ELE-6256 Active RF Circuits

A
Seminar Report on
Conventional Linear Two-port Network Parameters
Author: Bijaya Shrestha
Student Id: 217370
Date: 10.11.2010
Table of Contents
Page
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Chapter
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Network Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 One-port Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Multiport Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Linear Two-port Network Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 z-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Derivations of z-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Equivalent Circuit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Reciprocal Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 y-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Derivations of y-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Equivalent Circuit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 -Equivalent Reciprocal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4 h-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1 Derivations of h-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 Equivalent Circuit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Reciprocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
ii
4.4.1 Terminated Equivalent Two-port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4.2 Parameters of Common Emitter BJT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5 ABCD-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.1 Derivation of ABCD-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2 Reciprocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3 Applications & Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3.1 Cascaded Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3.2 Finding Length of Microstrip Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6 Two-port Parameter Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1 Expressing y-parameters in Terms of z-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2 Expressing h-parameters in terms of z-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.3 Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
iii
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Network Basics
An electrical circuit or device can be referred to as a network because it consists of dierent
electrical components or devices interconnected to each other. The devices are made to
make our lives easier. An information is provided to the device and gets processed to
produce the required result. There are dierent types of devices for fullling varieties of
applications. The most commonly used device is the amplier; it is highly used in the
communications circuits to overcome the losses during signal propagation. One-port and
multiport network concepts are used to simplify the complicated circuits and determine
their performance in a convenient way. A device can be treated as a black box and its
properties can be obtained without knowing its internal structure by determining the input
and output port parameters. Port means a pair of terminals carrying equal currents in
opposite directions. In this paper, impedances are represented by resistors in all the gures.
1.2 One-port Network
If only the relationship between port voltage and current is of interest then a one-port
[1] network model is used. Such networks are therefore used for nding only the input-
output properties of a device. A resistor, capacitor, and inductor are the one-port devices
satisfying the current-voltage relationships v
R
= Ri
R
, i
C
= Cdv
C
/dt, and v
L
= Ldi
L
/dt
respectively. A one-port device may contain any number of resistors, capacitors, inductors,
and other devices interconnected to each other. Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits
1
[1] are used to determine one-port models.
'
I
1
,
,
-
V
1
+
E
I
1
One-port
Figure 1.1: One-port Model.
1.3 Multiport Network
A network having more than one pairs of terminals is called the multiport network. Two-
port networks are linear models and widely used to characterize dierent active and passive
devices; transformers and ampliers are the typical examples. Power dividers and circula-
tors consist of more than two ports.
'
I
N1
,
,
-
V
N1
+
E
I
N1
Port N 1
'
I
1
,
,
-
V
1
+
E
I
1
Port 1
Multiport
E
I
N
,
,
-
V
N
+
'
I
N
Port N
E
I
2
,
,
-
V
2
+
'
I
2
Port 2
,
,
,
,
,
,
Figure 1.2: Multiport Network with N Ports [2].
2
1.4 Linear Two-port Network Parameters
The following gure is the two-port linear model comprising of two ports. V
1
and I
1
are
respectively voltage and current of port 1 and V
2
and I
2
are respectively voltage and current
of port 2. The conventional directions and polarities of voltages and currents are as shown
in the gure below.
'
I
1
,
,
-
V
1
+
E
I
1
Two-port
E
I
2
,
,
-
V
2
+
'
I
2
Figure 1.3: Two-port Network.
Modeling a two-port means denining a relationship among these variables. The net-
work is linear because this model gives any two of the variables i.e., dependent variables
as the linear combinations of the other two variables i.e., independent variables. Dierent
parameters are dened according to the choice of currents and voltages being dependent
or independent as tabulated below.
Table 1.1: Two-port Network Parameters.
Dependent Variables Independent Variables Description
V
1
, V
2
I
1
, I
2
z-parameters
I
1
, I
2
V
1
, V
2
y-parameters
V
1
, I
2
I
1
, V
2
h-parameters
I
1
, V
2
V
1
, I
2
g-parameters
V
2
, I
2
I
1
, I
1
ABCD-parameters
V
1
, I
1
V
2
, I
2
inverse t-parameters
There are six conventional linear two-port network parameters as listed in Table 1.1.
3
Inverse hybrid-parameters or g-parameters and inverse ABCD parameters or inverse t-
parameters are generally not used from applications point of view. z-parameters, y-
parameters, h-parameters, and ABCD-parameters are extensively used and are the major
topics to be discussed in this report.
4
Chapter 2
z-parameters
For determining z-parameters of a two-port linear network V
1
and V
2
are written as the
linear combinations of I
1
and I
2
. The coecients of the resulting equations are called the
z-parameters or impedance parameters because they all have the units of impedance.
V
1
= z
11
I
1
+ z
12
I
2
(2.1)
V
2
= z
21
I
1
+ z
22
I
2
(2.2)
In matrix form, they can be written as

V
1
V
2

z
11
z
12
z
21
z
22

I
1
I
2

.
2.1 Derivations of z-parameters
The parameters can be determined by open circuiting the ports one at a time. When port
2 is open circuited and port 1 is provided an excitation, I
2
becomes zero. From equation
2.1
z
11
=
V
1
I
1

I
2
= 0 (2.3)
and from equation 2.2
z
21
=
V
2
I
1

I
2
= 0. (2.4)
Similarly, when port 1 is open circuited and port 2 is excited I
1
becomes zero. From
equation 2.1
z
12
=
V
1
I
2

I
1
= 0 (2.5)
5
and from equation 2.2
z
22
=
V
2
I
2

I
1
= 0. (2.6)
Since all the z-parameters are obtained either by open-circuiting port 1 or port 2 they are
also called open-circuit impedance parameters. Moreover, z
11
is called the driving-point
input impedance, z
22
the driving-point output impedance, and z
12
and z
21
the transfer
impedances.
2.2 Equivalent Circuit Model
Equations 2.1 and 2.2 can be realized by an equivalent circuit model [1] consisting of two
dependent current-controlled voltage sources as shown below.
e e e
z
11
d
d
z
12
I
2
+

,
,
+
-
V
1
E
I
1
d
d
z
21
I
1
+

e e e
z
22
,
-
V
2
+
,
'
I
2
Figure 2.1: Equivalent Circuit Modeled by z-parameters.
Considering input section of the above gure and applying Kirchhos Voltage Law
(KVL), voltage V
1
is the sum of voltage drop across z
11
and current-controlled voltage
source z
12
I
2
i.e., V
1
= z
11
I
1
+z
12
I
2
as given by equation 2.1. This equation thus models the
input port of the network in terms of z-parameters. Similarly, the output port is modeled
by equation 2.2. This equivalent circuit helps to nd the voltage gains, input and output
impedances of terminated two-port networks.
6
2.3 Reciprocal Networks
A network is said to be reciporcal if the voltage appearing at port 2 due to a current
applied at port 1 is the same as the voltage appearing at port 1 when the same current is
applied to port 2. Networks are reciprocal if they contain only linear passive elements (i.e.,
resistors, capacitors, and inductors) and the presence of dependent or independent sources
makes them non-reciporcal [3]. In terms of z-parameters, the networks can be treated as
reciporcal if z
12
=z
21
. And, the network can be represented by an equivalent T model.
Since z
12
=z
21
, equations 2.1 and 2.2 can be written as
V
1
= z
11
I
1
+ z
12
I
2
(2.7)
V
2
= z
12
I
1
+ z
22
I
2
(2.8)
Adding and subtracting the right hand side of equation 2.7 by z
12
I
1
and equation 2.8
by z
12
I
2
,
V
1
= (z
11
z
12
)I
1
+ z
12
(I
1
+ I
2
) (2.9)
V
2
= z
12
(I
1
+ I
2
) + (z
22
z
12
)I
2
. (2.10)
And, the equivalent T network is shown in Figure 2.3.
,
-
V
1
+
,
E
I
1
e e e
z
11
z
12

r
r
r
z
12
e e e
z
22
z
12
,
-
V
2
+
,
'
I
2
Figure 2.2: T-Equivalent Circuit Modeled by z-parameters for a Reciprocal Two-port.
7
2.4 Examples
Let z-parameters of a two-port network be available. What are the expressions for input
impedance, output impedance, and gains of the following terminated network?
e e e
Z
s
`
_ +

V
s
e e e
z
11
d
d
z
12
I
2
+

,
,
+
-
V
1
E
I
1
d
d
z
21
I
1
+

e e e
z
22
,
-
V
2
+
,
'
I
2

r
r
r
Z
L
E
Z
in
'
Z
out
Figure 2.3: Terminated Two-port Network Modeled by z-parameters.
Input Impedance: For the input section, V
1
= z
11
I
1
+ z
12
I
2
. And, for the output
section, V
2
= z
21
I
1
+z
22
I
2
. Also, V
2
= I
2
Z
L
. So, z
21
I
1
+z
22
I
2
= I
2
Z
L
. After simplifying
few steps for the last expression, I
2
=
z
21
z
22
+Z
L
I
1
. Substituting I
2
in the rst expression
results V
1
= I
1

z
11

z
12
z
21
z
22
+Z
L

. Thus input impedance is found to be

Z
in
=
V
1
I
1
= z
11

z
12
z
21
z
22
+ Z
L
(2.11)
Output Impedance: For determining output impedance, input voltage source is short
circuited so that KVL in input section gives 0 = (Z
s
+z
11
)I
1
+z
12
I
2
, or I
1
=
z
12
Zs+z
11
I
2
. KVL
in output section results V
2
= z
21
I
1
+ z
22
I
2
. By substituting I
1
in this expression, output
impedance can be obtained as
Z
out
=
V
2
I
2
= z
22

z
12
z
21
z
11
+ Z
s
. (2.12)
Gain: Voltage gain for the given network can be expressed as
G
v
=
V
2
V
1
=
V
2
V
1
V
1
V
s
(2.13)
By using voltage division rule,
V
1
V
s
=
Z
in
Z
in
+ Z
s
(2.14)
8
and,
V
2
=
Z
L
Z
L
+ z
22
z
21
I
1
(2.15)
=
Z
L
Z
L
+ z
22
z
21
V
1
Z
in
.
Therefore,
V
2
V
1
=
Z
L
Z
L
+ z
22
z
21
Z
in
. (2.16)
Finally, using equations 2.13, 2.14, and 2.16, the voltage gain of the network is obtained as
G
v
=
Z
in
Z
in
+ Z
s
Z
L
Z
L
+ z
22
z
21
Z
in
(2.17)
=
Z
L
Z
L
+ z
22
z
21
Z
in
+ Z
s
.
Now the above derived formulas can be used to nd input and output impedance and
voltage gain of an amplier or of any circuit if the z-parameters are known.
2.5 Limitations
The impedance parameters can not be dened for all kinds of two-port networks. For
examples, an ideal transformer and the following circuit dont have z-parameters.
e e e
R
Figure 2.4: A Circuit Having No z-parameters .
It is obvious from this circuit that when any port is open-circuited, both the port
currents must be zero. When supply is provided at any port current will ow which violates
the port condition for determining z-parameters. For an ideal transformer, voltages V
1
and
V
2
can not be expressed as functions of I
1
and I
2
[1]. Consequently z-parameters can not
be dened.
9
Chapter 3
y-parameters
The y-parameters are determined by short circuiting the input and output ports one at
a time. Therefore, they are also called short-circuit parameters. Currents I
1
and I
2
are
expressed as
I
1
= y
11
V
1
+ y
12
V
2
(3.1)
I
2
= y
21
V
1
+ y
22
V
2
(3.2)
In matrix form,

I
1
I
2

y
11
y
12
y
21
y
22

V
1
V
2

where, the coecients y

11
, y
12
, y
21
, and y
22
are called the y-parameters or the short-circuit
admittance parameters.
3.1 Derivations of y-parameters
When port 2 is short circuited and port 1 is provided an excitation, V
2
becomes zero. From
equation 3.1
y
11
=
I
1
V
1

V
2
= 0 (3.3)
and from equation 3.2
y
21
=
I
2
V
1

V
2
= 0. (3.4)
Similarly, when port 1 is short circuited and port 2 is excited V
1
becomes zero. From
equation 3.1
y
12
=
I
1
V
2

V
1
= 0 (3.5)
10
and from equation 3.2
y
22
=
I
2
V
2

V
1
= 0. (3.6)
3.2 Equivalent Circuit Model
The equations 3.1 and 3.2 can be modeled by an equivalent circuit [1] with two dependent
voltage controlled current sources and two admittances as shown in gure below.
,
-
V
1
+
,
E
I
1

r
r
r
y
11
c
d
d
y
12
V
2
c
d
d
y
21
V
1

r
r
r
y
22
,
-
V
2
+
,
'
I
2
Figure 3.1: Equivalent Circuit Modeled by y-parameters.
3.3 -Equivalent Reciprocal Model
If the network is reciprocal, then y
12
= y
21
. Equations 3.1 and 3.2 can be rewritten as
I
1
= y
11
V
1
+ y
12
V
2
(3.7)
I
2
= y
12
V
1
+ y
22
V
2
(3.8)
Adding and subtracting the right hand side of equation 3.7 by y
12
V
1
and equation 3.8 by
y
12
V
2
,
I
1
= y
11+y
12
V
1
y
12
(V
1
V
2
) (3.9)
I
2
= y
12
(V
2
V
1
) + (y
22
+ y
12
)V
2
. (3.10)
These equations lead to the equivalent -network as shown in Figure 3.3.
11
,
-
V
1
+
,
E
I
1

r
r
r
y
11
+ y
12
e e e
y
12

r
r
r
y
22
+ y
12
,
-
V
2
+
,
'
I
2
Figure 3.2: -Equivalent Circuit Modeled by y-parameters for a Reciprocal Two-port.
3.4 Examples
If y-parameters of a two-port network are considered then the formulas of input and output
admittance and voltage gain for the terminated case can be derived. Let us consider voltage
V
s
with source admittance Y
s
be applied at port 1 and port 2 be terminated by load
admittance Y
L
as shown in Figure 3.3. This is the conguration used in the real practice.
e e e
Y
s
`
_ +

V
s
,
-
V
1
+
,
E
I
1

r
r
r
y
11
c
d
d
y
12
V
2
c
d
d
y
21
V
1

r
r
r
y
22
,
-
V
2
+
,
'
I
2

r
r
r
Y
L
Figure 3.3: Terminated Equivalent Circuit Modeled by y-parameters.
By proceeding the same way as done in section 2.3 the following properties [1] can be
obtained.
Input Admittance:
Y
in
= y
11

y
12
y
21
y
22
+ Y
L
. (3.11)
Output Admittance:
Y
out
= y
22

y
12
y
21
y
11
+ Y
s
. (3.12)
12
Voltage Gain:
G
v
=

Y
s
Y
s
+ Y
in

y
21
y
22
+ Y
L

. (3.13)
These formulas can be applied for any two-port network dened by y-parameters.
3.5 Limitations
In an ideal transformer currents I
1
and I
2
cant be expressed as the linear combinations of
voltages V
1
and V
2
. Therefore, ideal transformer doesnt have y-parameters. The following
circuit also doesnt have admittance parameters. When one of the ports is short-circuited

r
r
r
R
Figure 3.4: A Circuit Having No y-parameters .
both the port voltages V
1
and V
2
are zero. Connecting a source in any port means non zero
terminal voltages. Therefore y-parameters cant be dened here as well.
13
Chapter 4
h-parameters
Hybrid parameters or h-parameters are determined by expressing voltage V
1
and current I
2
as the linear combinations of current I
1
and voltage V
2
as given by the following equations.
V
1
= h
11
I
1
+ h
12
V
2
(4.1)
I
2
= h
21
I
1
+ h
22
V
2
. (4.2)
In matrix form, they can be written as

V
1
I
2

h
11
h
12
h
21
h
22

I
1
V
2

where, the coecients are called the h-parameters.

4.1 Derivations of h-parameters
Short-circuiting port 2, V
2
is zero. Then from equations 4.1 and 4.2, h
11
abd h
21
can be
obtained.
h
11
=
V
1
I
1

V
2
= 0 (4.3)
and,
h
21
=
I
2
I
1

V
2
= 0. (4.4)
Similarly, open-circuiting port 1, I
1
= 0. Then,
h
12
=
V
1
V
2

I
1
= 0 (4.5)
14
and,
h
22
=
I
2
V
2

I
1
= 0. (4.6)
Here, h
11
is the ratio between input voltage and input current and is determined when
port 2 is short-circuited. Therefore, it is known as the short-circuit input impedance. h
21
is the ratio between output current and input current and is determined by short-circuiting
port 2. So, h
21
is termed as the short-circuit forward current gain. h
12
is given by the
ratio between input voltage and output voltage when port 1 is open-circuited. It is hence
termed as the reverse open-circuit voltage gain. The last parameter h
22
it the ratio between
output current and output voltage when port 1 is open-circuited. So, h
21
is referred to as
the open-circuit output admittance. All the parameters are not of same kind. They include
dierent properties: impedance, admittance, current gain, and voltage gain. Also, they are
obtained only when both open-circuit and short-circuit conditions are applied. Thats the
reason why they are called hybrid parameters.
4.2 Equivalent Circuit Model
The mathematical expressions given by equations 4.1 and 4.2 can be realized by an equiv-
alent circuit [1] as shown below.
,
-
V
1
+
,
E
I
1
e e e
h
11
d
d
h
12
V
2
+

c
d
d
h
21
I
1

r
r
r
h
22
,
-
V
2
+
,
'
I
2
Figure 4.1: Equivalent Circuit Modeled by h-parameters.
Actually, this is the simplied model of a common emitter conguration of a bipolar
junction transistor (BJT). The h-parameters are therefore extensively used for character-
15
izing the transistors at low frequencies. At high or microwave frequencies, scattering or
s-parameters are used which is out of scope for this topic.
4.3 Reciprocity
In Chapter 2, the equivalent T-model for a reciprocal two-port was discussed in terms
of z-parameters whereas the equivalent -model was discussed in terms of y-parameters in
Chapter 3. This section only presents the condition for reciprocity in terms of h-parameters.
If h
12
= h
21
, then the two-port can be said reciprocal.
4.4 Examples
4.4.1 Terminated Equivalent Two-port
In real life, a device is terminated in both the ports. One port is connected to a voltage
source (V
s
) or a current source (I
s
) having internal impedance of Z
s
and the other port is
terminated with a load as shown in gure below.
16
e e e
`
_ +

V
s
Z
s
E
Z
in
,
-
V
1
+
,
E
I
1
e e e
h
11
d
d
h
12
V
2
+

c
d
d
h
21
I
1

r
r
r
h
22
,
-
V
2
+
,
'
I
2

r
r
r
Y
L
'
Y
out
Figure 4.2: Terminated Equivalent Circuit Modeled by h-parameters.
From this circuit one can easily derive expressions [1] for input impedance, output
admittance, and voltage gain which are directly written here.
Input Impedance:
Z
in
= h
11

h
12
h
21
h
22
+ Y
L
. (4.7)
Output Admittance:
Y
out
= h
22

h
12
h
21
h
11
+ Z
s
. (4.8)
Voltage Gain:
G
v
=

1
Z
in
+ Z
s

h
21
h
22
+ Y
L

. (4.9)
These formulas can be used to characterize a two-port network if its h-parameters are given.
4.4.2 Parameters of Common Emitter BJT
If h-parameters of a BJT in the following conguration are h
11
= 1.6 k, h
12
= 2e
4
,
h
21
= 110, and h
22
= 20 S, nd the input impedance, output impedance, and voltage gain
of the given circuit? [4]
Solution: The hybrid equivalent circuit of the given circuit is given in Figure 4.4. The
Thevenin equivalent in the input section gives Z
Th
= Z
s
||470 k Z
s
and V
Th
V
s
.
17
`
_ +

V
s
e e e
1 k

d
d

r
r
r
470 k

r
r
r
4.7 k
,
V
CC

r
r
r
3.3 k
Figure 4.3: Common Emitter Amplier [4].
e e e
`
_ +

V
s
Z
s
E
Z
in

r
r
r
470 k
,
-
V
1
+
,
E
I
1
e e e
h
11
d
d
h
12
V
2
+

c
d
d
h
21
I
1

r
r
r
h
22
,
-
V
2
+
,
'
I
2

r
r
r
4.7 k||3.3 k
'
Y
out
Figure 4.4: Hybrid Equivalent Circuit.
Now, by using equation 4.7, input impedance is s
Z
in
= 1.6e
3

2e
4
.110
20e
6
+ 5.15e
4
= 1.6 k
Using equation 4.8, output admittance is
Y
out
= 20e
6

2e
4
.110
1.6e
3
+ 1e
3
= 1.2e
5
S.
And hence,
Z
out
=
1
Y
out
= 86.7 k.
18
Using equation 4.9, voltage gain is
G
v
=

1
1.6e3 + 1e3

110
20e
6
+ 5.15e
4

= 79.
19
Chapter 5
ABCD-parameters
ABCD-parameters are also called transmission parameters or t-parameters because they are
normally used in transmission line analysis. These parameters are related by the following
equations.
V
1
= AV
2
BI
2
(5.1)
I
1
= CV
2
DI
2
. (5.2)
They are represented in matrix form by

V
1
I
1

A B
C D

V
2
I
2

The negative sign associated with I

2
is for indicating that current in the second port is also
directed along right side. It can be seen that all the ABCD-parameters are some kinds of
transfer functions. They relate directly between input and output. These parameters are
very helpful for cascaded networks.
5.1 Derivation of ABCD-parameters
Open-circuiting port 2,
A =
V
1
V
2

I
2
= 0 (5.3)
C =
I
1
V
2

I
2
= 0. (5.4)
Short-circuiting port 2,
B =
V
1
I
2

V
2
= 0 (5.5)
20
D =
I
1
I
2

V
2
= 0. (5.6)
5.2 Reciprocity
For ABCD-parameters of a two-port network, the reciprocity can be checked with the
value of determinant (AB CD) (i.e.,|AB CD|) [5]. If it is 1, the network is reciprocal,
otherwise non-reciprocal.
5.3 Applications & Examples
5.3.1 Cascaded Networks
Let us consider two two-port networks in cascade as shown in Figure 5.1. First network
has ABCD-parameters of A1, B1, C1, and D1 and second network has corresponding
parameters A2, B2, C2, and D2.
,
,
-
V
1
+
E
I
1
N/W 1
,
,
-
V
2
+
E
I
2
-
V
3
+
E
I
3
N/W 2
,
,
-
V
4
+
E
I
4
Figure 5.1: Cascaded Two-port Networks.
For rst network,

V
1
I
1

A1 B1
C1 D1

V
2
I
2

(5.7)
For second network,

V
3
I
3

A2 B2
C2 D2

V
4
I
4

(5.8)
21
Since, V
2
= V
3
and I
2
= I
3
, expression 5.7 can be written as

V
1
I
1

A1 B1
C1 D1

A2 B2
C2 D2

V
4
I
4
.

(5.9)
From the last expression it is seen that the ABCD-parameters of the overall system is
the product of matrices of individuals ABCD-parameters. Therefore analysis is easy for
cascaded networks with ABCD-parameters.
5.3.2 Finding Length of Microstrip Line
When a small series inductance is needed along the transmission line, its small portion can
be made narrower so that it behaves like an inductor. ABCD- or transmission parameters
can be used to nd the length of this portion for the required value of inductance.
Z
0
Z
0
Z
1
, l,

L
Figure 5.2: Microstrip and Corresponding Inductance Model.
Where, Z
1
, l, and are respectively the characteristic impedance, length, and phase con-
stant of the transmission line portion shown in the Figure 5.2. And, L is the the corre-
sponding inductance as shown in the right side of the gure. For a section of transmission
line, ABCD-parameters are given as
A = cos(l), B = jZ
1
sin(l), C =
jsin(l)
Z
1
, D = cos(l)[2].
And, for an inductor of inductance L Henry,
A = 1, B = jL, C = 0, D = 1.
Both of them are equivalent; the parameter B can be equated. So,
jL = jZ
1
sin(l)
22
Assuming that l is very very small, sin(l) l. Therefore,
jL = jZ
1
l.
Hence, the required length of the microstrip for given L is
l =
L
Z
1
.
23
Chapter 6
Two-port Parameter Conversions
One set of parameters can be converted to another set because of linear relationships. This
chapter includes some of the conversions.
6.1 Expressing y-parameters in Terms of z-parameters
Since z-parameters are dened by

V
1
V
2

z
11
z
12
z
21
z
22

I
1
I
2

(6.1)
and, y-parameters are dened by

I
1
I
2

y
11
y
12
y
21
y
22

V
1
V
2

, (6.2)
Equation 6.1 can be rewritten as

I
1
I
2

z
11
z
12
z
21
z
22

V
1
V
2

. (6.3)
By comparing equations 6.2 and 6.3,

y
11
y
12
y
21
y
22

z
11
z
12
z
21
z
22

1
. Similarly, z-parameters
can be expressed in terms of y-parameters,

z
11
z
12
z
21
z
22

y
11
y
12
y
21
y
22

1
.
Both sets of parameters exist if determinants z
11
z
22
z
12
z
21
= 0 and y
11
y
22
y
12
y
21
= 0.
24
6.2 Expressing h-parameters in terms of z-parameters
Recalling z-parameter equations,
V
1
= z
11
I
1
+ z
12
I
2
(6.4)
V
2
= z
21
I
1
+ z
22
I
2
(6.5)
Rearranging the equations by making left hand side with V
1
and I
2
terms and right hand
side with V
2
and I
1
terms,
V
1
z
12
I
2
= z
11
I
1
(6.6)
z
22
I
2
= z
21
I
1
+ V
2
(6.7)
In the matrix form they can be written as,

1 z
12
0 z
22

V
1
I
2

z
11
0
0 z
21

I
1
V
2

.
Taking the rst matrix as the inverse to the right hand side and doing some matrix
manupulations [1],

V
1
I
2

=
1
z
22

z
11
z
22
z
12
z
21
z
12
z
21
1

I
1
V
2

.
And, z
22
should not be zero. This is the matrix equation of h-parameters and hence the
h-parameters in terms of z-parameters. Same process can be applied to express again
h-parameters in terms of y-parameters.
25
6.3 Conversion Table
It is not possible to present here every conversion process. So a table is presented which
has interraltions among two-port parameters.
Table 6.1: Two-port Parameter Conversions [6].
26
Chapter 7
Conclusions
The two-port network parameters are helpful in analysing the complicated circuits. By
measuring terminal voltages and currents the network parameters can be determined which
then are used to nd the characterisics of the circuit. The main concerns of a device
are about input impedance, output impedance and gains. These are determined without
dealing with internal components by using the network parameters. A device can therefore
be treated as a black box if some sets of two-port network parameters can be dened for
that device. The impedance, admittance, hybrid, and transmission parameters are the
conventional linear two-port network parameters. All the networks dont have all sets of
parameters. Impedance and Admittance parameters dont exist for an ideal transformer.
The hybrid parameters are normally used in the analysis of transistors. Transmission
parameters are extensively used in the transmission line analysis. Moreover, they are
helpful in solving many two-ports in cascade because the overall parameters is the product
of the parameters of the individuals. One set of parameters can be converted to another
set of parameters because all the expressions are linear.
27
References
[1] Raymond A. DeCarlo, Linear Circuit Analysis, Time Domain, Pha-
sor, and Laplace Transform Approaches, Oxford University Press, New York,
2001, pp. 800836.
[2] Reinhold Ludwig and Gene Bogdanov, RF Circuit Design, Theory and Applications,
Pearson Prentice Hall, Second Edition, pp. 145163.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-port network
[4] Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory.
Pearson Education Low Price Edition, Eight Edition, pp. 429.
[5] Willian H. Hayt, Jarck E. Kemmerly, Engineering Circuit Analysis, MCGraw-Hill,
INC., Fifth Edition, pp. 459486.
[6] http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/Faculty/rodwell/Classes/ece2c/resources/two port.pdf
28