CALCULATION:

Length of pipe, L Diameter of pipe, D Area of pipe, A = 1.58 m = 0.020 m =( x(0.02) ) /4 = 3.142x10m Volumetric flow rate of water = 9.80 L/min = 1.63310 m/s Mass flow rate of water = volumetric flow rate of water density of water = (1.63310 ) 1000 = 0.1633 kg/s Viscosity of water, = 0.8710 Ns/m Velocity , v = volumetric flow rate / area of pipe = (1.63310) / ( 3.142x10) = 0.52 m/s Re = (Dv)/ = (0.020.521000) / 0.8710 = 11954.02

Relative roughness factors for pipes Material Concrete Cast Iron Galvanized Iron Asphalted Cast Iron Commercial or Welded Steel PVC, Glass, Other Drawn Tubing Use relative roughness factor for PVC pipe = 0.0015mm = 1.50 x 10 m Roughness ration,e = / D = (1.50x10) / 0.02 = 7.510

PVC ia a type of plastic. So that PVC pipe can also consider as smooth pipe.
Based on the graph of friction factors in pipe flow ,friction factor ,f =0.0070

Pressure drop due to the friction of pipe :

P = 8fvL/2D =8(0.007)(1.58)(1000)(0.52) / (2 x 0.02) =598.12 Pa

V = v/2g = 0.52/2(9.81) = 0.01378 Miscellaneous Losses Entry Elbow Gate valve Globe valve Tee, used as elbow Exit TOTAL

V = kv/2g = 12.73(0.52)/2(9.81) = 0.17544 m

Pressure drop due to fitting and bending:

P = g x head loss = 1000 x 9.81 x 0.17544 = 1721.1 Pa

Total Pressure Drop , P = pressure drop due to friction + pressure drop due to fitting and bending = 598.12 +1721.1 = 2319.22 Pa = 2.31922 kPa

TEE,USED AS ELBOW

0.3m 0.06m TEE,USED AS ELBOW GATE VALVE(FULLY OPEN)

0.45m

0.52m TEE,USED AS ELBOW

Material of construction for the tank The material of the construction of the tank is polyethylene water storage tank. The size of water tanks mostly from 8 gallons to 12000 gallons. All of the polyethylene plastic storage tanks are from FDA approved

materials and are suitable for collecting and storing water for drinking and other household uses.The shape of tank can be vertical (tall round tanks), horizontal (long, low tanks with leg molded in) or rectangular (box shaped). The tank that use for my house is polyethylene . The advantages of polyethylene water storage tank: Reliable, Durable, Corrugated wall & Leak proof Lightweight - easy handling (transportation & installation) 100% non sunlight UV penetration Extremely Durable & Long Lasting
Rust & Rot Free Seamless & Odourless Non-Toxic / Food Grade Won't rot or peel

Physical properties of polyethylene Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer consisting of long hydrocarbon chains. Depending on the crystallinity and molecule weight,a melting point and glass transition may or may not be observable. The temperature at which these occur varies strongly with the type of polyethylene. For common commercial grades of mediumand high density polyethylene the melting point typically in the range 120 to 130 C (248 to 266 F). The melting point for average, commercial, low-density polyethylene is typically 105 to 115 C (221 to 239 F). Chemical properties of polyethylene Most LDPE, MDPE and HDPE grades have excellent chemical resistance, meaning that it is not attacked by strong acid or strong bases. It is also resistant to gentle oxidants and reducing agents. Polyethylene burns slowly with a blue flame having a yellow tip and gives off an odour of paraffin. The material continues burning on removal of the flame source and produces a drip.Crystalline samples do not dissolve at room temperature. Polyethylene (other than cross-linked polyethylene) usually can be dissolved at elevated temperatures in aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene or xylene, or in chlorinated solvents such as toluene or xylene, or in chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethane or trichlorobenzene.

From the table which show the properties of construction materials,I think that polyethylene is the most
suitable material to construct the water storage tank.This is because the tensile strenghth of polyethylene

which is 6 - 37MPa which is more than enough to support the pressure of water in tank which is only 0.0064746 MPa. Furthermore, polyethylene is very resistant toward corrosive liquid such as acid and alkali. Thus, it is safe to be used as the water storage tank in our house.
Pressure of water tank = gh = 10009.81o.66 =6474.6 Pa =0.0064746 M Pa Pressure of water in tank Is 0.0064746 MPa

PIPE MATERIAL The pipe material that use for my house is PVC pipe,which is know as polyvinyl chloride pipe which is

made from a plastic and vinyl combination material. The pipes are durable,hard to damage, does not rust and long lasting.This is the reason PVC pipe is commonly used in water systems,underground wiring ,and sewer lines. Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely-produced plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC is widely used in construction because it is durable, cheap, and easily worked. It is used for sewerage pipes and other pipe applications where cost or vulnerability to corrosion
limits the use of metal.PVC pipes can be fused together using various solvent cements or heat-fused,

creating permanent joints that are virtually impervious to leakage.

Besides that ,PVC pipe also safe to use.PVC is a useful material because of its inertness and is the basic of its low toxicity.The main health and safety issuse with PVC are associated with "VCM", its carcinogenic precursor ,the products of its incineration (dioxins under some circumstances),the addives mixed with PVC,which include heavy metals and potential endocrine disruptors. ADVANTAGES OF PVC PIPE: 1).Healthy: ppr pipe material 2).Attrictive shape and light weight: little fluid resistance; soft color, beautiful shape; only 1/8 that of metal pipe

3).Energy saving and heat preservation: coefficient of heat conduction is only 0.5% that of metal pipe. 4).Strong high temperature endurance: long-term service temperature:70. Short-term service temperature:95' 5).High pressure endurance: highest normal pressure can reach 95 6).Long service life: ,over 50 years. 7).Convenient and reliable installation:hot melt connection, a connection can be finished within seconds

Physical Properties of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) Property Density [g/cm3] Thermal conductivity [W/(mK)] Yield strength [MPa] Young's modulus [psi] Flexural strength (yield) [psi] Compression strength [psi] Coefficient of thermal expansion (linear) [mm/(mm C)] Vicat B [C] Resistivity [ m] Surface resistivity []

By referring to the table above, polyvinyl chloride is suitable to be used as the material to make pipes because it has high tensile strength which can withstand high tensile strength which can withstand
high pressure of water.

(mm) 0.3 - 3.0 0.26 0.15 0.12 0.045 0.0015

k 0.5 0.8 0.13 6 1.5 1 1 2 1 1 3 0

Quantity 0.5 1.6 0.13 6 4.5 0 12.73

Total

WATER TANK

ELBOW

0.25m

GLOBE VALVE

Rigid PVC 1.3-1.45 0.14-0.28 31-60 490000 10500 9500 -5 510 65-100 16 10 1013-1014

Flexible PVC 1.1-1.35 0.14-0.17

10 -10

12

15

1011-1012

GLOBE VAL

WATER TANK

GLOBE VALVE

FULLY OPEN GATE VALVE

Polyethylene (abbreviated PE) or polythene (IUPAC name polyethene orpoly(methylene)) is the most common plastic. The annual production is approximately 80 million metric tons.[1] Its primary use is within packaging (plastic bag, plastic films,geomembranes, etc.). Many kinds of polyethylene are known, but they almost always have the chemical formula (C2H2)nH2. Thus PE is usually a mixture of similar organic compound that differ in terms of the value of n.

Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer consisting of long hydrocarbon chains. Depending on the crystallinity and molecular weight, a melting point and glass transition may or may not be observable. The temperature at which these occur varies strongly with the type of polyethylene. For common commercial grades of medium- and high-density polyethylene the melting point is typically in the range 120 to 130 C (248 to 266 F). The melting point for average, commercial, low-density polyethylene is typically 105 to 115 C (221 to 239 F). Most LDPE, MDPE and HDPE grades have excellent chemical resistance, meaning that it is not attacked by strong acids or strong bases. It is also resistant to gentle oxidants and reducing agents. Polyethylene burns slowly with a blue flame having a yellow tip and gives off an odour of paraffin. The material continues burning on removal of the flame source and produces a drip.Crystalline samples do not dissolve at room temperature. Polyethylene (other than cross-linked polyethylene) usually can be dissolved at elevated temperatures in aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene or xylene, or in chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethane or trichlorobenzene.