called spare, IOP:MB which does only call processing. The master/spare status of the BAP can be changed IOP:SCDX either manually with the MML command COM BAP: or automatically by the system itself. This automatic change is normally done once a day. If a BAPM fails, its IOP:TA0 DATA LINKS functions are handled by the BAPS. IOP:SCDP P TIP IOP:TA1 The optional call processors cannot replace the functionality of the BAP.The IOP:SCDP basic configuration of the CP113C can be expanded as necessary by adding similar functional units. This is true for computing and memory capacity, and also for the B:IOC0 connection of call processing plus operation and maintenance peripherals. The B:IOC1 operation and maintenance periphery (O & M periphery) and data communication periphery can be expanded as required for the CP113C. The following devices can be IOC0 IOC1 attached: BCMY0 magnetic tape device (MTD) Fig. BCMY1 Structure of Input/Output System with two IOCs. CMY0 CMY1

Base Processor (BAP) for operation and maintenance and call processing. Input/Output Controller (IOC) IOP:MOD0IOCs coordinate and 2 to 4 supervise accessing of CMY by IOPs. MDD IOP:MB Input/Output Processors (IOP) Various types of IOPs are used to connect the CP 113 to the other subsystems and functional units of the exchange as well as to the external mass storage devices (EM i.e., IOP:MB MDD, MTD), the two O&M terminals (OMT), to OMC via data lines, etc. MDD IOP:MOD0 Maximum 16 IOPs can be connected to one IOC. Call Processors (CAP) not included in the basic capacity stage. IOP:MB Bus For Common Memory (BCMY) Common Memory (CMY) IOP:MTD

magnetic disk device (MDD) magneto-optical disk device (MOD) operation and maintenance terminal (OMT or BCT) data links to data communication devices or to data terminal equipment with V.24, V.35, V.36 interfaces and with the BX.25/X.25 protocol. maintenance panel (used only by TAC staff for special fault clearance procedures).

The input/output controls (IOC) coordinate and supervise accessing of the CMY by the input/output processors (IOP). The connection between each IOC and its associated IOPs is set up by a separate bus system per IOC per input/output control (B:IOC). Up to 12 IOPs can be connected to a B:IOC. The IOCs and the IOPs have been designed so that they can assume responsibility for the functions of the partner units if these fail. The redundant O & M data equipment (O & M periphery) is always connected to different IOCs. If one IOC or the corresponding input/output processors fail, all inputs and outputs are diverted via the partner IOC (to or from the redundant O&M and data equipment.)

BAP, CAP and IOC

The base processors call processors and input/output controls re built using identical hardware components and can therefore be described together. Each processor comprises the following: Two processing units (PU) A local memory (LMY) A common interface (CI) An interface to the bus system for input/output control (BIOC)

The interface to the BIOC is part of the CI and thus physically present in all processors. However, it is only activated when used as an IOC. However in earlier version i.e. CP113D, the interface to the BIOC was a separate module. Processing Unit

The processing unit (PU) is duplicated. Mutual checking by two PUs allows fast error detection and handling, thus preventing the effects of errors from spreading. It executes the system specific software and the function-oriented user software. It also controls the data flow to and from the input/output processors (IOP) in the IOC. The PU0 is always the master unit in normal operation. During write cycles to the memories, the master PU always sends the data, while in read cycles both Pus receive the data. The core of the processing unit is a microprocessor. The programs of the system-specific software and function oriented user software run on this microprocessor. Local Memory

Dynamically important programs and data only required by a particular processor are stored in the local memory (LMY) of the processor. This memory can only be addresses by the processor itself or, in the IOC, also by the IOP.

Other Units Assigned to CP:

Message Buffer (MB): for coordinating internal message traffic between the CP, the SN, the LTGs and the CCNC in an exchange. Central Clock Generator (CCG): for the synchronization of the exchange and, where necessary, the network. The CCG is extremely accurate (10-9). It can, however, be synchronized even more accurately by and external master clock (10-11). MB and CCG are equipped in two racks in maximum configuration. System Panel Display (SYPD): to display system internal alarms and the CP load. It this provides a continuous overview of the state of the system. The SYP also displays external alarms such as fire and air-conditioning system failure for example, it is installed in the Equipment Room or in the Exploitation Room. External Memory (EM): - Programs and data that do not always have to be resident in the CP. - An image of all resident programs and data for automatic recovery. - Call charges and traffic measurement data.

To ensure that these programs and data are safeguarded under all circumstances, the EM is duplicated. It consists of two magnetic disk devices (MDD), each of 780 MB capacity. The EM also has a magnetic tape device, for input and output. These units are mounted in a separate device rack (DEVD).

Common Channel Signaling Network Control

The CCITT standardized signaling system no. 7 (CCS7( is of the systems that is used for inter-exchange signaling in EWSD. To promote flexibility in the use of this system, a distinction is made between a message transfer part (MTP) and the user parts (UP). The user parts vary according to the specific application (e.g. TUP: telephone user part, ISDN-UP: ISDN user part, MUP: mobile user part). The common MTP functions in an EWSD exchange are handled by the common channel signaling network control (CCNC) the UP is incorporated in the software or the relevant LTG. A maximum of 254 common signaling channels can be connected to the CCNC via either digital or analog links. The digital links are extended from the LTGs over both planes of the duplicated switching network and multiplexes to the CCNC. The CCNC is connected to the switching network via two 8 Mbps highways (SDCs). Between the CNC and each switching network plane, 254 channels for each direction of transmission are available (254 channel Paris). The channels carry signaling data via both switching network planes to and from the LTGs at a speed of 64 kbps. Analog signaling links are linked to the CCNC via modems.

For reasons of reliability the CCNC has a duplicated processor (CCNP), which is connected to the CP bye means of, similarly duplicated bus system. The CCNC consists of: Up to 32 signaling link terminal (SILT) groups, each with 8 signaling links and One duplicated common channel signaling network processor (CCNP). The function of the CCNC depends on its position in a signaling link. In the originating or destination exchange in associated signaling, it operates as signaling point (SP) and in transit exchange in quasi- associated signaling, it operates as a signaling transfer point (STP). The CCNC, equipped in one rack can handle up to 48, signaling links. Equipments handling up to 96 signaling links can be equipped in additional racks.

Common Channel Signaling #7 in EWSD

Review of CCS #7 Today most transition between telephone exchanges is digital. But signaling is still based on signaling systems developed for analogue exchanges. In a telecommunication network, signaling can be defined as the exchange of information specifically concerned with both the establishment and control of connections, and with management. In analogue communication networks, channel-associated signaling systems have so far been used to carry the control information, but the systems do not meet requirements in digital, processor-controlled communication network. With the advance in computer technology, the introduction of up-to-data signaling systems is now possible. Such signaling systems should be based on data communication techniques and should be able to transfer other information apart from signaling. Signaling system #7 has been developed by CCITT to meet these demands. Because this system uses a single channel for all signaling between two exchanges, it is called common channel signaling. This signaling protocol is a form of data communication in which all information is transmitted in labeled messages. Because all information is transferred independently of the telephone channels, it is possible to transfer all kinds of information via the signaling channel and to route the signaling in different ways through the system depending on the line conditions. Signaling system #7 has been designed to provide different user groups with their own sets of messages. This makes it easy to implement new messages for one user group without affecting other user groups in the system. The following main features characterize CCS-7: Internationally standardized (national variations possible) Suitable for the national, international and intercontinental network level. Suitable for various communication services such as telephony, text services, data services and other services. Suitable for service-specific communication networks and for the integrated services digital network (ISDN) High performance and flexibility along with a future-oriented concept, which will meet new requirements.

High reliability for message transfer. Processor-friendly structure of messages (signal units of multiples of 8 bits). Signaling on separate signaling links; the bit rate of the circuits is therefore, exclusively for communication. Signaling links always available even during existing calls. Use of the signaling links for transferring user data also Used on various transmission media o Cable (copper, optical fiber) o Radio relay o Satellite (up to 2 satellite links) Use of the transfer rate of 64 kbit/s typical in digital networks. Used also for lower bit rates and for analogue signaling links if necessary. Automatic supervision and control of the signaling network.

Signaling system #7 user categories currently in use include telephone, data mobile, ISDN and IN. CCS #7 Levels The CCS#7 is divided into two main parts so that it can be optimally adapted to the different requirements of the various services. These are the message transfer part (MTP0) and the user part (UP). The MTP is identical for all user parts. It is an efficient means of transportation, which provides for reliable exchange of signals between the user parts at both ends of the signaling link. The UP allows for the different requirements of the various applications, e.g. telephone user part (TUP), data services user part (DUP), mobile user part (MUP), ISDN user part (ISUP), etc. The entire structure of CCS #7 is divided into 4 levels on the lines of 7-layer OSI model of data communication. Levels 1, 2 and 3 together are called the Message Transfer Part (MTP) and level 4 represents the User Part. Level 1 Signaling Data Link: It defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics for a data transmission link consisting of digital transmission channels for exchanging signals in both directions simultaneously. The part of the digital switching or terminal equipment used to pass signals between signal terminals. Level 2 Signaling Link: Defines functions and procedure for transmitting signal information in one data link. Function level 2 shares the task with level 1 of ensuring reliable transmission between two signaling points. Level 3 - Common Transfer Function: Defines the functions for directing the signaling information in the signaling network, depending on the network condition. Functions for test and maintenance are also defined on this level. Level 4 User and Application Part: Defines functions and procedures for different user parts. A user could, for example, be a signaling set for telephone or data users. Signal Units (SU)

The MTP transports messages in the form of SUs of varying length. A SU is formed by the functions of level 2. In addition to the message it also contains control information for message exchange. There are three different types of SUs: Message Signal Units (MSU) Link Status Signal Units (LSSU) Fill-In Signal Units (FISU)

Signaling Network The CS7 signaling links connect signaling points (SPs) in a communication network. The signaling points and the signaling links form and independent signaling network with is overlaid over the circuit network. The Signaling points (SP) are the sources (originating points) and the sinks (destination points) of signaling traffic. In communication network these are primarily the exchanges. The Signaling Transfer Points (STP) switch signaling messages received to another STP or to a SP on the basis of the destination address. No call processing of the signaling message occurs in a STP. A STP can be integrated in a SP (e.g. in an exchange) or can form a node of its own in the signaling network. One or more level of STPs is possible in a signaling network, according to the size of the network. An important field in the ISDN- UP message is the routing label comprising of the DPC, the OPC and the SLS field as shown in figure. The Circuit Identification Code (CIC) assigns the message to a specific circuit, while OPC and DPC are the Point Codes for the origination and destination exchanges. A CIC is permanently assigned to each circuit.

Common Channel Signaling Network Control (CCNC)

The CCNC is multi-microprocessor control systems, which can both control digital and analog signaling links. The functions of the CCNC are to handle and ensure the exchange of messages between the exchanges. The CCNC can be used in exchanges that function as signaling points (SP) or signaling transfer points (STP). The CCNC is connected to the coordination processor (CP) in a similar manner to a message buffer unit (MBU). The communication between the CCNC and the CP or line/trunk groups (LTG) is handled by and input/output processor for message buffer 9IOP:MB) in the CP. The position of CCNC is shown in figure. The functions of the UP (level 4) are located in the LTG, and 6 functions of the MTP (level 1, 2 and 3) are integrated in the CCNC. In addition, the MTP functions, the CCNC also processes maintenance and administration (as shown in figure) CCNC Structure The CCNC can be subdivided into the following three functional areas: Multiplexer (MUX)

The main function of the multiplexes is the handling of the level 1 functions for up to 254 digital signaling links. The common channel signaling links are routed between two exchanges via multiplex lines. The signaling links are extended to the multiplexer system (MUXM/MUXS) via the line/trunk groups (LTG) using semi-permanent connection the switching network (SN) as shown in figure. Signaling Line Terminal Group (SILTG)

Each set of eight SILTDs (Signaling Line Terminal Digital) is combined into a group (SILTG) with one SILTC (Signaling Line Terminal Control). An SILTD is permanently assigned to a signaling link. An SILTD represents the end of a signaling link. The functions of CCS7 level 2 (message securing functions) are implemented in the SILTD. Common Channel Signaling Network Processor (CCNP)

It consists of Signaling Periphery Adapter (SIPA) Signaling Management Processor (SIMP) and Coordination Processor Interface (CPI). The functions of CCS7 level 3 (message transfer functions) are implemented in SIMP. This includes signaling message handling, message discrimination, message distribution and CCS7 network management. Functions The functions performed by a CCNC are dependent on: Whether the signaling information of the message signal unit (MSU) is sent from or to be received by a line/trunk group (LTG) or the coordination processor (CP) of the same exchange (signaling point (SP) function) or Whether the MSU is to be through connected between two other exchanges (signaling transfer point (STP) function).

Signaling Point Function The CCNC extends the incoming signaling information received from the common signaling channel of a multiplex line to a group processor (GP) or the appropriate LTG in the same exchange. The incoming CCS7 information is transparently through connected in the switching network (SN) via a semi-permanent (nailed-up) connection (NUC) to the CCNC. The CCNC determines the user (LTG-No.) of the MSU and then forwards the signaling information to the input/output processor for message buffer (IOP: MB) in the CP. The signaling information is then extended via the message buffer (MB) and via the SN in the appropriate message channel to GP in the LTG. Signaling Transfer Point Function The signaling transfer point (STP) function performed by a CCNC during the through-connection of CCS7 information between other exchanges is indicated in figure. In this case, the received CCS7 information (MSU) does not have to be

processed in the exchange and is transparently transferred to the destination exchange. The CCNC recognizes that the received CCS7 information (MSU) is not destined for a user in the exchange. The CCNC extends the CCS7 information via a semi-permanent connection (NUC) in the SN to the common signaling channel of a multiplex line routed to the destination exchange. This type of signaling via an intermediate exchange functioning as an STP and not directly between the two exchanges directly concerned is referred to as quasi-associated signaling.

Message Buffer
The message buffer B (MB (B)) is assigned to the CP area of the EWSD. Functional units of the message buffer (MB) have the job of controlling massage exchanges between the following subsystems: between the CP and the LTGs: Call processing messages to set up circuit connections, administrative and safeguarding or maintenance messages. between the LTGs themselves: Call processing massages. between LTG and the CCNC: Call processing messages between exchanges via common channel signaling links. between CP and switch group control (SGC): Setting instructions for switching network. Depending on the source and destination of the control information, the following terms are used to describe the exchange of data:

Data Data Data Data

transfer transfer transfer transfer

from the CP to a GP : Command from a GP to the CP : Message from a GP to another GP : Report between CCNC and GP : Order

Functions for Handling Message Traffic All processors participating in the transport of messages perform the following functions for handling messages: transport distribution and collection buffering saving

Distribution and collection require a speed adjustment to be made between message inflow and outflow. This adjustment is made with the aid of buffers in the MBU and IOP:MB. Messages to be processed may have to wait for processing, since the processing processes can be in progress. For this reason, buffers for the processes are also needed to adjust the transport speed to the processing speed. Message queues can form in the buffers. This ensures flexible speed adjustments between message transport, distribution and processing. The MB (B) has been designed to meet the higher performance demands of the CP113. The MB (B) in itself is fully redundant and is made up of an MB (B)0 and an MB (B)1. These operate on a load-sharing basis. The MB (B) is connected to the other units as follows:

with the LTGs :

each via one 64-kbit/s channel on the secondary digital carriers (SDC:TSG, SDC:LTG) The relevant multiplex highway channels are linked to each other in the switching network via semi permanent connections. Normally the connected LTGs are distributed equally over both system halves.

with the SGCs :

via multiplex highways (SDC:SGC)

with the input/output processors (IOP:MB) of the CP via the bus systems B:MBG0 and B:MBG1.

In the input direction, the MB (B) can receive messages from the LTGs and the SGCs (for the CP) reports from LTGs (for other LTGs) orders from the LTGs (for the CCNC)

It processes these for transmission to the IOP:MB of the CP, stores them and passes them to the IOP:MB on request.

SUBSCRIBER ADMINISTRATION
Directory number administration:

Creation of area code:

For creating the area code following command will be used: ENTR AREA CODE: LAC = XXX, DLU = X;

One area code can be grouped with maximum 32 DLUs with the command. If there are more DLUs to be grouped with the command, has to be given again. Other commands related to area codes are: DISP AREACODE MOD AREACODE CAN AREACODE Display directory number blocks: For displaying the directory number blocks following command will be used: DISP DN: LAC = X, DN = X; This command will give the list of all directory number block existing in the exchange (both active and not active DN blocks). Creation of directory number blocks: Directory number blocks can be created with the help of following command: CR DN: LAC = 0575, DN = 540100&&540109; This command will create a block of 10 directory numbers, with starting DN as 540100 and the ending DN as 540190. Still these directory numbers cannot be allotted to subscribers, because they have not still become active. This can be confirmed by giving the command: DISP DN : LAC = X, DN = X; The command will give the listing of all active and not active directory number blocks. For activating the directory number block, they have to be associated with code points. This can be achieved with the following command: CR CPT: CODE =54010, TRATYP = CPTDN, LAC = 0575; In the above-mentioned command, the code value will be the common digit combination value of the directory number block (540100 to 540109). Modifying a directory number block: Before an existing DN block is modified, we have to first cancel the code point associated with it. Following command will be used for this purpose: CANCPT: CODE=540100, TRATYP = CPTDN, LAC =575; After the CPT for the DN block has been cancelled an existing DN block can modify with the new DN block. Following command will be used:

MODDN: LAN = 0575, DN=540100&&540109, NEWDN=540200&&540209; DN block 540100 to 540109 will be modified to 540200 to 540209. One must remember that the new directory number block is still not active. This can be confirmed with the command DISP DN. So the new directory number block also has to be associated with the code point. However after modifying the DN block one must wait for some time before giving the command for code point association because the modification in the DN block takes time, though command result may indicate successful execution of the command. Command for code point association will be: CR CPT: CODE = 540200, TRATYP=CPTDN, LAC = 0575 Directory number attributes If the subscriber requests for immediate diversion always to a specific number, then the command used will be: MOD SUB: LAG 0575, DN 540200, DIVI-ACTDIVI-DN Call waiting First the feature has to be created in the exchange using the following command: ENTR SCFEA: CODE=118, FEAT=ACT-CW, DIALTP=PB, INCSUC=SCISUC, INCERR=SCIUNSUC, MARKS=AUTH; Execution of this command will allow the exchange to have the subscribercontrolled feature of call waiting by using code 118. If the subscriber wants to have call waiting facility to be activated always then the command will be: MOD SUB: LAC=0575, DN510200, COS=ACTCW For deactivation of this facility command will be: MOD SUB:LAC=0575DN=540200, CCOS=ACTCW To display information of DLU used: For displaying information of a particular DLU, the following command is DISPDLU To display information of subscriber

For displaying the information associated with a particular subscriber, following command is used: DISP SUB To display status of the subscriber This tells whether the subscriber is in idle state or busy state. STAT SUB To display the meter reading of the subscriber used: For displaying the meter reading of the subscriber, following command is DISP MET To modify the subscriber details For any modification in the subscribers information, following command is used: MOD SUB

To display status of STD/ISD facility For displaying whether subscriber has STD/ISD facility or not, the following command is used: OPTRCL (Traffic Restriction Class assigned by Operator) For example, OPTRCL=1 means subscriber does not have STD facility. OPTRCL=3 means subscriber has STD facility. OPTRCL=0 means subscriber has ISD facility. To display status of call waiting and caller-id facilities For displaying the class of service used by the subscriber, the following command is used: COS=CWACT CLIP Where COS : Class of Service CWACT : Call Waiting ACTive CLIP : Calling Line Identification Presentation (caller-id) The code for call waiting activation is 118 and for the deactivation is 119 To display the locking facilities of phone For locking the phone in different modes, the following command is used:

SUBTRCL (Traffic Restriction Class assigned by Subscriber) There are different categories in SUBTRCL: 1> 2> 3> 4> 5> SUBTRCL SUBTRCL SUBTRCL SUBTRCL SUBTRCL 0 1 2 3 4 : : : : : all open STD/ISD locked STD/ISD/mobile/numbers from 95 locked ISD barred total locked

For diversions/call forwarding facility The details of diversion of a number on another number are displayed by the following command: Where DIV=DIVI DIVIMOD

DIV : DIVersion DIVI : DIVersion Immediate DIVIMOD : DIVersion Immediate MODified by user The code for the activation of call diversions is 114 followed by the number on which the call has to be forwarded. The code for the deactivation is 115. Three party conference This feature can be given to subscriber by following command: MOD SUB:LAC=0575, DN540200, COS=CONF3; For cancellation of this feature the command used will be: MOD SUB:LAC=0575, DN=540200, CCOS=CONF3; Misc. facilities If the calling subscriber is not to be metered for calls to a specific number then the command used will be: MOD SUB:LAC=0575, DN=540200, CHRG=NOCIHARG; For modifying the EQN (EQuipment Number) of the subscriber following commands are required: a. When time old EQN is known MOD EQN:EQN= (OLDEQN), NEW EQN X-X-X-X; b. When the old EQN is not known MOD EQN;DN=X, New EQN=X-X-X-X; Meter Observation Administration:

 Temporary meter observation Temporary meter observation is used to allow a detailed record of calls and charges to be generated. Observation can be activated for originating traffic only (standard) or for terminating traffic only. Before, the observation can he activated for any subscriber her meter observation feature has to be activated in the exchange using following commands: ACT IAFEAT:TYPE=MOB; ACT IAFEAT:TYPE=MOBI; With these commands the relevant file, which is used, for recording the meter observation details is activated. For displaying the meter observation data the commands used will be: TRANS BUFFER:TYPE=MOB; DISP MOBSDAT:DN=LACDN, RECORD=MOBS; In the above command, LACDN means that the value of DN has to be specified along with the LAC. For example if LAC=0575 and DN=540500 then LACDN will be 575540500. For canceling meter observation facility following command will be used: CAN MOBS:DN=X; For displaying whether the temporary meter observation is activated for a DN the command used will be: DISP MOBS:DN X;

TARIFF ADMINISTRATION
Example for creation of zone points with MML commands First the EWSD local zone point has to be created. This will be created in the following way: CR ZOPT:LAC=0575, ZONO=22, CODE=54, BILLING=METERING, SUCHCN=CNTR2 & CNTR4; This command will create a zone point having zone number 22 for local calls. The billing will be normal metering with meter charges to be stored 1 mm the counter number 2 and 4. Now the tariff for this zone has to be created. ENTR TAR:NAME=5M, PLSCOM=1-300000; This command will create a tariff of one pulse every five minutes. This tariff will be linked with the zone using following command: ENTR TAR:NAME=5M, ZONO=22;

 Zone point for the code 71 Zone point and the associated tariff for the code 71 will be created with the same MML commands. CR ZOPT:LAC=0575, ZONO=23, CODE=71, BILLING=METERING, SUCHCN=CNTR2 &CNTR4; ENTR TAR:NAME=5M, ZONO 23;

Dadri (DN 54xx)

Route code=85 36/48/48 pulse

Route code=872 3M Pulse

Ghaziabad E-10B (DN 710xxx)

Route code=71 5M Pulse

(Local DN 54xxx) (Local Area Code=0575)

Noida EWSD

New Delhi E-10B (DN722xxx)

Route code=01 to 09 and 00 Meter pulses from TAX

New Delhi TAX

Shows as example of NOIDA EWSD exchange connected to various other exchanges.

 Zone point for the code 872 We will use following commands for the zone number 872: CR ZOPT:LAC=0575, ZONO 24, CODE=872, BILLING=METERING, SUCHCN=CNTR2 &CNTR4; Since in this zone the 3-minute pulse is to be used the tariff will be created with the following commands: ENTR TAR:NAME:=3M, PLSCOM=1-180000; ENTR TAR:NAME 3M,ZONO 24; Zone point for the code 01 to 09 and 00 (TAX calls). For TAX calls the zone will be created in the following way. For time tax calls the meter pulses will come from the TAX. This means that no tariff has to create in the local exchange for the calls going to time TAX. This zone will have time zone number as 127, which means time zoning will be carried out in the higher-ranking exchange (TAX). The MML command used will be: CR ZOPT:LAC=0575, ZOCHA=ZONINIH, CODE=01, BILLING=AMA&METERING, SUCHCN=CNTR2 & CNTR4, SUCACN=CNTR1; The above command will create a zone for the call going to TAX with code 01. The zone point 127 is reserved for this zone and is not to be specified in the command. The parameter ZOCHA=ZONINIH will define that zoning will be carried out in the next higher exchange (in this case TAX). The BILLING parameter will have an additional value as AMA, which will indicate that AMA records (detailed billing data) have to be generated for the calls to this zone. The counter value SUCACN=CNTR1 will specify that the number of STD/ISD calls will be counted in the counter number 1. Since the calls to the TAX will be starting with the number 01 to 09 (STD calls) or 00 (ISD calls) the command has to be given separately for the other codes i.e. 02 to 09 and for 00. No command is needed to define tariff for this zone as the tariff is to calculate in the TAX. Zone point for the code 85 For time code 85 the zone point will be created using following MML commands:

CR ZOPT:LAC=0575, ZONO-11, CODE=85, BILLING=AMA&METERING, SHCHCN=CNTR2&CNTR4; For the tariff in this zone following commands will be used: ENTR TAR:NAME=36S, PLSCOM=1-36000; ENTR TAR:NAME=48S, PLSCOM L=18000; In this case since two rates are to be used the tariff will be applied to the zone using the ENTR TARSW command in the following way: ENTR TARSW:ZONO=11, NAME=36S, TIME=8.00, WDCAT=WO; ENTR TARSW:ZONO=11, NAME=48S, TIME=800, WDCAT=HO; ENTR TARSW:ZONO=11, NAME=48S, TIME=1700, WDCAT=WO & HO; Using the above three commands the tariff rate of the 3648/48 will be created for the calls to the 85th zone.

ROUTING ADMINISTRATION
Introduction OMN: EXCH-RO describes the tasks, which must be performed in an exchange in order to process outgoing and transit traffic. These tasks are divided into the following areas:

Administration of Routing and Trunks Administration of CCS#7 (common channel signaling) network Under administration of routing and trunks, the following areas are described:

Digit Translation Routing Intercept Codes Trunk Groups Announcement Trunk Groups

Basic Definition The aim of routing is to find the correct PCM-Timeslot based on the dialing information of the A-subscriber. Example: Call from Exchange A to Exchange B The A-sub goes off hook and dials the digit information. Digit information means: if necessary, discrimination digit and country code

national area code directory number of B-subscriber

The digit information is evaluated in A-exchange. The digit translator does the evaluation. The result is the destination area. This means that the digit information or CODE must be allocated to the destination exchange DEST. The connection flow A to B is possible directly or via exchange. This means there are two routes ROUTE=1 B. The routes will be seized inDEST to destination a defined sequence

TRUNK
1 2 2 2
31 31 31

T
Exchange B

Exchange A

1 1

Subscriber A

Subscriber B

TGRP Exchange C

ROUTE=2

Routing Administration

Digit Translation CPT

CR CPT: CODE= DEST=

Destination Area DEST

CR DEST:DEST= CR ROUTE:DEST= ROUTE= TGNO=

Route ROUTE

Trunk Group TGRP

CG TGRP:TGNO=

Trunk TRUNK

CR TRUNK:TGNO= EQN=

Overview of Routing Definitions

i.e. Route-number. For example: Direct route may be assigned Routenumber1; Route via C may be assigned Route-number2. To connect the call, it is necessary to have a physical carrier e.g. PCM Timeslots of the PCM carrier can be used to reach the destination B. The timeslots are called TRUNKS. All trunks on the different PCM carriers to B can be grouped together under a trunk-group (TGRP) A TGRP are an administration unit.

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REFERENCES

1. EWSD Digital Switching System Vol. I 2. EWSD Digital Switching System Vol. II 3. 4. BSNL on www.bsnl.co.in EWSD on www.icn.siemens.com