Problem Set 11

ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 11
Wednesday, December 08, 2004
Chapter 9, Problem 25
Reconsider Problem 924. In order to reduce the heating cost of the hot water, it is
proposed to insulate the side and bottom surfaces of the container with 5-cm-thick
fiberglass insulation (k = 0.035 W/m C) and to wrap the insulation with aluminum foil (
= 0.1) in order to minimize the heat loss by radiation. An estimate is obtained from a
local insulation contractor, who proposes to do the insulation job for $350, including
materials and labor. Would you support this proposal? How long will it take for the
insulation to pay for itself from the energy it saves?
In a plant that manufactures canned aerosol paints, the cans are temperature-tested in
water baths at 55C before they are shipped to ensure that they will withstand
temperatures up to 55C during transportation and shelving. The cans, moving on a
conveyor, enter the open hot water bath, which is 0.5 m deep, 1 m wide, and 3.5 m
long, and move slowly in the hot water toward the other end. Some of the cans fail the
test and explode in the water bath. The water container is made of sheet metal, and the
entire container is at about the same temperature as the hot water. The emissivity of
the outer surface of the container is 0.7. If the temperature of the surrounding air and
surfaces is 20C, determine the rate of heat loss from the four side surfaces of the
container (disregard the top surface, which is open).
The water is heated electrically by resistance heaters, and the cost of electricity is
$0.085/kWh. If the plant operates 24 h a day 365 days a year and thus 8760 h a year,
determine the annual cost of the heat losses from the container for this facility.
Figure P9.24
Solution:
Some cans move slowly in a hot water container made of sheet metal. It is proposed to
insulate the side and bottom surfaces of the container for $350. The simple payback period
of the insulation to pay for itself from the energy it saves is to be determined.
Copyright 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
1
Assignment 11
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant
properties. 3 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm. 3 Heat loss from the top surface is
disregarded.
Properties Insulation will drop the outer surface temperature to a value close to the
ambient temperature. The solution of this problem requires a trial-and-error approach since
the determination of the Rayleigh number and thus the Nusselt number depends on the
surface temperature, which is unknown. We assume the surface temperature to be 26C.
The properties of air at the anticipated film temperature of (26+20)/2=23C are (Table A-
15)
1 -
2 5
K 00338 . 0
K ) 273 23 (
1 1
7301 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 543 . 1
C W/m. 02536 . 0
f
T
k
Analysis We start the solution process by guessing the outer surface temperature to be 26
C. We will check the accuracy of this guess later and repeat the calculations if necessary
with a better guess based on the results obtained. The characteristic length in this case is
the height of the tank,
m. 5 . 0 L L
c Then,
7
2 2 5
3 -1 2
2
3
10 622 . 7 ) 7301 . 0 (
) /s m 10 543 . 1 (
) m 5 . 0 )( K 20 26 )( K 00338 . 0 )( m/s 81 . 9 (
Pr
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
53 . 56
7301 . 0
492 . 0
1
) 10 622 . 7 ( 387 . 0
825 . 0
Pr
492 . 0
1
Ra 387 . 0
825 . 0 Nu
2
27 / 8
16 / 9
6 / 1 7
2
27 / 8
16 / 9
6 / 1
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
[ ]
2
2
m 7 . 4 ) m 60 . 3 )( m 5 . 0 ( ) m 10 . 1 )( m 5 . 0 ( 2
C . W/m 868 . 2 ) 53 . 56 (
m 5 . 0
C W/m. 02536 . 0
+

s
A
Nu
L
k
h
Then the total rate of heat loss from the outer surface of the insulated tank by convection
and radiation becomes
W 5 . 97
] ) K 273 20 ( ) K 273 26 )[( .K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 7 . 4 )( 1 . 0 ( +
C ) 20 26 )( m 7 . 4 )( C . W/m 868 . 2 (
) ( ) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
2 2
4 4

+ +

+ +
surr s s s s rad conv

T T A T T hA Q Q Q

In steady operation, the heat lost by the side surfaces of the tank must be equal to the heat
lost from the exposed surface of the insulation by convection and radiation, which must be
equal to the heat conducted through the insulation. The second conditions requires the
surface temperature to be
2
Aerosol can
insulation
Water bath
55C
Tank
T
s
= 44C
= 0.4
Assignment 11
m 05 . 0
C ) (55
) m C)(4.7 W/m. 035 . 0 ( W 97.5
2 tank

s s
s insulation
T
L
T T
kA Q Q

It gives T
s
= 25.38C, which is very close to the assumed temperature, 26C. Therefore,
there is no need to repeat the calculations.
The total amount of heat loss and its cost during one year are
kWh 7 . 853 h) 8760 )( W 5 . 97 ( t Q Q
total total

$72.6 ) kWh / 085 . 0 )($ kWh 7 . 853 ( Cost
Then money saved during a one-year period due to insulation becomes
1043 $ 6 . 72 $ 1116 $ Cost Cost saved Money
insulation
with
insulation
without
where $1116 is obtained from the solution of Problem 9-24.
The insulation will pay for itself in
days 122 = yr 0.3354
yr / 1043 $
350 $
saved Money
Cost
riod Payback pe
Discussion We would definitely recommend the installation of insulation in this case.
3
Tank
T
s
= 44C
= 0.4
Assignment 11
A 40-cm-diameter, 110-cm-high cylindrical hot water tank is located in the bathroom
of a house maintained at 20C. The surface temperature of the tank is measured to be
44C and its emissivity is 0.4. Taking the surrounding surface temperature to be also
20C, determine the rate of heat loss from all surfaces of the tank by natural
convection and radiation.
Solution:
A vertically oriented cylindrical hot water tank is located in a bathroom. The rate of heat
loss from the tank by natural convection and radiation is to be determined.
properties. 3 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm. 4 The temperature of the outer
surface of the tank is constant.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film
temperature of (T
s
+T
)/2 = (44+20)/2 = 32C are (Table

A-15)
1 -
2 5
K 003279 . 0
K ) 273 32 (
1 1
7276 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 627 . 1
C W/m. 02603 . 0
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic length in this case is the height of the cylinder,
m. 1 . 1 L L
c Then,
9
2 2 5
3 -1 2
2
3
10 883 . 3
) /s m 10 627 . 1 (
) m 1 . 1 )( K 20 44 )( K 003279 . 0 )( m/s 81 . 9 ( ) (
Gr
L T T g
s
A vertical cylinder can be treated as a vertical plate when
m 1542 . 0
) 10 883 . 3 (
m) 1 . 1 ( 35
Gr
35
m) 4 . 0 (
4 / 1 9 1/4

L
D
which is satisfied. That is, the Nusselt number relation for a vertical plate can be used for
the side surfaces. For the top and bottom surfaces we use the relevant Nusselt number
relations. First, for the side surfaces,
9 9
10 825 . 2 ) 7276 . 0 )( 10 883 . 3 ( GrPr Ra
2 . 170
7276 . 0
492 . 0
1
) 10 825 . 2 ( 387 . 0
825 . 0
Pr
492 . 0
1
Ra 387 . 0
825 . 0
2
27 / 8
16 / 9
6 / 1 9
2
27 / 8
16 / 9
6 / 1
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
4
Air
T
= 20C
Tank
T
s
= 44C
= 0.4 L = 1.1 m
D = 0.4 m
D
o
=5 cm
Garden hose
D
i
=1.6 cm, T
i
= 65C
Plastic cover
T
= 26C
Assignment 11
2
2
m 382 . 1 ) m 1 . 1 )( m 4 . 0 (
C . W/m 027 . 4 ) 2 . 170 (
m 1 . 1
C W/m. 02603 . 0

DL A
Nu
L
k
h
s
W 6 . 133 C ) 20 44 )( m 382 . 1 )( C . W/m 027 . 4 ( ) (
2 2
side

T T hA Q
s s
For the top surface,

m 1 . 0
4
m 4 . 0
4
4 /
2

D
D
D
p
A
L
s
c
6
2 2 5
3 -1 2
2
3
10 123 . 2 ) 7276 . 0 (
) /s m 10 627 . 1 (
) m 1 . 0 )( K 20 44 )( K 003279 . 0 )( m/s 81 . 9 (
Pr
) (
Ra
c s
L T T g
61 . 20 ) 10 123 . 2 ( 54 . 0 Ra 54 . 0 Nu
4 / 1 6 4 / 1

2 2 2
2
m 1257 . 0 4 / ) m 4 . 0 ( 4 /
C . W/m 365 . 5 ) 61 . 20 (
m 1 . 0
C W/m. 02603 . 0

D A
Nu
L
k
h
s
c
W 2 . 16 C ) 20 44 )( m 1257 . 0 )( C . W/m 365 . 5 ( ) (
2 2
top

T T hA Q
s s
For the bottom surface,

31 . 10 ) 10 123 . 2 ( 27 . 0 Ra 27 . 0 Nu
4 / 1 6 4 / 1

C . W/m 683 . 2 ) 31 . 10 (
m 1 . 0
C W/m. 02603 . 0
2

Nu
L
k
h
c
W 1 . 8 C ) 20 44 )( m 1257 . 0 )( C . W/m 683 . 2 ( ) (
2 2
bottom

T T hA Q
s s
The total heat loss by natural convection is

conv side top bottom
133.6 16.2 8.1 Q Q Q Q + + + + 158 W
& & & &
The radiation heat loss from the tank is
4 4
rad
2 8 2 4 4 4
( )
(0.4)(1.382 0.1257 0.1257 m )(5.67 10 W/m .K ) (44 273 K) (20 273 K)
s surr
Q A T T

1 + + + +
]
101 W
&
5
D
o
=5 cm
Garden hose
D
i
=1.6 cm, T
i
= 65C
Plastic cover
T
= 26C
Assignment 11
A simple solar collector is built by placing a 5-cm-diameter clear plastic tube
around a garden hose whose outer diameter is 1.6 cm. The hose is painted black to
maximize solar absorption, and some plastic rings are used to keep the spacing
between the hose and the clear plastic cover constant. During a clear day, the
temperature of the hose is measured to be 65C, while the ambient air temperature
is 26C. Determine the rate of heat loss from the water in the hose per meter of its
length by natural convection. Also, discuss how the performance of this solar
collector can be improved. Answer: 8.2 W
Figure P9.68
Solution:
A simple solar collector is built by placing a clear plastic tube around a garden hose. The
rate of heat loss from the water in the hose per meter of its length by natural convection is
to be determined.
properties. 3 Heat loss by radiation is negligible. 3 The air pressure in the enclosure is 1
atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the anticipated
average temperature of (T
i
+T
o
)/2 = (65+35)/2 = 50C are
(Table A-15)
1 -
2 5
K 003096 . 0
K ) 273 50 (
1 1
7228 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 798 . 1
C W/m. 02735 . 0
f
T
k

6
D
o
=5 cm
Garden hose
D
i
=1.6 cm, T
i
= 65C
Air space
Plastic cover, T
o
Water
Plastic cover
T
= 26C
Assignment 11
Analysis We assume the plastic tube temperature to be 35C. We will check this
assumption later, and repeat calculations, if necessary. The characteristic length in this case
is
cm 7 . 1
2
6 . 1 5
2

i o
c
D D
L
Then,
9768 ) 709 . 0 (
) /s m 10 80 . 1 (
) m 017 . 0 )( K 35 65 )( K 00309 . 0 )( m/s 8 . 9 (
Pr
) (
2 2 5
3 -1 2
2
3
c o i
L T T g
Ra
The effective thermal conductivity is
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
1821 . 0
m) 05 . 0 ( m) 016 . 0 ( m) 017 . 0 (
) 016 . 0 / 05 . 0 ln(
) (
) / ln(
5
3/5 - 3/5 - 3
4
5 5 / 3 5 / 3 3
4
cyl

+

o i c
i o
D D L
D D
F
[ ] C W/m. 05671 . 0 ) 9768 )( 1821 . 0 (
7228 . 0 861 . 0
7228 . 0
) C W/m. 02735 . 0 ( 386 . 0
) Ra (
Pr 861 . 0
Pr
386 . 0
4 / 1
4 / 1
4 / 1
cyl
4 / 1
eff

,
_
,
_
+
F k k
Then the rate of heat transfer between the cylinders becomes
) 65 (
) 016 . 0 / 05 . 0 ln(
) C W/m. 05671 . 0 ( 2
) (
) / ln(
2
0
eff
T T T
D D
k
Q
o i
i o

(Eq. 1)
Now we will calculate heat transfer from plastic tube to the ambient air by natural
convection. Note that we should find a result close to the value we have already calculated
since in steady operation they must be equal to each other. Also note that we neglect
radiation heat transfer. We will use the same assumption for the plastic tube temperature
(i.e., 35C). The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of
C 5 . 30 2 / ) 26 35 ( 2 / ) ( + +

T T T
s ave are
1 -
2 5
K 003295 . 0 K ) 273 5 . 30 /( 1 / 1 and , 728 . 0 Pr
/s, m 10 613 . 1 C, W/m. 02592 . 0
+

f
T
k
The characteristic length in this case is the outer diameter of the solar collector L
c
= D
o
=
0.05 m Then,
5
2 2 5
3 -1 2
2
3
10 018 . 1 ) 728 . 0 (
) /s m 10 613 . 1 (
) m 05 . 0 )( K 26 35 )( K 003295 . 0 )( m/s 81 . 9 (
Pr
) (

o s
D T T g
Ra
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
837 . 7
728 . 0 / 559 . 0 1
) 10 018 . 1 ( 387 . 0
6 . 0
Pr / 559 . 0 1
387 . 0
6 . 0
2
27 / 8
16 / 9
6 / 1 5
2
27 / 8
16 / 9
6 / 1
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
2
0
m 1571 . 0 m) 1 )( m 05 . 0 ( L D A
o
C . W/m 063 . 4 ) 837 . 7 (
m 05 . 0
C W/m. 02592 . 0
2

Nu
D
k
h
o
o
C ) 26 )( m 1571 . 0 )( C . W/m 063 . 4 ( ) (
2 2

o o o
T T T hA Q
(Eq. 2)
Solving Eq. 1 and Eq. 2 simultaneously, we find
W 8.18 C, 8 . 38 Q T
o

7
Assignment 11
Repeating the calculations at the new average temperature for enclosure analysis and at the
new film temperature for convection at the outer surface analysis using the new calculated
temperature 38.8C, we find
W 8.22 Q T
o

C, 0 . 39
8
Assignment 11
Hot water enters a double-pipe counter-flow water-to-oil heat exchanger at 220F
and leaves at 100F. Oil enters at 70F and leaves at 150F. Determine which fluid
has the smaller heat capacity rate and calculate the effectiveness of this heat
exchanger.
Solution:
Inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids in a double-pipe heat
exchanger are given. It is to be determined the fluid, which has the smaller heat
capacity rate and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger.
Analysis Hot water has the smaller heat capacity rate since it experiences a greater
temperature change. The effectiveness of this heat exchanger is determined from
0.8

F 70 F 220
F 100 F 220
) (
) (
) (
) (
, ,
, ,
, , min
, ,
max in c in h h
out h in h h
in c in h
out h in h h
T T C
T T C
T T C
T T C
Q
Q

The condenser of a large power plant is to remove 500 MW of heat from steam
condensing at 30C (h
fg
= 2430 kJ/kg). The cooling is to be accomplished by
cooling water (C
p
= 4180 J/kg C) from a nearby river, which enters the tubes at
18C and leaves at 26C. The tubes of the heat exchanger have an internal diameter
of 2 cm, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 3500 W/m
2
C. Determine the
total length of the tubes required in the condenser. What type of heat exchanger is
suitable for this task? Answer: 312.3 km
Solution:
Cooling water is used to condense the steam in a power plant. The total length of the tubes
required in the condenser is to be determined and a suitable HX type is to be proposed.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated
so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is
equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies
of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and
uniform.
9
Assignment 11
Properties The specific heat of the water is given to
be 4.18 kJ/kg.C. The heat of condensation of steam
at 30C is given to be 2430 kJ/kg.
Analysis The temperature differences between the
steam and the water at the two ends of condenser are
T T T
T T T
h in c out
h out c in
1
2
30 26
30 18

, ,
, ,
C C = 4 C
C C =12 C
and the logarithmic mean temperature difference is

( )
C 28 . 7
/12 4 ln
12 4
) / ln(
2 1
2 1

T T
T T
T
lm
The heat transfer surface area is
m 10 1.96 =
) C 28 . 7 )( C . W/m 3500 (
W 10 500
= =
2 4
2
6

lm
s
lm
s
T U
Q
A T UA Q

The total length of the tubes required in this condenser then becomes
2
19, 623 m
(0.02 m)
A
A DL L
D

312 km
A multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger is suitable in this case.
10
26C
Steam
30C
18C
Water
30C

Problem Set 11

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Problem Set 11

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ME 476 Heat Transfer

surr s s s s rad conv

)/2 = (44+20)/2 = 32C are (Table

For the top surface,

For the bottom surface,

The total heat loss by natural convection is

Copyright 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

Chapter 13, Problem 109

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