Chap6 Switching

Switching
G.K. Pakle Adopted From: Behrouz Forouzan

Department of Information Technology
SGGS Institute of Engineering & Technology, Naned.
SGGS Institute of Engineering & Technol G.K. Pakle Adopted From: Behrouz Forouzan (Department of Information Technology ) Switching / 34
Outline
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Switching Circuit Switched Networks Introduction Examples Phases Performance Datagram Networks Introduction Properties Virtual Circuit Networks Introduction Three Phases Structure of Packet Switches
Switched Network
Switching
Series of interlinked nodes is called switches. Switches create temporary connections. Some switches are connected to end systems others only do routing.
Switching: Methods
Switching
Packet switching combines datagram and virtual circuit networks.
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Circuit Switched Networks
Introduction
Introduction
Consists of set of switches connected by physical links. Connection between two stations is a dedicated path of one or more links. Each link is divided into n channels by using FDM/TDM. End systems directly connected to switch..
Introduction
Setup Phase: requesting communication. Channels are reserved, dedicated path is created then data transfer takes place. Properties of Circuit Switching: 1 Takes place in physical layer. 2 Resources of channels (time, buers, ports) are dedicated during data transfer until teardown phase. 3 Data ow is continuous and not in packets. 4 No addressing involved in data transfer. Data transfer takes place on occupied band/ time slot. In circuit switching, the resources need to be reserved during the setup phase; the resources remain dedicated for the entire duration of data transfer until the teardown phase.
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Examples
Example 1: Circuit Switching
Examples
Let us use a circuit-switched network to connect eight telephones in a small area. Communication is through 4-kHz voice channels. We assume that each link uses FDM to connect a maximum of two voice channels. The bandwidth of each link is then 8 kHz. Figure shows the situation. Telephone 1 is connected to telephone 7; 2 to 5; 3 to 8; and 4 to 6. Of course the situation may change when new connections are made. The switch controls the connections.
Examples
Examples
As another example, consider a circuit-switched network that connects computers in two remote oces of a private company. The oces are connected using a T-1 line leased from a communication service provider. There are two 4 8 (4 inputs and 8 outputs) switches in this network. For each switch, four output ports are folded into the input ports to allow communication between computers in the same oce. Four other output ports allow communication between the two oces. Figure shows the situation.
Examples
Outline
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Phases
Circuit Switching: Phases
Phases
Setup Phase: Setup means creating dedicated channels between the switches. To make a connection, an acknowledgement from receiver needs to be sent in opposite direction to sender. Only after receiving acknowledgement connection is established. End to end addressing is required to create the connection. Data Transfer Phase: After establishment of dedicated circuit, two parties can transfer data. Teardown Phase: When one to the parties needs to disconnect, a signal is sent to each switch to release the resources.
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Performance
Circuit Switching
Performance
Eciency: Not ecient as packet switching because resources needs to be allocated for entire duration of connection. When circuit switching used for computers, resources are wasted if no data transfer. Delay: Delay is minimal. Total delay is due to create connection, transfer data and disconnection of circuit.
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Datagram Networks
Introduction
Datagram Networks
Datagram Networks
Introduction
To send messages between systems, needs to be divided into packets of variable sizes. Packet is determined by network and governing protocol. Resources are allocated on demand. Lack of resource reservation creates delay at switches. (FIFO) Each packet treated independently of others. Packets are called datagrams. Switching is done at Network Layer. Switches in datagram are referred as Routers.
Datagram Networks
Datagram Networks
Introduction
Outline
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Datagram Networks
Properties
Routing Table
Datagram Networks
Properties
Each switch maintains a routing table based on destination address. Routing tables are dynamic and updated periodically.
Other Properties
Datagram Networks
Properties
Eciency: Better than circuit switched networks. Delay: Greater delay. Packets experience wait at each switch before forwarding. Delay is not uniform.
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Virtual Circuit Networks
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
1 Contains setup, data transfer and teardown phases. 2 Resources are allocated in set up phase or on demand. 3 Data is packetized and each packet carries an address in header.
Address has local juridiction only. 4 All packets follow the same path as in circuit switching. 5 Implemented in data link layer.
Addressing
Introduction
Global Addressing: Source/Destination needs to have global addresses. Global addresses are used to create virtual circuit identiers. Virtual Circuit Identiers (VCI): VCI is actually used for data transfer. VCI has only switch scope. Used by frame between two switches.
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Three Phases
Data Transfer Phase
Three Phases
All switches have table entry for virtual circuit. Table has four columns. Each switch changes VCI and routes the frame. Process creates a virtual circuit not a real circuit between source and destination.
Setup Phase
Three Phases
Setup Request: 1 Source sends setup frame to switch 1. 2 Switch 1 creates entry in table. Only three columns are lled. 3 Same happens for switch 2 and 3. 4 Destination assigns VCI to incoming frame to let know that it has come from source.
Setup Phase
Three Phases
Acknowledgement: Acknowledgement frame completes the entries in switching tables. 1 Destination sends acknowledgement to switch 3. ACK carries global source and destination addresses. 2 Switch 3 updates incoming VCI as outgoing VCI. 3 Switch 2 and 1 updates accordingly.
Teardown Phase
Three Phases
Teardown Phase Source after sending all frames to destination, sends a special frame called teardown request. Destination responds with teardown conrmation frame. All switches deletes corresponding entries from their tables.
Structure of Packet Switches

Components: Input Ports Output Ports Routing Processor Switching Fabric
Input Ports Performs physical and data link functions of packet switch. Signals converted to bits. Errors are detected and corrected. I/P Port has buers to hold packets.

Output Ports: Same functions as input port but in reverse order.
Routing Processor: Performs the functions of network layer. Destination address used to nd the next hop and port number.(Table lookup) Switching Fabric: Switching fabric moves the packet from input queue to output queue. Three types: Crossbar, banyan, batcher banyan
Banyan Switch
Multistage switch with microswitches at each stage. Output port represented as binary string. For n inputs and n outputs we have log2 n stages with n/2 microswitches at each stage.

Chap6 Switching

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Switching

G.K. Pakle Adopted From: Behrouz Forouzan

SGGS Institute of Engineering & Technology, Naned.

Packet switching combines datagram and virtual circuit networks.

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

Example 1: Circuit Switching

Circuit Switched Networks

Example 1: Circuit Switching

Circuit Switched Networks

Example 2: Circuit Switching

Circuit Switched Networks

Example 2: Circuit Switching

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switching: Phases

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

Circuit Switched Networks

Virtual Circuit Networks

Virtual Circuit Networks

Virtual Circuit Networks

Virtual Circuit Networks

Data Transfer Phase

Virtual Circuit Networks

Virtual Circuit Networks

Virtual Circuit Networks

Virtual Circuit Networks

Structure of Packet Switches

Structure of Packet Switches

Structure of Packet Switches

Structure of Packet Switches

Structure of Packet Switches

Structure of Packet Switches

Structure of Packet Switches

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