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CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Chemistry
Matter
Mass
2
Dense, ordered
Not as rigid
MIXTURES
Homogeneous
Composition same throughout
Heterogeneous
Common examples
1.16
Sea water Helium gas Sodium chloride Bottle of soft drink Milkshake Air Concrete
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Measured and observed but no change to identity or composition Examples? Conductivity Density Melting point Boiling point Thiele tube for micro-boiling points
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
To observe the property, a chemical change must be done Changed to a different form by a chemical reaction Examples? Combustion (burnt in air) Acid/base reaction
1.12
Helium gas leaks out of a balloon A torch beam gets dimmer & goes out Frozen orange juice is reconstituted with H2O Growth of plants depends on photosynthesis A teaspoon of salt dissolves in a bowl of soup
Extensive
Value depends on how much matter is measured Eg: Volume Mass
vs
Intensive
Value is independent of quantity of matter Eg: Density Temperature Colour softness
10
More definitions!
Solution:
a mixture by dissolving a solute in a solvent eg. sugar or salt in water
11
12
1.3
(c)
ATOMIC THEORY
All matter is comprised of atoms
2.7
The diameter of a helium (He) atom is about 1 x 102 pm. Suppose that you could line up He atoms side by side. Approx how many atoms would it take to make the distance from end to end 1 cm?
1 pm = 10-12 m 1 cm = 10-2 m
1 atom 1012 pm 1 m No. atoms 1 10 2 pm 1 m 100 cm cm
This problem uses the factor-label method to get the units right. This will be covered later on. 16
A Z
Atomic no. (p) Number of neutrons = A-Z
Element symbol
X
In a neutral atom p = e 17
ISOTOPES
Same number of protons but different number of neutrons
1 1H
2 1H
1 extra neutron
35 17 Cl
37 17 Cl
2 extra neutrons
18
2.16 Indicate the no. protons, neutrons & electrons in each of the following species:
15 7N
7 p, 7 e, 8 n
130 56
Ba 2+
33 16 S 63 29 Cu
186 74 W
35 17
Cl
84 38 Sr
202 80 Hg
19
20
Transition metals
Semiconductors
21
ROWS or PERIODS
increasing number of valence electrons same value of n (stay within same shell)
22
Same number of valence electrons Increasing n (more electrons to fill shells further from the nucleus) The Roman numeral and letter designations give the electron configuration for the valence electrons
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1.13 Give the names of the following elements - If you want more, Ive put a crossword on blackboard
Li F P Cu As Zn Cl
Pt Mg U Al Si Ne
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26
Using the Chemistry Study Booklets The chemistry subject unit covers a lot of material over a range of topics. The topics have been chosen to give you an excellent foundation, whether it is for further chemistry study or to serve as providing background knowledge that will be useful in other units. All references apply to the prescribed text: Chemistry by Raymond Chang 10th Edition. These study sheets have been designed to: Indicate the important concepts within each topic Provide a quick reference to the corresponding section in your text. List problems you should attempt over three stages: o o o after the topic lecture for working through in the tutes/at home during study to test your understanding further
Youll find these sheets attached at the back of each set of lecture notes. Worked solutions are also available for all of the for study problems on blackboard. Attempt all questions independently and use these solutions to help you determine where you are having difficulties and if you understand the approach to solving problems of different levels of difficulty. Remember to talk with your tutor, use the discussion boards and be active in the tutorials; the earlier in the semester you establish these learning skills, the better! This should be an excellent resource for you and your study, but be aware that the only complete source of theory that you have is your lecture notes!
Topic 1
Elementary Matters
This topic is an introductory unit covering the following areas (which may be predominantly revision for you): the building blocks of chemistry: atoms states of matter atomic number, mass number, atomic mass and isotopes trends of the periodic table
Section in Text
Page
Section Example
Suggested Problems Lecture notes 1.3 For Study 1.4 Extra Practice 1.53
1.3
1.4
10
1.16
1.5
1.15
1.5 1.6
13 14
The Three States of Matter Properties of Matter: - Physical - Chemical Atomic Theory Structure of the atom: electron, proton, neutron Key Concept: Figure 2.9 Properties of atoms: atomic number (Z), mass number (A), isotopes A (Mass No.) = no. protons + no. neutrons = Z(atomic no.) + no. neutrons Periodic Table You will be given a periodic table in class 2.1
2.1-2.2
42
2.16
2.69
2.3
49
2.4
51
1.13 1.14