Lec Fourierseries

Periodic Functions
Even and Odd Functions

Fourier Series
Fourier Series for Even and Odd Functions
Half-Range Expansions: Fourier Cosine & Fourier Sine Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Series
Dr. Yosza Dasril
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya 76100, Melaka
Dr. Yosza Dasril Fourier Series
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Outline
1
Periodic Functions
2
3
Fourier Series
Trigonometric Series
Eulers (Fourier-Euler) Formulae
Functions of Period 2
4
Fourier Cosine Series
Fourier Sine Series
5
Half-Range Expansions in Fourier Cosine Series
Examples
6
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
A function f (x) is said to be periodic if f (x + T) = f (x) x
and for some positive number T.
Denition
A function f (x) is periodic with period T for all domain values x if
f (x + T) = f (x), forT > 0 (1)
The smallest value of T is called the fundamental period of f . A
constant function is a periodic function with an arbitrary period
but no fundamental period.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
Example
1. The graph of sine could be present as
Figure: 1.1 sine graph
Solution The periods of sin(x) are 2, 4, 6,... where
sin(x + 2) = sin(x + 4) = sin(x + 6) = sin(x).
So, the fundamental period of sin(x) is 2.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
Notes 1. If T is the period of f (x) then nT is also period of f for
any integer n.
Notes 2. Function h(x) = af (x) +bg(x) has period T if f (x) and
g(x) have period T. Here a and b are constants.
Example
2. if h(x) = a cos x + b sin x, then
h(x + 2) = a cos(x + 2) + b sin(x + 2)
= a cos x + b sin x = h(x)
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
Notes 3. If f (x) is a periodic function of period T, then f (ax)
with a = 0, is a periodic function of period
T
a
.
Example
3. sin(2x) has period
2
2
= . cos(3x) has period
2
3
, and so on.
Exercise 1.1
For the given functions, determine whether it is a periodic function
or not.
a) f (x) = cos(x)
b) g(x) = x
2
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
Notes 4. The period of the sum of a number of periodic functions
is the least common multiple of the periods.
Example
4. f (x) = sin x +
1
2
sin(2x) +
1
3
sin(3x) +
1
4
sin(4x). Note that sin x,
sin 2x, sin 3x, sin 4x have periods 2, ,
2
2
and

2
respectively.
Then the period of f (x) is 2 which is the L.C.M. of these periods.
Exercise 1.1
For the given functions, determine whether it is a periodic function
or not.
a) f (x) = cos(x)
b) g(x) = x
2
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Outline
1
Periodic Functions
2
3
Fourier Series
4
Fourier Sine Series
5
Examples
6
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Denition
A function f (x) is said to be even if
f (x) = f (x). (2)
The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis.
Figure: 1.2 Even function
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Denition
A function f (x) is said to be odd if
f (x) = f (x). (3)
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Figure: 1.3 Odd function
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Properties of Even and Odd Functions
a) The product of two even functions is even
b) The product of two odd functions is even
c) The product of an even function and an odd function
is odd
d) The sum (dierence) of two even functions is even
e) The sum (dierence) of two odd functions is odd
f) If f (x) is even function, then
_
L
L
f (x)dx = 2
_
L
0
f (x)dx
g) If f (x) is odd function, then
_
L
L
f (x)dx = 0
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Exercise 1.2
Determine whether the function is even, odd, or neither
a) f (x) = x
4
+ x
2
b) g(x) = x
4
+ x
c) f (x) = cos(x), < x <
d) f (x) = e
x
+ e
x
e) f (x) = sin(x), < x <
f) g(x) = 2x
5
+ x
g) f (x) = 2x
5
+ x
2
h) g(x) = tan(x)
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Outline
1
Periodic Functions
2
3
Fourier Series
4
Fourier Sine Series
5
Examples
6
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Series
A Fourier series decomposes any periodic function or periodic
signal into the sum of a (possibly innite) set of simple oscillating
functions, namely sines and cosines (or complex exponentials).
The study of Fourier series is a branch of Fourier analysis. Fourier
series were introduced by Joseph Fourier (1768 1830) for the
purpose of solving the heat equation in a metal plate.
Fourier Theorem: A periodic function that satises certain
conditions can be express as the sum of a number of sine functions
of dierent amplitudes, phases & periods.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Series
That is, if f (x) is a periodic function with period T, then
f (x) = A
0
+ A
1
sin(x +
1
) + A
2
sin(2x +
2
)
+ + A
n
sin(nx +
n
) + (4)
where the As & s are constant and =
2
T
is the frequency of
f (x).
A
1
sin(x +
1
) is called the fundamental mode, their
frequency is = original function f (x).
A
n
sin(nx +
n
) is the nth harmonic, their frequency (n)
A
n
denotes the amplitude of the nth harmonic
n
is its phase angle, measuring the lead of the nth harmonic
with reference to a pure sine wave of the same frequency.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Series
Since
A
n
sin(nx +
n
) (A
n
cos
n
) sin(nx) + (A
n
sin(
n
)) cos(nx)
b
n
sin(nx) + a
n
cos(nx)
where b
n
= A
n
cos(
n
) and a
n
= A
n
sin(
n
).
The expansion of (4) may be written as
f (x) =
1
2
a
0
+
n=1
a
n
cos(nx) +
n=1
b
n
sin(nx) (5)
where a
0
= 2A
0
. Equation (5) is called Fourier series expansion
and a
n
& b
n
is called Fourier coecients.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Series
In electrical engineering a
n
and b
n
is called respectively as the
in-phase and phase quadrature components of the nth harmonic.
This terminology arising from the use of the phasor notation
e
inx
= cos(nx) + i sin(nx)
This is an alternative form of the Fourier series (4) with amplitude
and phase are A
n
=
_
a
2
n
+ b
2
n
,
n
= tan
_
a
n
b
n
_
.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
If the period T of the periodic function f (x) is taken to be 2
then = 1, and the series (5) becomes.
f (x) =
1
2
a
0
+
n=1
a
n
cos(nx) +
n=1
b
n
sin(nx) (6)
where the constants a
n
and b
n
are called the coecients.
Notes 5. Let n and m be integers, n = 0, m = 0, for m = n.
a)
_
+2
cos mx cos nxdx = 0.

b)
_
+2
sin mx sin nxdx = 0.

c)
_
+2
sin mx cos nxdx = 0.

Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
d)
_
+2
cos mxdx = 0.
e)
_
+2
sin mxdx = 0.
For m = n
a)
_
+2
cos mx cos nxdx =

_
+2
cos
2
mxdx = .
b)
_
+2
sin
2
mxdx = .
c)
_
+2
cos mx sin mxdx = 0.

Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Let f (x), a periodic function with period 2 dened in the interval
(, + 2), be the sum of a trigonometric series i.e.,
f (x) =
1
2
a
0
+
n=1
_
a
n
cos(nx) + b
n
sin(nx)
_
(7)
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
To determine the coecient a
0
, integrate (7) w.r.t x from to
+ 2. Then
_
+2
f (x)dx =
_
+2
a
0
2
dx +
_
+2
n=1
a
n
cos nx + b
n
sin nx
_
dx
=
a
0
2
x
+2
n=1
_
a
n
_
+2
cos nx dx
+b
n
_
+2
sin nx dx
_
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Form the Notes 5, the last two integrals for all n will be zero. Thus
_
+2
f (x) dx =
a
0
2
2 = a
0
.
Hence
a
0
=
1
_
+2
f (x) dx (8)
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
To determine coecient a
n
, for n = 1, 2, .... Multiplying both sides
of (7) by cos mx and integrating w.r.t x in [, + 2], we get
_
+2
f (x) cos mxdx =

_
+2
a
o
2
cos mx dx +
_
+2
n=1
a
n
cos nx cos mx
_
dx +
_
+2
n=1
b
n
sin nx cos mx
_
dx
For (m = n), all integrals vanish except for a
n
.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Thus
a
n
=
1
_
+2
f (x) cos nx dx, for n = 1, 2, ... (9)

Similarly,
b
n
=
1
_
+2
f (x) sin nx dx, for n = 1, 2, ... (10)

These are knows as Euler formulae, and a
0
, a
n
and b
n
are known
as Fourier coecients of f (x).
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Dirichlet Conditions
Let f (x) be a periodic function with period 2. Let f (x) piecewise
continuous, and bounded in the interval (, + 2) with nite
number of critical points. Then at the points of continuity, the
Fourier series of f (x) in eq. (7) converges to f (x) (LHS of (7)).
At the pints of discontinuity, x
0
, the Fourier series of f (x)
converges to the arithmetic mean of the left and right hand limits
of f (x) at x
0
i.e.
f (x
0
) =
1
2
(f (x
0
) 0) + f (x
0
) + 0).
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Notes 6: Leibnitzs rule:
_
u v dx = uv
1
u
v
2
+ u
v
3
u
v
4
+..., where

denotes
dierentiation and sux integration w.r.t x.
cos n = (1)
n
sin n = 0
cos(2n + 1)
2
= 0 and
sin(2n + 1)
2
= (1)
n
.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Example
2. Find the Fourier series of
f (x) =
_
0, x 0
x
2
, 0 x
Which is assumed to be periodic with period 2.
Solution The Fourier series is given by (7). Here
a
0
=
1
f (x)dx =
_
0
0dx +
_

0
x
2
dx
=
1
x
3
3
0
=

3
3
=

2
3
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
a
n
=
1
f (x) cos nx dx
=
_
0
0 cos nx dx +
_

0
x
2
cos nx dx
=
1
2
n
2
cos n
=
2
n
2
(1)
n
, for n = 1, 2, ...
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
b
n
=
1
f (x) sin nx dx =
1
_

0
x
2
sin nx dx
=
_
0
0 cos nx dx +
_

0
x
2
cos nx dx
=
1
2
n
cos n +
2
n
3
cos(n 1)
_
=

n
(1)
n
+
2
n
3
_
(1)
n
1
_
, for n = 1, 2, ...
=
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Substituting a
0
, a
n
and b
n
, we get
f (x) =

2
6
+ 2
n=1
2
n
2
(1)
n
cos nx +
n=1
_
n
(1)
n
+
2
n
3
_
(1)
n
1
__
sin nx.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Example
3. Obtain the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function
f (x) of period 2 dened by
f (x) = x, (0 < x < 2), f (x) = f (x + 2)
Solution: The graph of f (x) over interval 4 < x < 4 is
shown in Fig.1.3
Figure: 1.4 Graph of f (x) = x over (4, 4)
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
a
0
=
1
_
0+2
0
xdx = 2
a
n
=
1
_
2
0
x cos(nx)dx
=
1
_
x
sin(nx)
n
+
cos(nx)
n
2
_
2
0
=
1
_
2
n
sin(2nx) +
1
n
2
cos(2nx)
cos(0)
n
2
_
= 0.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Example
4. Find the Fourier series for the given function
f (x) =
_
1, < x < 0
x, 0 < x <
Solution
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Example
5. Given g(x) =
_
0, 5 < x < 0
3, 0 < x < 5
1) Determine the Fourier coecients
2) Find the Fourier series for the given function.
Solution
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Sine Series
Outline
1
Periodic Functions
2
3
Fourier Series
4
Fourier Sine Series
5
Examples
6
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Sine Series
Now, we consider f (x) be a periodic function with period arbitrary
period 2L dened in the interval c < x < c + 2L. Introduce a new
variable z as
x
2L
=
z
2
or x =
Lz
or z =
x
L
. (11)
At x = c z =
2c
L
= d say.
At x = c + 2L z =

L
(c + 2L) =
c
L
+ 2 = d + 2.
Thus as c < x < c + 2L, the new variable z lies in the interval
d < z < d + 2.
So z varies in the interval (d, d + 2L) of length 2.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Sine Series
Substituting for x from (11), we get
f (x) = f
_
Lz
_
= F(z) (12)
Let the Fourier series of F(z) dened in the interval (d, d + 2)
and with period 2 be
F(z) =
1
2
a
0
+
n=1
_
a
n
cos(nz) + b
n
sin(nz)
_
(13)
where
a
0
=
1
_
d+2L
d
F(z)dz.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Sine Series
Changing the variable to x
a
0
=
1
_
c+2L
c
f (x)
_
L
dx
_
.
Since dz =

L
dx. Thus
a
0
=
1
L
_
c+2L
c
f (x) dx. (14)
Similarly,
a
n
=
1
_
d+2L
d
F(z) cos(nz)dz
=
1
_
c+2L
c
f (x) cos
_
nx
L
_
L
dx
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Sine Series
So,
a
n
=
1
L
_
c+2L
c
f (x) cos
_
nx
L
_
dx (15)
In similar way,
b
n
=
1
L
_
c+2L
c
f (x) sin
_
nx
L
_
dx (16)
Hence, the Fourier series expansion for a function f (x) with period
2L is
f (x) = F(z)
=
a
0
2
+
n=0
_
a
n
cos
_
nx
L
_
+ b
n
sin
_
nx
L
__
with coecients given by (14), (15) and (16).
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Sine Series
For an even function f (x), in (L, L), we only need to determine
the values of a
0
and a
n
, (b
n
= 0). Then the Fouriers series
becomes
f (x) =
a
0
2
+
n=1
a
n
cos
_
nx
L
_
(17)
where
a
0
=
2
L
_
L
0
f (x)dx (18)
a
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
f (x) cos
_
nx
L
_
dx (19)
Equation (17) is called the Fourier Cosine Series.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Sine Series
Example
6. Find the Fourier Cosine Series for the given function
f (x) =
_
1, 0 < x < 1
x, 1 < x < 2
Solution
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Sine Series
Fourier Sine Series
For an odd function f (x), the values a
0
= a
n
= 0. We need only to
determine the value of b
n
.
f (x) =
n=1
b
n
sin
_
nx
L
_
(20)
where
b
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
f (x) sin
_
nx
L
_
dx (21)
Equation (20) is called Fourier Sine Series.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Sine Series
Fourier Sine Series
Example
5. Find the Fourier Sine Series for the given function
g(x) =
_
1 x, 0 < x < 1
0, 1 < x < 2
Solution
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Fourier Sine Series
Procedure
1) Identify whether the given function f is even or odd
function in the given interval.
2) If f is even, calculate only a
0
and a
n
s from (12) and
(13). It doesnt need to calculate b
n
s. The Fourier
series is given by (11).
3) If f is odd, calculate only b
n
s from (15). The
Fourier sine series is given by (14).
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Outline
1
Periodic Functions
2
3
Fourier Series
4
Fourier Sine Series
5
Examples
6
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Half-Range Expansions: Fourier Cosine & Fourier Sine
Series
So far we have considered the Fourier expansion of a function
which is periodic with periods 2 and 2L, dened in an interval c
to c + 2L of length 2L. This time we consider the procedure to
expand a non-periodic function f (x) dened in half of the above
interval, say (0, L) of length L. Such expansion are known as half
range expansion or half range Fourier series.
In particular, a half range expansion constraining only cosine terms
is known as half range Fourier cosine series of f (x) in interval
(0, L). In similar way half range Fourier sine expansion contains
only sine terms.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Note that the given function f (x) is neither periodic nor even nor
odd. In order to obtain a Fourier cosine series for f (x) in the
interval (0, L), we construct a new function g(x) such that:
i) g(x) f (x) in the interval (0, L), see Fig. 2.1 below.
ii) g(x) is even function in (L, L) and is periodic with
period 2L. Fig. 2.1.
Here
g(x) = f (x), in (0, L)
= f (x), in (L, 0)
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Figure: 2.1 Graph of f (x)
Figure: 2.2 g(x) is an Even Periodic Continuation of f (x)
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Function g(x) is called as Even Periodic Continuation (Expansion)
of f (x). The Fourier cosine series for g(x) valid in (L, L) or in
fact x is readily obtained as
g(x) =
a
0
2
+
n=1
a
n
cos
_
nx
L
_
(22)
where
a
0
=
2
L
_
L
0
g(x)dx =
2
L
_
L
0
f (x)dx (23)
a
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
g(x) cos
_
nx
L
_
dx =
2
L
_
L
0
f (x) cos
_
nx
L
_
dx (24)
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Half-Range Expansions in Fourier Sine Series
Important Note: The series expansion of f (x) given by (22) is
valid for f (x) only in the interval (0, L) but not outside this
interval.
A similar way, to obtain the half range Fourier sine series for f (x)
in (0, L), dene h(x) such that:
i) h(x) f (x) in (0, L), see Fig. 2.3 and
ii) h(x) is an odd function in (L, L), periodic with
period 2L. See Fig. 2.4.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Figure: 2.3 Graph of f (x)
Figure: 2.4 h(x) is an Odd Periodic Continuation of f (x)
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
The new function, h(x) as called as an odd periodic expansion of
f (x). The Fourier sine series and their coecients are given by
h(x) =
n=1
b
n
sin
_
nx
L
_
(25)
where
b
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
h(x) sin
_
nx
L
_
dx =
2
L
_
L
0
f (x) sin
_
nx
L
_
dx (26)
As usual, this expansion is valid for f (x) only in the interval (0, L).
As conclusion, a given non periodic function f (x) can be expanded
in cosine or sine series.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Examples
Example
2.1. If f (x) = 1
x
L
in 0 < x < L, nd:
a) Fourier cosine series, and
b) Fourier sine series of f (x). Sketch the corresponding
continuation of f (x).
Solution. a) Construct a new function g(x) such that
i) g(x) = f (x) in (0, L)
ii) g(x) is even periodic function in (L, L).
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Example
Dene
g(x) = f (x) = 1
x
L
in 0 < x < L
= 1 +
x
L
in L < x < 0.
and g(x + 2L) = g(x)
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Example
We get,
a
0
=
2
L
_
L
0
_
1
x
L
_
dx = 1.
a
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
_
1
x
L
_
cos
_
nx
L
_
dx
=
2
L
__
1
x
L
_
L
n
sin
nx
L
1
L
_
L
2
n
2
2
_
cos
nx
L
__
L
0
=
2
n
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Example
Since
g(x) =
a
0
2
+
n=1
a
n
cos
_
nx
L
_
We get
g(x) =
1
2
+
2
2
]
n=1
(1 (1)
n
)
n
2
cos
_
nx
L
_
Thus the required Fourier cosine series of f (x) in (0, L) is
f (x) = g(x) =
1
2
+
2
2
]
n=1
(1 (1)
n
)
n
2
cos
_
nx
L
_
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Examples
b) Fourier sine series of f (x) in (0, L). Dene new function h(x)
such that
i) h(x) = f (x) in (0, L) and
ii) h(x) is odd periodic function. Dene
h(x) = f (x) = 1
x
L
in (0, L)
=
_
1
x
L
_
in (L, 0)
and h(x + 2L) = h(x). Thus h(x) is odd periodic function in
(L, L) with period 2L.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Examples
The Fourier sine series expansion of f (x) in the interval (L, L) is
determined as follows.
b
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
_
1
x
L
_
sin
_
nx
L
_
dx
=
2
L
__
1
x
L
_
(1)
_
cos
nx
L
_
L
n
1
L
_
L
2
n
2
2
sin
nx
L
_
L
0
=
2
n
.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Examples
Examples
So,
h(x) =
2
n=1
1
n
sin
_
nx
L
_
.
Thus the required Fourier sine series of f (x) in the interval (L, L)
is
h(x) = f (x) =
2
n=1
1
n
sin
_
nx
L
_
.
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Outline
1
Periodic Functions
2
3
Fourier Series
4
Fourier Sine Series
5
Examples
6
Exercises 2.1
Periodic Functions
Fourier Series
Exercises 2.1
Exercises
1) Expand f (x) = x in (0, ) by (a) Fourier sine series.
(b) Fourier Cosine series.
2) Find the two half range expansion of
f (x) =
_
2kx
L
, if0 < x <
L
2
2k(Lx)
L
, if
L
2
< x < L
3) Obtain the Fourier cosine series of f (x) = sin x in the
interval 0 < x < .

Lec Fourierseries

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lec Fourierseries

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Periodic Functions

Even and Odd Functions

cos mx cos nxdx = 0.

sin mx sin nxdx = 0.

sin mx cos nxdx = 0.

cos mx cos nxdx =

cos mx sin mxdx = 0.

f (x) cos mxdx =

f (x) cos nx dx, for n = 1, 2, ... (9)

f (x) sin nx dx, for n = 1, 2, ... (10)

You might also like