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Lizhong Zheng
Channel Model
Independent gain between each pair of transmit and receive antennas. All the parameters evolving with time. And could be modeled as invariant in a coherence time Tc, which decides the speed that the channel is evolving.
N Tran. antennas N Recv. antennas
All the transmit antennas can cooperate with each other. So we can do coding over different antennas. The receiver decode with the output from all receive antennas. Typical channel: Rayleigh Fading.
Tc
In slow fading channels (indoor systems), we can send a training sequence at the beginning of each coherence time, so the receiver can estimate the channel parameters, and then communicate with these estimations. If coherence time Tc >> N, we can send long enough training such that receiver know the channel accurately. With the assumption of perfect knowledge of the channel, the capacity is known to increase linearly with N, for fixed total power.
Transmit Antennas
Non-Coherent Detection
With information theory, we maximize the mutual information without any assumption of knowledge of the channel parameters, or training structure. Instead, we optimize over all input distributions, so that is a more general result than channel estimating and tracking. In fading channel, the signal is only affected by the fadings in some directions, in other directions, there is only additive noise. So to receive information in these directions, we do not need to estimate the channel parameters. On the other directions, we can also compute the optimal input distribution and design optimal receiver. The decomposition of the signal space decompose the communication in fading channel into two different channels, and to use each channel, we can achieve the capacity with no prior knowledge of the channel parameters.
Multi-Antenna Capacity
For N transmit antenna, N receive antenna system, the total number of degree of freedom is N Tc, and the number of degree of freedom with no fading is (Tc N ) N , so the capacity increases with SNR as function .
(Tc N ) N log( SNR)
If Tc is close to N, the capacity no longer increase linearly with N. For any given Tc, we can always compute the optimal number of antennas used to maximize capacity in high SNR, which is approximately Tc/2. In real system, where the SNR is finite, the information conveyed by norms is not negligible, so we want to compute the optimal input norm distribution.
subspace
Channel
Subspace detection
Source 2
Norm
Norm detection