MB0033 Set-1

Name GURAV Roll No Learning Centre Subject Assignment No Date of Submission

ARUNKUMAR

: 511110681 : VASHI : MB00533

(Software Engineering)

: Set 1 : 02nd May 2012

Submitted By: Arunkumar Gurav

Question 1: Quality and reliability are related concepts but are fundamentally different in a number of ways. Discuss them. Answer: The quality movement started in the 1940s with a major contribution on quality aspects from W. Edwards Deming. One of the major benefits of quality has been the saving in the overall cost of production. A system of continuous improvement helps in achieving good quality. Kaizen, refers to a system of continuous process improvement. The purpose of kaizen is to develop a process that is visible, repeatable, and measurable. After Kaizen it is atarimae hinshitsu, which refers to examination of intangibles that affect the process and works to optimize their impact. Both kaizen and atarimae hinshitsu focuses on processes. The next stage is kansei which leads to improvement in the product itself and, potentially, to the process that created it. The final stage is miryokuteki hinshitsu which broadens the management concern beyond the immediate product. Quality Concepts: It is a well-known fact that all engineered and manufactured parts exhibit some or the other variation. The variations may not be clearly visible always. The variations are sometimes microscopic which can be identified by means of some equipment necessary to measure the geometrical attributes, electrical characteristics etc. Quality: Designers specify the characteristics of the quality of a product. The grade of materials used in the product development and product characteristics, permissible tolerances, and performance specifications contribute to the quality of design. For higher-grade of materials the tolerances are very small. When the tolerance is set to a very low level the expected design characteristics would be of high quality. When greater levels of performance are specified, there is an increase in the design quality of a product and the manufacturing processes and the product specification are set according to the specified quality norms. Quality of conformance is expressed as the degree to which the design specifications are followed during the process of manufacturing. If the degree of conformance is high then the level of quality of conformance is also deemed as high. Quality of conformance is mainly focused on the implementation of the software. Quality Control: Quality is the buzz word of every organization today. But how does one work towards achieving quality in the organization and within the organization at various process levels. There are a number of ways of achieving quality. One can consider the fundamental step of quality where the variations are measured with respect to the expected values in any process or characteristics of the product. The first step towards quality is to see that the variations are minimized. Controlling quality can be done by

MB0033 Set-1

means of measuring various characteristics of the product and understanding the behavior of the product towards changes in the product characteristics. It involves a series of inspections, reviews, and tests on the software processes. A feedback mechanism in the process list will help in constantly reviewing the performance and enhancement in the performance. A combination of the measurement and the feedback allows the software developer to refine the software process and tend to approach perfection. It is possible to automate these steps in the quality control process of the software system. One of the concepts of quality control is that every process can be measured. The measurement will tell as to whether there has been any improvement in the process or not. Quality Assurance: Quality assurance is a process of auditing various areas and identifying the non conformances in such areas. A non conformance is reported if a deviation is observed in the actual performance when compared with the planned performance against certain expectation. The expectations are listed out based on the requirement of certain standards norms. The nonconformances are reported area wise or process wise. The report based on the audit provides the management with the information that is necessary for them to take suitable actions. Cost of Quality: There are many activities involved in a software project leading to the completion of the intended service or the product. Every such activity is associated with some cost. And associated with every process is the quality which again comes with certain cost. The total cost of quality means the sum total of all the costs involved in setting up a quality process or a quality activity and additional resources procured towards maintaining and running the quality process. The main categories under which the quality costs may be listed are the ones dealing with processes towards prevention, processes towards appraisal, and processes towards maintenance. The main components contributing towards the cost are the cost component of quality planning, cost component of formal technical reviews and the cost component pertaining to the test equipment. Software Reliability: The need for quality is there in the minds of everybody associated with the software project. One of the key issues pertaining to the quality aspect is the reliability of the software product. There are number of methods to ensure reliability of the product which depends upon the characteristics of the product and its features and the expectations from the product and its services. One of the task before the software engineer or the software manager is to establish the relevant reliability measures well in advance before the implementation so that the quality is assured. A series of audits may be conducted to keep a tab on the deviations if they tend to occur. Statistically the software reliability may be defined as the probability of an operation of a computer program which is free from error or has not failed during the operation time, tested under a specified environment and for specified time. Failure refers to
Submitted By: Arunkumar Gurav

nonconformance to the requirements of the software stated. One of the simple measures of reliability is the express it as the meantime between failure (MBF) which is the sum of mean time of occurrence of failure (MTF) and mean time towards repair (MTR). It is necessary to identify and assess the hazards in software projects that affect the software performance. If it is possible to identify the hazards in the early stages of the software project then a module to counteract such hazards could be developed or built in to the software which will then be able to rectify errors leading to hazards. Suitable models could be used to achieve this safety. Background Issues: The quality assurance processes are very vital in establishing quality features in the product. Various standard mechanisms are developed in the companies to focus on the quality of the product. These mechanisms have to undergo improvements time to time in order to maintain the competition in the market. The product has to be viewed from the user point of view. A satisfaction note on the various features of the product is necessary to be reviewed to bring a change in the product to enhance it and to make it a quality product.

MB0033 Set-1

Q2. Discuss the Objective & Principles Behind Software Testing. Q3. Discuss the CMM 5 Levels for Software Process. Q4. Discuss the Water Fall model for Software Development. Q5. Explain the Advantages of Prototype Model, & Spiral Model in Contrast to Water Fall model. Q6. Explain the COCOMO Model & Software Estimation Technique.

Submitted By: Arunkumar Gurav