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Pile Foundations
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When is it needed
Top layers of soil are highly compressible for it to support structural loads through shallow foundations foundations. Rock level is shallow enough for end bearing pile foundations provide a more economical design design. Lateral forces are relatively prominent. In I presence of expansive and collapsible soils at th site. f i d ll ibl il t the it Offshore structures Strong uplift forces on shallow foundations due to shallow water table can be partly transmitted to Piles. For structures near flowing water (Bridge abutments, etc.) to avoid the problems due to erosion.
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Types of Piles
Steel Piles
Pipe piles Rolled steel H-section piles H section
Concrete Piles
Pre-cast Piles Cast in situ Cast-in-situ Piles Bored-in-situ piles
Disadvantage:
Relatively expensive Noise pollution during installation Corrosion Bend in piles while driving
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Cast-in-situ Piles:
Usual length: 5 m 15 m Usual Load: 200 kN 500 kN
Advantage:
Relatively cheap It can be easily combined with concrete superstructure Corrosion resistant It can bear hard driving
Disadvantage:
Difficult to transport p Difficult to achieve desired cutoff
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Effect of Installation
Displacement Pil Di l t Piles Non-displacement Piles
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Displacement Piles
In loose cohesionless soils
Densifies the soil upto a distance of 3.5 times the pile diameter p p (3.5D) which increases the soils resistance to shearing The friction angle varies from the pile surface to the limit of compacted soil
In cohesive soils
Soil is remolded near the displacement piles (2.0 D approx.) leading to a decreased value of shearing resistance. Pore pressure Pore-pressure is generated during installation causing lower effective stress and consequently lower shearing resistance. Excess pore-pressure dissipates over the time and soil regains its g strength.
NonNon-displacement Piles
Due to no displacement during installation, there is no heave in the ground. g Cast in-situ piles may be cased or uncased (by removing casing as concreting progresses). They may be provided with reinforcement if economical with th i reduced di i f t i l ith their d d diameter. t Enlarged bottom ends (three times pile diameter) may be provided in cohesive soils leading to much larger point bearing capacity. Soil on the sides may soften due to contact with wet concrete y or during boring itself. This may lead to loss of its shear strength. Concreting under water may b challenging and may resulting C ti d t be h ll i d lti in waisting or necking of concrete in squeezing ground. Example: Bored cast in-situ or pre-cast piles
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Qz qsz = S .z
S = perimeter of pile
Qsu
Q pu = q pu . Ap
q pu = bearing capacity of soil Ap = bearing area of pile
z Qs
Qu = Q pu + Qsu
Qu = Qsu
Qup p
Qus
Qu
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Since pile diameter is relatively small, third term may be dropped out
* q pu = cN c* + qN q
* Q pu = q pu . Ap = cN c* + qN q . Ap
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Pa = Atmospheric p p pressure
(L/D)cr value typically ranges from 15D for loose to medium sand to 20D for dense sands. Correlation of limiting point resistance with SPT value
qul = 0.4 ( N )
L 4 Pa ( N ) D
N value shall be taken as an average for a zone ranging from 10D above to 4D below the pile point.
Saturated Clays:
Q pu = N c* .cu . Ap = 9.cu . Ap
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* Q pu = Ap .qup = Ap . c.N c* + o N
Mean effective normal stress at pile end
* N =
1 + 2Ko = o 3
f ( I rr )
Ir I rr = 1 + Ir
I r = rigidity index =
* Nc =
Gs Es = ( c + q tan ) 2 (1 + s )( c + q tan )
4 ln I rr + 1) + + 1 ( 3 2
Ir 75-150 50-75 150-250 Baldi t l (1981) B ldi et al. (1981): For mechanical cone resistance For electric cone resistance
Ir =
3 q f qc
Ir =
1.7 17 q f qc
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N = tan + 1 + tan
* q 2
)(
2
e 2 tan
60o 90o
Clay Sand
* * N c = N q 1 cot
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Point Load capacity of Pile: Coyle and Costellos (1981) Method for Granular Soils
* Q pu = Ap .q.N q
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Q pu = Ap .qu ( N + 1)
N = tan 2 ( 45 + 2 )
qu = unconfined compression strength of rock
( qu )design =
( qu )lab
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Qsu = S .L. f sz
The unit frictional resistance increases with the depth and reaches its maximum at the depth of approximately 15D to 20D, as shown in the adjacent figure.
f sz = K . v .tan f sL
Soil-Pile interface f i ti angle varies f S il Pil i t f friction l i from 0.5' to 0.8.Earth pressure coefficient depends on both soil type and pile installation.
K v
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Qsu = ( f s )av .S .L
= K . v .tan .S .L tan
Avg effective overburden
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Failure Envelope
= o 5.5log
v o
Effective vertical stress at the depth of interest Effective confining stress during triaxial test g g
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f s = .cu
Empirical adhesion factor
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Qsu = .cu .S .L
Sladen (1992):
f s = .cu = h .tan
and
h = K o , NC v
correction factor for soil disturbance on sides
With the above relationships, can be determined as a function of effective overburden and undrained shear strength t th n
= C1. v cu
C1 and n are constants depending on soil properties and type of pile installation
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( f s )av = ( v + 2cu )
Mean undrained shear strength M d i d h t th varies with the length of embedded pile
Qsu = ( f s )av .S .L
Value of v and cu are computed as weighted average over the embedded depth of pile This method usually overpredicts the capacity of piles with embedded length less than 15 m.
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f s = . v = K tan R . v
Effective friction angle of remolded clay at certain depth Earth pressure coefficient may be estimated as the earth pressure at rest:
K = (1 sin R )
K = (1 sin R ) OCR
Total frictional resistance of pile:
Qsu = f s .S .L
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IS:2911
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IS:2911 S 9
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IS:2911 S 9
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IS:2911 S 9
It seems logical that K value shall be close to the coefficient of earth p pressure at rest Ko as described in earlier methods. However, type of , yp installation has a major impact on how the earth pressure may vary from Ko, as shown in the figure below.
Soil movement
Bored Pile P
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IS:2911
IS code recommends K-value to be chosen between 1 and 2 for driven piles and 1 and 1.5 for bored piles. However, it is advisable to estimate this value based on the type of construction and fair estimation of the disturbance to soil around pile Typical values of pile. ratio between K and Ko are listed below.
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IS:2911
0.5
, but > 1 /
0.25
IS:2911
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Meyerhofs Formula for Driven Piles based on SPT value y For Sand:
For L/D > 10
A limiting value of 1000 t/m2 for point bearing and 6 t/m2 is suggested
For Clays:
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Point Load Capacity of Pile: Correlation with CPT data by LCPC Method q pu = ( qc )eq .kb
Get the average qc value for f a zone 1.5D above to 1 D b 1.5D below the pile tip. Eliminate the qc values that are higher than 1.3(qc)avg or lower than 0.7(q 0 7(qc)avg. Compute the (qc )eq as g an average of the remaining qc values. Equivalent avg avg. cone resistance D Empirical bearing capacity factor
qp
( qc1 + qc 2 ) k 150. p =
2
b
Atmospheric p Pressure
a
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q p = R1 R2
( qc1 + qc 2 ) k 150. p
2
b
R1 = Reduction factor as function of cu R2 = 1 f electrical cone penetrometer for l t i l t t R2 = 0.6 for mechanicsl cone penetrometer
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Pile Load Capacity: Correlation with CPT data in Sand by Dutch Method
Electric Cone
Mechanical Cone
Frictional cone resistance
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Pile Load Capacity: Correlation with CPT data in Clays by Dutch Method
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Factor of Safety shall be used by giving due consideration to the following points
Reliability of soil parameters used for calculation Mode of transfer of load to soil Importance of structure Allowable total and differential settlement tolerated by structure
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