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Dissertation Titled
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IS: 800 (DRAFT) CODE & EUROCODE 3 ENV: 1993-1-1 (PART 1-1 GENERAL RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDING)
Swapnil B.Kharmale
(Roll No. CD-051061)
M. Tech. (Civil Engineering with Specialization in Structural Engineering) 2005 - 2007
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Department Of Structural Engineering

Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute.
(Autonomous Institute Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
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Guided by
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Mr. B.A. Naik
2006-2007
Submitted by
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Statement by the candidate

I wish to state that work embodied in this dissertation titled COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IS: 800 (DRAFT) CODE & EUROCODE 3 ENV: 1993-1-1(PART 1-1 GENERAL RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDING) forms my own contribution to the work carried out under the Guidance of Mr. B. A. Naik at the Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute. This work has not been submitted for any other Degree or Diploma of any University/ Institute. Wherever references have been made to previous works of others, it has been clearly indicated.
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Signature of Candidate
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It give me immense pleasure to present this report entitled
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IS: 800 (DRAFT) CODE & EUROCODE 3 ENV: 1993-1-1 (PART 1-1 GENERAL RULES AND RULES FOR BUILDING)
I wish to acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude, my indebtedness to my guide Prof.B.A.Naik for his valuable guidance. In spite of his busy schedule, he spared time, took keen interest, reviewed my work, discussed at length and gave me constant encouragement to complete this dissertation.
I am also thankful to Dr. K. G. Narayankhedkar, Director, V.J.T.I., Mumbai and Prof. M. G. Gadgil, Head, Structural Engineering Department V.J.T.I., Mumbai
On many occasions, Prof K.K.Sangle and Prof N.M.Damle took part in discussion and enlightened about the current practice in the field. I am thankful for their helpful suggestions and practical hints.
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my project work.
Last but not least, I am deeply grateful to my family members, all my friends
and well-wishers for encouraging and helping me directly or indirectly, throughout
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for extending relevant facilities during this work.
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SWAPNIL B. KHARMALE
List of tables
A.1.1 A.2.1 A.2.2 A.2.3 A.3.1 A.3.2 A.4.1 A.4.2 A.4.3 B.1.1 B.1.2 Countries and their design format Sections of IS: 800 (Draft) Appendix of IS: 800(Draft) General comparison between IS: 800-1984 and IS: 800 (Draft) Sections/chapters of Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 Annexure of Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 List of symbols used in both codes
Conventions for member axis as per IS: 800 (Draft) Conventions for member axis as per IS: 800 (Draft) Limit states
Partial safety factors for loads ( f) for different limit states as per IS: 800 (Draft) Partial safety factors for actions ( f) for persistent and transient design situation as per Eurocode 3 Design values of actions as per Eurocode 3 Partial safety factor for material property (
B.1.4 B.1.5 B.1.6 B.1.7 B.1.8 B.1.9
Partial safety factor for material property (
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axial compression bending compression compression compression
Swapnil B.Kharmale CD-051061
Classification of cross section by both codes Limiting width to thickness ratios for outstand flange element Limiting width to thickness ratios for internal flange element subjected to
B.1.910 Limiting width to thickness ratios for internal flange element subjected to
B.1.11 Limiting width to thickness ratios for web element subjected to axial
B.1.12 Limiting width to thickness ratios for web element subjected to bending
B.1.13 Limiting width to thickness ratios for angles B.1.14 Limiting width to thickness ratios for tubular sections
Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC3 i
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m) M)
B.1.3
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as per IS: 800 (Draft) as per Eurocode 3
B.6.4 B.7.1 B.7.2
Shear area Av Constant

1
( ) and
Design reduced flexural strength for plastic and compact class without bolt hole (Approximate formulae as per IS code and Eurocode)
B.7.3
Equivalent uniform moment factor Minimum edge and end distances of fasteners Slip factor f &RUUHODWLRQ IDFWRU
B.8.1 B.8.2 B.8.3 B.8.4 C.1.1 C.2.1
Strength of weld per unit length of weld as per both codes
Analysis results and load combination for design by both codes
Comparison of design capacity of various elements of FOB by both codes
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Swapnil B.Kharmale CD-051061 Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC3 iii
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B.5.10 B.6.1 B.6.2 B.6.3 B.6.4 B.6.5 B.6.6 B.6.4
Shear and moments in batten Laterally supported beam Laterally unsupported cantilever undergoing Lateral Torsional Buckling Behaviour of simply supported beam Transition from elastic to plastic stage of cross section in bending Behaviour of continuous beam Effect of shear force on Mp (Full plastic moment capacity)
Buckling B.7.1 B.7.2 B.7.3 B.8.1 B.8.2 B.8.3 B.8.4 B.8.5 B.8.6 B.8.7 B.8.8
Elastic behaviour of cross sections in compression and bending Full plasticity under axial load and moment
Full plasticity interaction major axis bending of ISHB 450 Connections in multistoryed building Simple connections
Rigid beam to column connection Symbols for spacing of fasteners Long joint
Bolted connection with four bolts
Distribution of forces in case of long joint Prying force
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C.1.1 C.1.2 Geometry of FOB
Modeling of FOB in STAAD PRO
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Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC3 v
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Deflection of simply supported beam undergoing Lateral Torsional
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Swapnil B. Kharmale CD-051061
This example shows the improvements in understanding of structural behaviour and subsequently developments in analysis and design from 1950 to till today. Thus to avail the benefits of these developments the design code of particular country should incorporate the modern analysis and design technique
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Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC 3
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maintaining Allowable Stress Design (ASD) as a transition alternative, which will help the designers to understand both the design methods and utilize the most advantageous one, and only recently the Indian Standards Institution has taken up the job of revising IS 800 to the Limit state method design which is at present at an advanced stage, with a purpose of evolving a code which will be understandable, easy to use and based on good and widely practiced structural theory to deal properly with elastic instability, dynamic loads and fatigue.
A.1.2.2 Countries and their Design Formats
Almost all advanced countries are now taking advantage of efficient code stipulations, and current practice all over the world is based on either Limit State Method (LSM) or Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).
Following table shows the various major countries and their Design Format
Table A.1.1:- Countries and their Design Formats
Countries
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United Kingdom (UK) U.S.A. India a) IS: 800-(1984) b) IS: 800 (Draft)
Australia , Canada , China , Europe ,Japan Limit State Method (LSM)
A.1.2.3 IS: 800 (Draft)
The total Draft is prepared is based on the stipulations of International Standards as applicable and Teaching Resource for Structural Steel Design of INSDAG (a committee comprising experts from IIT, SERC)
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(LRFD) 4
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Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Limit State Method
Design Formats (For Steel Structure)
Load And Resistance Factor Design
3) Comparing similarities as well as differences between both codes and also examining the efficient way of designing and if possible finding how best we can incorporate it in our code. 4) Searching limitations of both codes and if possible trying to overcome it through detailed study. 5) To document step-by step procedure for designing different types of structural elements, clearly highlighting different methodology adopted in two different
practicing engineer.
6) To study economy achieved by designing through both code.
A.1.4 Scope of the present work
IS: 800 (draft) consists of total 17 section and 9 appendices where as Eurocode 3 (ENV1993-1-1, General rules and rules for building) contains 9 sections and 10 annexure covering the specifications, standards and rule for design off steel structure. It is very vast to cover all sections in details for comparison purpose. Hence it is considered cover the basic and elementary section for in detail study purpose. The study work is broadly divided in to following three parts
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Basis Of Design Tension Member Connections
Part 1:- Comparative Study of Basic Sections by Both Codes through
This consists of studying the basis of clauses (for above mentioned sections) mentioned in both codes followed by illustrated examples by corresponding codes. 6
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Section Classification Compression Member Member Subjected To Bending
Member Subjected To Combined Forces
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countries so that it may be helpful for undergraduate student as well as
Section A:- Introduction A.2 About IS: 800 (Draft)

A.2.1 Content of IS: 800 (Draft) Following tables (Table A.2.1 and A.2.2) represent the content of IS:800
(Draft) Table A.2.1:-Sections of IS: 800 (Draft) Sections /Chapters Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 Section 9 Section10 Section11 Section12 Section13 Section14 Section15 Section16 Section17 General Materials General design requirements Methods of structural analysis Limit state design Name Of Sections/Chapters
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Appendix Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I
Design of tension member Design of compression member Design of member subjected to bending Member subjected to combined forces Connection Working load design format Design and detailing for earthquake load Fatigue Design assisted by testing Durability Fire resistance Fabrication and erection Table A.2.2:-Appendix of IS: 800 (Draft) Name Of Appendix
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Chart showing highest maximum temperature Chart showing lowest minimum temperature Advanced method of analysis and design Design against floor vibration Methods for determining effective length of columns in frame Lateral torsional buckling Connections General recommendations for steelwork tenders and contract Plastic properties of beams
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a) Elastic analysis b) Plastic analysis c) Advanced analysis The assumptions, requirements and application of each above method have been discussed in detail in this section. In addition to the above method of analysis, for the purpose of analysis and design the Classification of structural frames, Forms of constructions assumed for analysis are
2) SECTION -5 LIMIT STATE DESIGN
In this section; basis for limit state design, two limit state viz Limit state of strength and Limit state of serviceability are discussed
m)
are described in detail.
The Sections 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (considering Design of -Tension member, Compression member, Members subjected to bending, Member subjected to combined forces) deals with Limit State Design format.
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a) Tension member b) Compression member zones of IS:1893 without collapse.
3) SECTION-11 WORKING LOAD DESIGN FORMAT
This section deals with working load design format In old code design is based on
working stress method which is modified and presented under Working Load Design Format in the Draft Code This section deals with design criteria for
c) Member subjected to bending d) Member subjected to combined stresses
4) SECTION-12 DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADS
This section covers the requirements for designing and detailing of steel frames so as to give them adequate strength, stability and ductility to resist sever earthquake in all
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VWUHQJWK
strength, ultimate strength, and partial VDIHW\ IDFWRUV IRU ORDGV f) and for material
The actions (Load), classification of actions, design action, strength, design
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described.
8) SECTION-16 FIRE RESISTANCE
This newly introduced section applies to steel building elements designed to exhibit a required fire resistance level as per given specification This section include definition of related terms, different fire exposure condition, fire resistance level, periods of structural adequacy as well as the variation of mechanical properties of steel with temperature (i.e. variation of yield stress fy and modulus of elasticity Es)
Following are 3(three) newly introduced appendices:-
1) APPENDIX -C ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS (ADVANCED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN)
This appendix gives advanced structural analysis and design methods for a frame comprising members of compact section with full lateral restraints (i.e. laterally supported members) and Second Order Elastic and Design
2) APPENDIX- D DESIGN AGAINST FLOOR VIBRATION This section applicable for design of floors with longer spans and of lighter section and less damping as these structure are more sensitive to vibrations under normal
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human activities. 3) APPENDIX-G CONNECTIONS discussed
The appendix gives the determination of floor frequency, peak acceleration and
table for critical damping which required for dynamic analysis.
In this appendix requirements for design of splice (Beam splice, Column splice)
and beams to column connections as well as recommendations for their design are
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Appendices:-
a) To comply with essential Directive (CPD)
requirements of Construction Products
b) To frame harmonized technical specification for construction products
A.3.3 Scope of Eurocode 3

1) Eurocode 3 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in
2)
This Eurocode is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation are not considered.
3) Eurocode 3 does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. Rules related to such requirements are provided in ENV: 1998 Eurocode 8 "Design of structures for earthquake resistance" which complements or adapts the rules of Eurocode 3 specifically for this purpose. 4) Numerical values of the actions on buildings and civil engineering works to be taken into account in the design are not given in Eurocode 3. They are provided in ENV: 1991 Eurocode 1 "Basis of design and actions on
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1.1
structures" which is applicable to all types of construction.
A.3.3.1 Scope of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 3

1) Part 1 .l of Eurocode 3 gives a general basis for the design of buildings and civil engineering works in steel.
2) In addition, Part 1.1 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; their use and any limits of applicability are explained in the text where necessary. 3) The following subjects are dealt with in this initial version of Eurocode 3: Part
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steel. It is subdivided into various separate parts, such as 1.1.2 and 1.1.3.
Further Parts of Eurocode 3 are as follows x x x x x x x x x Part 1.2 Part 1.3 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 Part 7 Part 8 Fire resistances Cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting Bridges and plated structures Towers, masts and chimneys Tanks, silos and pipelines Piling Crane structures Marine and maritime structures Agricultural structures
A.3.4 National Application Documents (NAD) for Eurocodes
There are 18 countries following the Eurocode. The design parameter (materials, sections, climatic conditions) may vary from country to country. Therefore NAD is introduced to express the national choices depending upon the
Alternatively, National Application Documents refer to other publications that provide the information or guidance to enable the Eurocode to be used for design for design of a structure in particular country.
In this Dissertation the Eurocode 3 (ENV: 1993-1-1) together with United
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Kingdom National Application Document are used.
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corresponding design situations.
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----f
--------Partial safety factor for load for fatigue Design action Design material strength Characteristic value of material strength
G.sup
G.inf
FF
Upper value of partial safety factor for permanent action Lower value of partial safety factor for permanent action Partial safety factor for variable action Partial safety factor for accidental action Partial safety factor for action for fatigue Design action Design material strength Characteristic value of material strength Partial Safety factor for material property Partial safety factor for material property for particular governing mode of failure Partial safety factor for material property for fatigue -----
Qd Sd Sm
m
m1
mft
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nf mb
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Mf
m0
-----
Partial safety factor for material Partial safety factor for material when resistance is governed by yielding or buckling Partial safety factor for material when resistance governed by Ultimate stress. Partial safety factor for material for fatigue Partial safety factor for material strength for boltsfriction type Partial safety factor for material strength for boltsbearing type Yield Stress ratio=Iy) ---------
--
---
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Fd Xd Xk
M M
--
--
--
--Yield Stress ratio=Iy) Critical Plate buckling stress Plate buckling factor Plate slenderness Effective dimensions of Class 4 section Shift of centroidal axis when Class 4 section subjected to compression
cr
k EG
S
eN
18
D) For chapter Design Of Compression Member Pd Design compressive strength of member ------Effective sectional area No.Rd Nb.Rd Aeff NSd Nc.Rd ---Ae Design value of compressive force Design compression resistance of the cross section Design local buckling resistance of gross section Design buckling resistance of compression member Effective sectional area -Ratio of effective area in compression to gross area --Non dimensional effective slenderness ratio Buckling length Appropriate radius of gyration Effective slenderness ratio Elastic critical force Imperfection factor corresponding to appropriate buckling curve Stress reduction factor Minimum thickness of slab base Larger and smaller projection of slab base beyond rectangle circumscribing the column Equivalent non dimensional slenderness ratio for single angle strut loaded through one leg Radius of gyration about minor axis Radius of gyration about y-y axis Radius of gyration about z-z axis Effective in-plane second
fcd
KL r (KL/r) fcc
Design stress in compression Non dimensional effective slenderness ratio Appropriate effective length Appropriate radius of gyration Effective slenderness ratio Euler buckling stress
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a,b
e
w ts
Imperfection factor corresponding to appropriate buckling curve Stress reduction factor Uniform soil pressure Minimum thickness of slab base Larger and smaller projection of slab base beyond rectangle circumscribing the column Equivalent non dimensional slenderness ratio for single angle strut loaded through one leg Radius of gyration about minor axis Radius of gyration about y-y axis Radius of gyration about z-z axis ---
rvv ryy rzz --
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Ncr t ar , br
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-l i OL ivv iyy izz Ieff 20
Iyy Iw It Is
Second moment of area of section about minor axis (y-y) Warping constant Torsion constant Second moment of area intermediate transverse stiffener Second moment of area of compression flange about minor axis Second moment of area of tension flange about minor axis Non dimensional effective slenderness ratio for Lateral Torsional Buckling Slenderness ratio for Lateral Torsional Buckling Design bending compressive stress Imperfection factor for Lateral Torsional Buckling Stress reduction factor for Lateral Torsional Buckling Elastic critical moment Factored shear force Nominal plastic shear resistance under pure shear Design shear strength of section Shear area Non-dimensional web slenderness ratio Elastic critical shear strength Buckling factor for shear Clear spacing between transverse stiffeners Depth of web (For plate Girder) Design shear buckling strength of section by Simple post- critical method Buckling strength of web
Izz Iw It Is
Ifc
Ifc
Ift
LT
(KL/r) fbd
LT
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LT LT
LT
Mcr V Vn Vp Av
w
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cr
kv c
Vcr
b
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Ift
/7
LT
Second moment of area of section about minor axis (zz) Warping constant Torsion constant Second moment of area intermediate transverse stiffener Second moment of area of compression flange about minor axis Second moment of area of tension flange about minor axis Non dimensional effective slenderness ratio for Lateral Torsional Buckling Slenderness ratio for Lateral Torsional Buckling=(l/i)z.
Mcr VSd --
Imperfection factor for Lateral Torsional Buckling Stress reduction factor for Lateral Torsional Buckling Elastic critical moment Design value of shear force --Design plastic resistance of cross section Shear area Web slenderness Elastic critical shear strength Buckling factor for shear Clear spacing between transverse stiffeners Depth of web (For plate Girder) Design shear buckling resistance of section by Simple post- critical method Simple post-critical shear strength
Vpl.Rd Av
:
cr
kt a d Vba.Rd
ba
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diagram between lateral bracing points in the appropriate plane of bending
diagram between lateral bracing points in the appropriate plane of bending
G)For Chapter Connection
d e -Vnsb nn
Nominal diameter of the fastener Edge distance ---
do e Fv.Sd
Nominal diameter of the fastener Edge distance Design shear force per bolt Design shear resistance per bolt ---
ns Asb Anb tpk Vnpb Tnb fub fyb
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--tp -----Fs.Rd n 24
Nominal shear capacity of a bolt Number of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane Number of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane Nominal plain shank area of the bolt Net tensile area at threads Thickness of the thicker packing Bearing strength of a bolt
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Asb Shank area of the bolt Vnsf f ne
Nominal tensile capacity of the bolt Ultimate tensile stress of the bolt Yield stress of the bolt
Nominal shear capacity of a bolt as governed by slip for friction type connection Coefficient of friction (slip factor) Number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip
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Fv.Rd --------Thickness of plate -----------
Design slip resistance
Coefficient of friction (slip factor Number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip
Unless otherwise specified convention used for member axes is as follows: Table A.4.2:- Convention for member axes as per IS: 800 (Draft)
Axis x-x y-y Along the member An axis of the cross section x z-z x
Description
Axis perpendicular to the flanges Axis perpendicular to smaller leg in angle section
An axis of the cross section x x
Axis parallel to flanges
Axis parallel to smaller leg in angle section
u-u v-v
Major axis (when it does not coincide with y-y or z-z axis)
As per Eurocode 3
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Minor axis (when it does not coincide with y-y or z-z axis)
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A.4.4 Notes: 1. In this dissertation whenever the term both codes appears it indicate that IS: 800 (Draft) and Eurocode 3 2. EC 3 is a short form of Eurocode 3 3. In this dissertation while discussing the common theory under different chapter the term in bracket () in front of the symbols or terms as per IS: 800 (Draft) means the equivalent symbols or terms as per Eurocode 3
per IS: 800 (Draft) and Class 1 is equivalent term as per Eurocode 3
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For e.g.:- Plastic (Class1):- Here Plastic is term used for cross section type as
overlap, shaded area, the effect of the loads is greater than the resistance of the element, and the element will fail. shown by the shaded area, the effect of the loads is greater than the resistance of the element, and the element will fail.
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Swapnil B Kharmale CD-051061 30 Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) &EC3
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x x
Failure by excessive deformation, rupture of the structure or any of its parts or components. Fracture due to fatigue.
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x x members.
Swapnil B Kharmale CD-051061
The limit state of serviceability include:-(See figure B.1.4 below) Deformation and deflections, which may adversely affect the appearance or, effective, use of the structure or may cause improper functioning of equipment or services or may cause damages to finishes and non-structural
Vibrations in the structure or any of its components causing discomfort to people, damages to the structure, its contents or which may limit its functional effectiveness. Special consideration shall be given to floor vibration systems
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32 Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) &EC3
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Design value of action:As per IS: 800 (Draft) (clause 5.3.1) 4G 4FN
IN
(I.B.1.01)
As per Eurocode 3 (clause 2.2.2.4. (1))
)G
I) N
(E.B.1.01)
Qck=Characteristic actions
Fd= Design value of action as per Eurocode 3

f
= Partial safety factor for loads
Fk= Characteristic actions
As per IS: 800 (Draft) (clause 5.4.1)
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6G 6X
P
Design value of material property:-
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;G
m m=
As per Eurocode 3(clause 2.2.3.1.(1))
Where Sd= Design value of material property as per IS:800 (Draft) =Partial safety factor for material strength Su=Characteristic material strength Xd= Design value of material property as per Eurocode 3 Partial safety factor for material strength Xu= Characteristic material strength Partial safety factors ( ):The LSM approach is reliability based design criteria in which partial safety factors ( ) are to be evaluated for given target (Safety index) Both the partial
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(I.B.1.02)
;X
P
Where, Qd=Design value of action as per IS:800 (Draft) Jfk = Partial safety factor for loads
(E.B.1.02)
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Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) &EC3
As per Eurocode 3 (Table 2.2 of Eurocode 3) Table B.1.3:-Partial safety factor for actions on structures for persistent and transient design situation as per Eurocode 3 Effect For Permanent Action ( Favourable effect
F.inf G)
For Variable Action(

Leading variable action
Q)
Accompanying variable action
1.0
Unfavourable effect
F.sup
Combination of actions as per Eurocode 3(Clause 2.3.2.2)
Table B.1.4:-Design values of action as per Eurocode 3 Design situation Persistent and Transient Accidental Permanent Action Gd
GGk
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Leading variable action
QQk GAGk 1Qk
M * M
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*
N M
The design values given in above table shall be combined using the following rules Persistent and transient design situation
4
Accidental design situation
*$ M
where, Gk.j
= the characteristic values of the permanent actions = the characteristic value of one of the variable actions = the characteristic values of other of the variable actions = the design value (specified value) of the accidental action
Qk.1 Qk. i Ad
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1.35 1.5 Variable Action Qd
Accompanying variable action
0 QQk
1.5
Accidental Action Ad -
2Qk
AAk
N
L!
*L
NL
(E.B.1.03)
* $
N M G

N
L!
L
NL
(E.B.1.03)
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Moreover as per Eurocode 3 for Permanent actions where the coefficient of variation is large or where the actions are likely to vary during the life of the structure (e.g. for some superimposed permanent loads), two characteristic values are distinguished, an upper (Gk.sup) and a lower (Gk,inf) by using respective partial safety factor
G.sup
and
G.inf
(Clause
Partial safety factor for material property
2.2.2.2.(2) of Eurocode 3)
m)
Sl. No 1 2 3 4 i. ii. iii. iv.
Definition
Resistance, governed by yielding
Resistance of member to buckling Resistance, governed by ultimate stress m1 Resistance of connection Bolts-Friction Type, Bolts-Bearing Type, Rivets Welds
mf
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m1 mb
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Definition Partial safety factor for steel
As per Eurocode 3 (Table 1 of NAD) Table B.1.6:- Partial safety factor for material property Symbol
M0
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m)
As per IS: 800 (Draft) (Table 5.2 of IS:800 (Draft))
Table B.1.5:- Partial safety factor for material property
as per IS:800 (Draft)
Partial Safety Factor 1.10 1.10
m0
m0
1.25
Shop Fabrications
Field Fabrications
1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
1.25 1.25 1.25 1.50
m)
as per Eurocode 3 Value 1.10
Condition Resistance of Class 1,2,3 section
M1 M1
Resistance of Class 4 section Resistance buckling of member to
1.10 1.10
M2
Resistance of net section at bolt hole
1.25
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B.1.3.1 Classification of Cross Section by both codes:Following table shows the classification of cross section by IS: 800 (Draft) and Eurocode 3. The classification is same just the nomenclature is different.
Table B.1.7:-Classification of cross section by both codes (Refer Fig B.1.1) Section Classification as per IS:800 (Draft) Plastic Eurocode 3 Class 1 Definitions Cross section which can develop plastic hinge
Compact
Class 2
Semi-compact
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Slender
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Class 3 local buckling. Class 4
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mechanism rotation capacity for formation of a plastic mechanism. Cross section in which extreme fiber in even before reaching yield stress.
and have the sufficient rotation capacity required for failure of structure by formation of plastic
Cross section which can develop plastic moment of resistance but have inadequate plastic hinge
compression can reach yield stress but cant develop the plastic moment of resistance due to
Cross section in which element buckle locally
How the limiting width to thickness ratios are decided for particular class of section for that behaviour of plate element in compression should be reviewed
B.1.3.4 Behaviour of plate elements in compression

For a plate element with an aspect ratio, a = a/b (length-to-width), greater than about 0.8, the elastic critical buckling stress (Euler buckling stress) is given by:
Where k =The plate buckling factor It depends on o a)Edge condition
o b) Aspect ratio a/b of plate element o c) Nature of loading Poissons coefficient, E =Youngs modulus.
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The critical buckling stress is proportional to (t/b) 2 and, therefore, is inversely
proportional to (b/t)2. The plate slenderness, or width-to-thickness ratio (b/t), thus
plays a similar role to the slenderness ratio (KL/r or l/i) for column buckling. To avoid the local buckling phenomenon
cr fy
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(

Now from equation (B.1.02) and (B.1.03) we can write
*2 From equation (9.7) of Theory of Elastic stability By:-S.P.Timoshenko &J.M.Gere
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FU
(

W E
*2
(B.1.02)
(B.1.03)
W E
I\
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Table B.1.8 Limiting width to thickness ratio for outstand flange element Compression Element:-Outstand Flange subjected to axial and or bending compression
Compression Element:-Internal Flange Element subjected to axial compression
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Code Stress ratio Section
IS:800(Draft) Eurocode 3
=(250/fy) =(235/fy)
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Rolled Welded Rolled Welded Plastic / Class 1 N.A. N.A. (c-3tf)/tf c/tf
44
Plastic / Compact / Semi-compact Class 1 Class2 /Class 3 Rolled b/tf b/tf b/tf =(250/fy) IS:800(Draft) Welded b/tf b/tf b/tf Rolled c/tf c/tf c/tf =(235/fy) Eurocode 3 Welded c/tf9 c/tf c/tf Table B.1. 9 Limiting width to thickness ratio for internal flange element subjected to axial compression
Code
Stress ratio
Section
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Compact / Class2 N.A. N.A. (c-3tf)/tf c/tf
Semi-compact /Class 3 b/tf b/tf (c-3tf)/tf c/tf
Table B.1.12 Limiting width to thickness ratio for web element subjected to bending compression Compression Element:-Web (internal) subjected to bending compression
Code
Yield Stress ratio =(250/fy) =(235/fy)
Section Any Any
Table B.1.13 Limiting width to thickness ratio for Angles Compression Element:-Angles subjected to axial compression
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Code
Yield Stress ratio =(250/fy)
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Section Rolled Plastic / Class 1 N.A. Rolled N.A.
46
=(235/fy)
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Plastic / Class 1 d/tw d/tw Compact / Class2 d/tw d/tw Compact / Class2 N.A. N.A.
Semi-compact /Class 3 d/tw d/tw
Semi-compact /Class 3 b/t d/t (b+d)/t h/t (b+h)/2t
As per Eurocode 3 (Clause 5.3.5) The effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-sections shall be based on the effective widths of the compression elements (see 5.3.2 (2)). The effective widths of flat compression elements should be obtained using Table B.1.15 (As per Table 5.3.2 and 53.3 of Eurocode 3) for internal elements and outstand elements respectively. As an approximation, the reduction factor
ZKHQ ZKHQ
S
ZKHUH
=The relevant thickness

cr=The
7KH EXFNOLQJ IDFWRU FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH VWUHVV UDWLR table 5.3.3 of Eurocode 3 as appropriate
critical plate buckling stress
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48
In which
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And
E LV WKH DSSURSULDWH ZLGWK E E E E G IRU ZHEV E F IRU RXWVWDQG IODQJHV E W IRU IODQJHV RI 5+6
F IRU LQWHUQDO IODQJH HOHPHQWV
E K RU E K IRU XQHTXDO OHJ DQJOHV
E K IRU HTXDO OHJ DQJOHV
To determine the effective widths of flange elements, the stress ratio
table B.1.15 (i.e. table 5.3.2 or table 5.3.3 of Eurocode 3) may be based on the properties of the gross cross-section.
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S

may be obtained as follows:

S S

!
3ODWH VOHQGHUQHVV I\ EW N
(E.B.1.08)
FU
IURP table 5.3.2 or
used from
(Continued)
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Designa tion
c/s Area mm2
Width to thick. Type of class as Sectional dimension bf tf tw h2 ratios for h per IS :800(Draft) mm mm mm mm mm flange 50 50 75 80 90 100 100 125 140 150 165 165 165 170 180 190 210 75 75 80 90 100 110 125 140 140 140 150 5 6.4 6.5 6.8 6.9 7.3 8.6 8.2 8.8 9.4 9.8 11 13 13 14 15 16 7.2 7.6 7.6 8.6 11 12 13 12 14 16 17 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 400 450 500 550 600 3.7 4 4.4 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.7 7 7.4 8 8.6 9.2 9.9 11 11.7 13.5 14.8 16.6 16.7 17.2 22.4 23.7 25.7 27.5 29.3 30.9 31.9 33 34.9 37 39.9 17.5 17.9 18.1 20.3 23.7 25.9 28 29.3 31 32.8 35.4 5 3.906 5.769 5.882 6.522 6.849 5.814 7.622 7.955 7.979 8.418 7.237 6.6 6.343 6.383 6.333 6.774 web 13.973 18.25 21.682 24.354 27.765 30.685 31.086 33.213 34.953 36.582 38.071 38.959 42.025 44.651 46.761 48.091 49.543 flange Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic web Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic
Type of class as per EC 3 flange web Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1
Remarks on whole section as per IS:800 (Draft) Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic EC 3 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1
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ISMB 100 ISMB 125 ISMB 150 ISMB 175 ISMB 200 ISMB 225 ISMB 250 ISMB 300 ISMB 350 ISMB 400 ISMB 450
14.6 16.6 19 24.62 32.33 39.72 47.55 56.26 66.71 78.46 92.27
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100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 400 450 4 4.4 4.8 5.5 5.7 6.5 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.9 9.4 5.208 4.934 5.263 5.233 4.63 4.661 5 5.645 4.93 4.375 4.31 16.25 20.273 23.729 24.455 26.789 26.662 28.13 32.2 35.556 37.573 40.34 Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic
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ISLB 75 ISLB 100 ISLB 125 ISLB 150 ISLB 175 ISLB 200 ISLB 225 ISLB 250 ISLB 275 ISLB 300 ISLB 325 ISLB 350 ISLB 400 ISLB 450 ISLB 500 ISLB 550 ISLB 600
7.71 10.21 15.12 18.08 21.3 25.27 29.92 35.53 42.02 48.08 54.9 63.01 72.43 83.14 95.5 110 126.7
Comparative study of IS:800 (Draft) and EC3
Designa tion
c/s Area mm2
Width to thick. Type of class as Sectional dimension bf tf tw h2 ratios for h per IS :800(Draft) mm mm mm mm mm flange 250 250 250 250 250 250 12 12 13 13 14 14 350 350 400 400 450 450 8.3 10 9.1 11 9.8 11 27 27 29.9 29.9 31.9 31.9 10.78 10.78 9.843 9.843 9.124 9.124 web flange web Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic
Type of class as per EC 3 flange web Class3 Class3 Class2 Class2 Class1 Class1
Remarks on whole section as per IS:800 (Draft) EC 3 Class3 Class3 Class2 Class2 Class1 Class1
ISHB 350 ISHB 350 ISHB 400 ISHB 400 ISHB 450 ISHB 450
85.91 92.21 98.66 104.7 111.1 117.9
35.663 Semicompact 29.307 Semicompact 37.385 Compact 32.094 Compact 39.408 Plastic 34.177 Plastic
Class1 Semicompact Class1 Semicompact Class1 Compact Class1 Compact Class1 Plastic Class1 Plastic
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55 Comparative study of IS:800 (Draft) and EC3
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Designation ISA(d x b x t) ISA(h x b x t)
Cross Width to thickness Section Classification Effective c/sdimensions Sect. Area
ratios for as per Comb Long Short leg leg of both IS:800 (d/t) (b/t) (d+b)/t (Draft) (h/t) 7.5 16.7 12.5 10.0 8.3 12.0 10.0 7.5 13.0 10.8 8.1 14.0 11.7 8.8 7.0 15.0 12.5 9.4 7.5 16.0 13.3 10.0 8.0 15.0 11.3 9.0 16.7 (b/t) (h+b)/t 5.0 10.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 8.0 6.7 5.0 9.0 7.5 5.6 9.0 7.5 5.6 4.5 10.0 8.3 6.3 5.0 10.0 8.3 6.3 5.0 10.0 7.5 6.0 10.8 12.5 26.7 20.0 16.0 13.3 20.0 16.7 12.5 22.0 18.3 13.8 23.0 19.2 14.4 11.5 25.0 20.8 15.6 12.5 26.0 21.7 16.3 13.0 25.0 18.8 15.0 27.5 Semi-compact Slender Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Slender Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Slender
EC3
cm ISA 45x30x6 ISA 50x30x3 ISA 50x30x4 ISA 50x30x5 ISA 50x30x6 ISA 60x40x5 ISA 60x40x6 ISA 60x40x8 ISA 65x45x5 ISA 65x45x6 ISA 65x45x8 ISA 70x45x5 ISA 70x45x6 ISA 70x45x8 ISA 70x45x10 ISA 75x50x5 ISA 75x50x6 ISA 75x50x8 ISA 75x50x10 ISA 80x50x5 ISA 80x50x6 ISA 80x50x8 ISA 80x50x10 ISA 90x60x6 ISA 90x60x8 ISA 90x60x10 ISA 100x65x6
for Slender /Class 4 Sections as per IS:800(Draft) EC3 deff beff K E mm mm mm
Eff. Cross sectional area Aeff in axial compression and UDWLR A = (Aeff/A) As per IS:800(Draft)
2 A
Eurocode 3
mm Aeff cm 4.16 2.16 3.07 3.78 4.47 4.76 5.65 7.37 5.26 6.25 8.17 5.52 6.56 8.58 10.52 6.02 7.16 9.38 11.52 6.00 7.46 9.78 12.02 8.65 11.37 14.01 8.64
Aeff cm2 4.16 2.07 3.07 3.78 4.47 4.76 5.65 7.37 5.26 6.25 8.17 5.31 6.56 8.58 10.52 5.57 7.16 9.38 11.52 5.65 7.46 9.78 12.02 8.02 11.37 14.01 9.08
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4.16 2.34 3.07 3.78 4.47 4.76 5.65 7.37 5.26 6.25 8.17 5.52 6.56 8.58 10.52 6.02 7.16 9.38 11.52 6.27 7.46 9.78 12.02 8.65 11.37 14.01 9.55
Class 3 Class 4 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 4 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 4 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 4 Class 3 Class 3 Class 3 Class 4 Class 3 Class 3 Class 4
47.1
27.9
42.1
30
66.2
45
66.5
50
78.5
46.5
68
50
79.7
60
94.2
55.8
92.3
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1.00 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90
1.00 0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.95
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ratios for as per Comb Long Short leg leg of both IS:800 (d/t) (b/t) (d+b)/t (Draft) (h/t) (b/t) (h+b)/t
EC3
cm
for Slender /Class 4 Sections as per IS:800(Draft) EC3 deff beff K E mm mm mm
2 A
Eurocode 3
mm Aeff cm
Aeff cm2
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Equal Leg Angle Section:ISA 20x20x3 1.11 6.7 ISA 20x20x4 1.44 5.0 ISA 25x25x3 1.41 8.3 ISA 25x25x4 1.84 6.3 ISA 25x25x5 2.25 5.0 ISA 30x30x3 1.71 10.0 ISA 30x30x4 2.24 7.5 ISA 30x30x5 2.75 6.0 ISA 35x35x3 2.01 11.7 ISA 35x35x4 2.64 8.8 ISA 35x35x5 3.25 7.0 ISA 35x35x6 3.84 5.8 ISA 40x40x3 2.31 13.3 ISA 40x40x4 3.04 10.0 ISA 40x40x5 3.75 8.0 ISA 40x40x6 4.44 6.7 ISA 45x45x3 2.61 15.0 ISA 45x45x4 3.44 11.3 ISA 45x45x5 4.25 9.0 ISA 45x45x6 5.04 7.5 ISA 50x50x3 2.91 16.7 ISA 50x50x4 3.84 12.5 ISA 50x50x5 4.75 10.0 ISA 50x50x6 5.64 8.3 ISA 55x55x5 5.25 11.0 ISA 55x55x6 6.24 9.2
6.7 5.0 8.3 6.3 5.0 10.0 7.5 6.0 11.7 8.8 7.0 5.8 13.3 10.0 8.0 6.7 15.0 11.3 9.0 7.5 16.7 12.5 10.0 8.3 11.0 9.2
13.3 10.0 16.7 12.5 10.0 20.0 15.0 12.0 23.3 17.5 14.0 11.7 26.7 20.0 16.0 13.3 30.0 22.5 18.0 15.0 33.3 25.0 20.0 16.7 22.0 18.3
Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Slender Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Slender Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Slender Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact
Class3 Class3 Class3 Class3 Class3 Class3 Class3 Class3 Class4 Class3 Class3 Class3 Class4 Class3 Class3 Class3 Class4 Class4 Class3 Class3 Class4 Class4 Class3 Class3 Class3 Class3
33.5
33.5
37.5
37.5
38
38
37.5
37.5
39.9 44.6
39.9 44.6
37.5
37.5
41.3 49.4
41.3 49.4
1.11 1.44 1.41 1.84 2.25 1.71 2.24 2.75 2.01 2.64 3.25 3.84 2.16 3.04 3.75 4.44 2.16 3.44 4.25 5.04 2.16 3.84 4.75 5.64 5.25 6.24
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.74 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.11 1.44 1.41 1.84 2.25 1.71 2.24 2.75 1.92 2.64 3.25 3.84 2.19 3.04 3.75 4.44 2.30 3.41 4.25 5.04 2.39 3.79 4.75 5.64 5.25 6.24
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.82 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
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ratios for as per Comb Long Short leg leg of both IS:800 (d/t) (b/t) (d+b)/t (Draft) (h/t) 12.5 10.0 8.3 13.8 11.0 9.2 7.3 16.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 15.0 12.5 10.0 8.3 20.0 16.7 13.3 11.1 (b/t) (h+b)/t 12.5 10.0 8.3 13.8 11.0 9.2 7.3 16.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 15.0 12.5 10.0 8.3 20.0 16.7 13.3 11.1 25.0 20.0 16.7 27.5 22.0 18.3 14.7 32.5 26.0 21.7 17.3 30.0 25.0 20.0 16.7 40.0 33.3 26.7 22.2 Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Slender Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Slender Slender Semi-compact Semi-compact Slender Semi-compact Semi-compact Semi-compact Slender Slender Slender Semi-compact
EC3
cm ISA100x100x8 ISA100x100x10 ISA100x100x12 ISA110x110x8 ISA110x110x10 ISA110x110x12 ISA110x110x15 ISA130x130x8 ISA130x130x10 ISA130x130x12 ISA130x130x15 ISA150x150x10 ISA150x150x12 ISA150x150x15 ISA150x150x18 ISA200x200x10 ISA200x200x12 ISA200x200x15 ISA200x200x18
for Slender /Class 4 Sections as per IS:800(Draft) EC3 deff beff K E mm mm mm 99.1
2 A
Eurocode 3
mm Aeff cm 99.1 15.36 19.00 22.56 15.36 21.00 24.96 30.75 15.36 24.00 29.76 36.75 24.00 34.56 42.75 50.76 24.00 34.56 54.00 68.76
Aeff cm2 15.22 19.00 22.56 15.81 21.00 24.96 30.75 16.83 24.12 29.76 36.75 25.58 34.15 42.75 50.76 27.96 38.23 54.84 68.76
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125 125 150 187.5
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15.36 19.00 22.56 16.96 21.00 24.96 30.75 20.16 25.00 29.76 36.75 29.00 34.56 42.75 50.76 39.00 46.56 57.75 68.76
Class4 Class3 Class3 Class4 Class3 Class3 Class3 Class4 Class4 Class3 Class3 Class4 Class4 Class3 Class3 Class4 Class4 Class4 Class3
100
100
102.8 102.8
100 125
100 125
109.2 109.2 125.6 125.6
125
132.9 132.9 148.3 148.3
125 144.8 144.8 150 165.3 165.3 187.5 190.3 190.3
1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.62 0.74 0.94 1.00
0.99 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.83 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.72 0.82 0.95 1.00
Remarks:-1)From table it is observed that the angle section of Slender class /Class4 are not fully utilising its gross sectional area KHQFH A<1) in axial compression. The thickness of such section should be increased to make it semicompact /Class 3 2) IS:800 (Draft) dose not clearly specifies how to calculate the effective dimensions for slender class.In this table the dimensions are calculated considering the limiting width-to-thickness ratio for semi-compact class On the other hand Eurocode 3 clearly specifies the procedure for calculating the effective dimensions for Class 4 (See Clause 5.3.5 of EC3)
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Table B.2.1 Physical properties of structural steel (With reference to clause 2.2.4.1 of IS: 800 (Draft) and Clause 3.2.5 of Eurocode 3 Physical Properties Unit mass of steel Modulus of elasticity Poisson ratio Modulus of rigidity Coefficient of thermal expansion Mechanical Properties As per IS:800 (Draft) =7850 kg/m3 E=2x105N/mm2 0.3 G=E/[2(1+ )] =0.769 x105 N/mm2 -6 o t=12 u 10 / C As per Eurocode 3 =7850 kg/m3 E=2.1x105N/mm2 0.3 G=E/[2(1+ )] =0.810 x105 N/mm2 -6 o t=12 u 10 / C (For T<100o C)
The principal mechanical properties of the structural steels important in design, are the yield stress, fy, the tensile or ultimate stress, fu, the maximum percent elongation on a standard gauge length and notch toughness. Except the notch toughness others are determined by conducting tensile tests on samples cut from the plates, sections etc. These properties for the common steel products of different specifications are summarized in following tables As per IS: 800 (Draft):-
Table 2.1 of IS: 800 (Draft) give the mechanical properties of structural steel
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general structural purpose. As per Eurocode 3 The designation consists of:
x Swapnil B.Kharmale CD-051061
From which here only those specifications are mentioned which are required for
This standard specifies the requirements for long products (such as sections
and bars) and flat products (such as plate, sheet and strip) of hot-rolled non-alloy general purpose (base) and quality steels. These steels are intended for use in welded, bolted and riveted structures for service at ambient temperature. Designation of the Steels in Eurocode 3
The number of the European standard (EN 10025).
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TABLE B. 2.3 Tensile properties of structural steel by IS: 800 (Draft) for general purpose (TABLE 2.1 Section 2.2.4.2 of IS: 800 (Draft))
Grade / Classificatio n Properties Yield Stress, MPa (Min)
d or t < 20 20<d or t<40 d or t > 40
SR. NO.
Specificati ons No.
Particulars
Ultimate Tensile Stress, MPa, (Min)
Elongation Percent (Min)
IS:20621999
Specification of steel for general structural purposes
A/ Fe410WA B/ Fe410WB C/ Fe410WC
250 250 250
240 240 240
230 230 230
410 410 410
23 23 23
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Particulars Grade / Classificatio n
TABLE B. 2.4 Tensile properties of structural steel by IS: 800 (Draft) for fasteners (TABLE 2.1 Section 2.2.4.2 of IS: 800 (Draft))
Properties Ultimate Tensile Stress, MPa, (Min) Elongation Percent (Min) SR. No.
*
Specificatio n No.
r
3.6 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9
65
Yield Stress, MPa (Min)
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IS: 13671991 (ISO 898)
Specifications of fasteners-threaded steel for technical supply conditions
180 240 320 300 400 480 640 720 900 1080
300 400 400 500 500 600 800 900 1000 1200
25 22 14 20 10 8 12 10 9 8
Table B.2.5:-The nominal values of yield strength fy and ultimate tensile stress fu for hot rolled steel (Table 3.1 of Eurocode 3)
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(Continued)
Swapnil B.Kharmale CD-051061 67 Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) &EC3
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Section B: - Study of Both Code B.3 Analysis and Design Requirements

B.3.1 Analysis (Calculation of internal forces, moment or Action effects) The section 4 of IS: 800 (Draft) and section 5.2 of Eurocode 3 specify the method analysis. As both codes use LSM approach of design (which utilizes reserve strength in plastic region) therefore method of analysis mentioned in both codes are same. Here these methods are discussed in short
i.
The internal forces and moments in a statically determinate structure shall be obtained using statics.
ii.
The internal forces and moments in a statically indeterminate structure may generally be determined using either: x x
Elastic global analysis (as per 4.4 of IS:800 (Draft) &5.2.1.3 of Eurocode 3)
Plastic global analysis (as per 4.5 of IS:800 (Draft) &5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3)
iii. iv.
Elastic global analysis may be used in all cases. Plastic global analysis may be used only where the member cross-sections satisfy the requirements (specified in 4.5.2. of IS: 800 (Draft) & 5.2.7 and 5.3.3 of Eurocode 3) and the steel material satisfies the requirements (specified in 4.5.2. of IS:800 (Draft) & 3.2.2.2of Eurocode 3. When the global analysis is carried out by applying the loads in a series of increments, it may be assumed to be sufficient, in the case of building structures, to adopt simultaneous proportional increases of all loads.
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v. Effects of deformations i. x x ii.
The internal forces and moments may generally be determined using either: First order theory, using the initial geometry of the structure.
Second order theory, taking into account the influence of the deformation of the structure.
First order theory may be used for the global analysis in the following cases:
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B.3.2 Method of analysis
When a plastic method of analysis is used, all of the following conditions of this section shall be satisfied, unless adequate ductility of the structure and plastic rotation capacity of its members and connections are established for the design loading conditions by other means of evaluation: a) The yield stress for the grade of the steel used shall not exceed 450 MPa as per IS:800 (Draft) (Here Eurocode 3 doesnt specify a significant value but mention that steel grades listed in Table 3.1 may be accepted for plastic
b) The stress-strain characteristics of the steel shall not be significantly
different from those obtained from Standard Test Result, and shall be such as to ensure moment redistribution.
(i) The stress strain diagram has a plateau at the yield stress, extending for at least six times the yield strain;
of the steel is not less than 1.2
(iii) The elongation on a gauge length complying with IS: 2062 is not less than 15%; and
(iv) The steel exhibits strain-hardening capability.
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and section. analysis.
c) The members used shall be hot-rolled or fabricated using hot-rolled plates
d) The cross section of members not containing plastic hinges should be compact unless the members meet the strength requirements from elastic
e) Where plastic hinges occur in a member, the proportions of its cross section should not exceed the limiting values for plastic section
f) The cross section should be symmetrical about its axis perpendicular to the axis of the plastic hinge rotation. g) The members shall not be subject to impact loading, requiring fracture assessment or fluctuating loading, requiring a fatigue assessment.
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(ii) The ratio of the tensile strength to the yield stress specified for the grade
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analysis in which maximum Grade had yield stress 460 Mpa.)
Maximum eff. SI.No. Member slenderness ratio(KL/r) 6 Member always under tension* (Other than pretensioned member) 400
* Tension member, such as bracings, pretensioned to avoid sag, need not satisfy the maximum As per Eurocode 3
Eurocode 3 doesnt specify such maximum slenderness ratio for structural member. But United Kingdom National Application Document (NAD)** which used along with Eurocode 3 gives the guideline about maximum slenderness ratio.
Table B.3.2 Maximum effective slenderness ratios as per NAD (UK) of Eurocode 3
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SI.No.
1 2 3
For members resisting loads other than wind loads For members resisting self weight and wind loads For any member normally acting as a tie but subject to reversal stress resulting from the action of wind
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** NAD of UK takes the references of BS: 5950:Part1 here the above table is as per reference of BS:
5950:Part1:1990 and BS: 5950:Part1:2000 omitted the maximum slenderness ratio requirements.
About maximum values of effective slenderness ratios of structural member The restrictions or limitations on maximum effective slenderness ratios are
meant for transportation, erection and fabrication feasibility of structural member. There is reduction in capacity of compression member with increase in slenderness also lesser slenderness or limited slenderness result in unnecessary large cross
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180 250 350
slenderness ratios limit.
Maximum eff. slenderness ratio
Table B.3.3. Deflection limits other than for pitched roof portal frame (Table 5.3 of IS: 800 (Draft))
Type of building Deflection Design Load Member Supporting Maximum Deflection
Live load Live load Live load Live load Live load
Purlin Simple span Cantilever Simple span Cantilever
Vertical
Live load Live load Crane load Crane load Crane load
(Manual operation) (Electric operation up to 50 t) (Electric operation over 50 t)
Industrial building
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Crane (Vertical) + Roof load Moving load No cranes No cranes
(Charge cars, etc.)
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Lateral Crane + wind Crane Crane Other Buildings Vertical Live load Live load
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Simple span Cantilever Gantry Gantry Gantry Gantry Gantry Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Column Column Gantry (lateral)
Elastic cladding Masonry/brittle cladding Crane Relative between rails Gantry (pendent operated) Gantry (cab operated) Not susceptible to cracking Susceptible to cracking
Roof cladding Brittle cladding Brittle cladding Elastic cladding Elastic cladding Floor Floor
Span / 150 Span / 240 Span / 120 Span / 180 Span / 90
Span / 300 Span / 150 Span / 500 Span / 750
Span / 1000
Inward 12 mm Outward 25 mm Span / 600 Height / 150 Height / 240 Span / 400 10 mm Height / 100 Height / 240 Span / 300 Span / 360
Column/frame Column/frame Floors & roofs Floor & Roof
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Table B.3.4. Recommended limiting values of vertical deflections (Table 4.1 of Eurocode 3) Limits
max 2
Condition Roofs generally Roofs frequently carrying personnel other than for maintenance Floors generally L/250 L/250 L/250 L/200
L/250 L/300 L/300 L/350
Floors and roofs supporting plaster or other brittle finish or non-flexible partitions Floors supporting columns
deflection has been included in the global analysis for the ultimate limit state) Where building
max
can impair the appearance of the
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Comment on the maximum limit of maximum vertical deflection of floor by both code
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FDPEHU
1
Referring to limits on vertical deflections of floor by both code (see underlined
cell in Table B.3.3 and Table B.3.4)) it observed the IS:800 (Draft) code limits are more stringent than Eurocode 3 this is because Eurocode 3 include provision of preLQ FDOFXODWLRQ RI PD[LPXP YHUWLFDO GHIOHFWLRQ
max
E(Modulus of Elasticity) of steel is higher (i.e. Es=2.1 x105 N/mm2) .The IS: 800(Draft) also have provision for pre-camber but doesnt specify the limit on maximum vertical deflection considering pre-camber.
Horizontal deflection For buildings the recommended limits for horizontal deflections at the tops of the columns are:
lar
(unless the L/400 L/250
L/500
---
and also value of
Section B: - Study of Both Code B.4 Design of Tension Member

B.4.1 General Steel tension member are probably the most common and efficient member. These are efficient because the entire cross section is subjected to almost uniform stress*1 (In other word whole cross sectional area is utilized). Tension members are linear members in which axial forces act so as to elongate (stretch) the member. A
fail by buckling. Hence their design is not affected by classification of cross section. The strength of these members is influenced by several factors such as length of connection, size and spacing of fasteners, net area of cross section, and type of fabrication, connection eccentricity, and shear lag at the end connection.
B.4.2 Cross section of tension member
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* It is generally assumed that the distribution of stresses in cross-sections of members subjected to axial tensile forces is uniform. However, there are some parameters like residual stresses and connection which result in a non-uniform distribution of stresses Swapnil B.Kharmale CD-051061 79 Comparative study of IS:800 (Draft) &EC3
1
te
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rope, for example, is a tension member. Unlike compression members, they do not
B.4.3.2 Connections (Effect of holes on tension capacity*2)
Connections are generally made either by bolting or welding. When several members have to be connected, additional plates must be used which introduce secondary effects due to the moments developed. Sometimes it is possible to reduce these local eccentricities by varying the weld lengths or the bolt distribution.
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For xtR
R
2
In addition, the holes that are needed to fix the bolt significantly distort the ideal behaviour of the cross-section. Firstly, there is an area reduction that has to be taken into account and also a distortion in the stress distribution that induces a nonuniformity in the strain; the effect of the holes is to increase the stresses locally around them (Figure B.4.3). For a plate of infinite width the distribution is given by:
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> 5 [

* Effect of circular holes on stress distribution in plates from Theory of Elasticity ByS.P.Timoshenko and J.N.Goodier
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5 @ [
(B.4.1)
81
Comparative study of IS:800 (Draft) &EC3
x x x
Gross section yielding Net section rupture Block shear failure
Gross section yielding Generally a tension member without bolt hole can resists loads up to the ultimate load without failure. But such a member will deform in longitudinal direction considerably (nearly 10%-15% of its original length) before failure. At such a large deformation a structure will become unserviceable. Hence in limit state design, in addition to net section failure and block shear failure, yielding of the gross section must also be considered, so as to prevent excessive deformation of the member.() Net section rupture
A tension member is often connected to main or other member by bolt or welds. When connected using bolts, tension members have holes and hence reduced cross section, being referred to as the net area. Holes in the member causes stresses concentration (as discussed earlier under effect of hole on tension capacity)
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Block shear failure
Block shear failure commonly refers to the tearing of a block of material, and
it presumes a combination of tension rupture and shears yield or a combination of shear rupture and tension yield. Although the first failure mode is quite common, the latter failure mode is uncommon because of the small ductility in tension as compared with shear. Block shear failure is usually associated with bolted details because a reduced area is present in that case, but in principle it can also be present in welded details. Design rules in various codes base block shear failure calculation on a combination of yield and rupture strength of the net or gross areas in shear and tension on the potential failure plane
83 Comparative study of IS:800 (Draft) &EC3
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IS:800 (Draft)
Eurocode 3
Design strength due to yielding of gross Design plastic resistance of gross section (Npl.Rd):-(Clause 5.4.3.1 (a)) section (Tdg):- (Clause 6.2)
7GJ
where
I\ $ J
P
$I
SO5G P
fy =Yield strength of the material in MPa
Ag =Gross area of cross section in mm2

m0 =Partial
safety factor for failure in
tension by yielding
Design strength due to rupture of critical section (Tdn):- (Clause 6.3.1) For plates
7GQ
te
For plates
IX $ Q
P
ES
where An =Net effective area of member fu =Ultimate stress of material
m1=Partial
safety factor for failure in
tension by rupture
According to both codes: "the net area of a cross-section or element section shall be taken as its gross area less appropriate deductions for all holes and other openings. Provided that the fastener holes are not staggered the total area to be deducted shall be the maximum sum of the sectional areas of the holes in any cross-section
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MPa
m0 =Partial
where fy =Yield strength of the material in A =Gross area of cross section in mm2 safety factor for failure in
tension by yielding
Ultimate resistance of net cross section (Nu.Rd):- (Clause 5.4.3.1 (a))

1 $ I
QHW
X5G P
where
An =Net area of section fu =Ultimate stress of material

m2=Partial
safety factor for rsistance of
cross section at bolt holes
About net area :-
85
When the member reaches the yield condition and the connection the failure condition, the increases in length would be:
&RQQHFWLRQ ]RQH 0HPEHU ]RQH LH /&RQQHFWLRQ /0HPEHU
/&RQQHFWLRQ /0HPEHU
/ \ /7RWDO \ 7RWDO / \ /7RWDO \ 7RWDO
This means that the elongation within the connection zone is much smaller than that of the entire bar.
This is why both codes (IS:800 (Draft) and Eurocode 3) allows the exceedance of the yield strength in the connection zone up to the ultimate tensile strength, fu; that is, it is implicitly assumed that the failure of an member can be described by its deformation.
Both codes include a reduction coefficient to take account of the unavoidable eccentricities, stress concentrations, etc. The reduction is taken as 10%, so that the
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IS:800 (Draft) For angles (Clause 6.3.3)
7GQ [ IX [ $ QF $Q [
P
recommended formula
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For angles
IX [ $ JR [ I\
P
7HQVLOH VWUHQJWK RU UHVLVWDQFH DW QHW VHFWLRQ
With bolted & welded connection
RU 7GQ
P
where, D = 0.6 for one or two bolts, 0.7 for

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I $
X PL Q
Eurocode 3 With bolted connection(Clause 6.5.2.3)

1 1

H G

W I
X5G
$ $
QHW
IRU EROW
X5G
P
QHW
IRU EROW IRU EROW
P
X5G P
87
About angle connected by one leg In many cases, angles are connected to gusset plate (which in turn connected to other members of structure) by welding or bolting only through one of the two legs. This kind of connection results in eccentric loading (Fig B.4.9), causing non-uniform distribution of stress over the cross section. Further, since the load is applied by connecting one leg of member there is a shear lag at end connection.
The force is transferred to a tension member (angles, channels, or T-section) by a
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gusset or the adjacent member connected to one leg either by bolting or by welding. The force thus transferred to one leg by the end connection locally gets transferred as tensile stress over the entire cross section by shear. Hence, the tensile stress on the section from the first bolt up to the last bolt will not be uniform. The connected leg will have higher stresses at failure even of the order of ultimate stress while the outstanding leg stresses may be even below yield stress. Thus transfer of force from connected leg to outstanding leg will be by shear (Figure B.4.10) and because one part lags behind the other the phenomenon is referred to as Shear Lag However , at the section away from the end connection , the stress distribution becomes more uniform. Hence shear lag effects reduces with increase in connection length Therefore to account for eccentric loading, effect of shear lag etc the reduction
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Effect of shear lag:89
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shear along a line of the transmitted force, respectively (1-2 and 4 3 as shown in Fig (B.4.3) and 1-2 as shown in Fig (B.4.4) Atg, Atn = Minimum gross and net area in tension from the hole to the toe of the angle or next last row of bolt in plates, perpendicular to
comparative purpose:Design shear rupture resistance Veff.Rd (Block Shear failure):9

HII 5 G
ZKHUH $ / / / /

Y HII
Y H II
the line of force, respectively (23) as shown in Fig (B.4.3) and Fig (B.4.4)
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X R W
[ / [W / / / EXW / D EXW / G I D N[G [ I

Y H II \ P Y HII Y
[I
Y H II
EXW /
/ D D
Y Y
/ D D Q[G

R Y
I I
fu, fy = Ultimate and Yield stress of the material respectively
where Av.eff
te
Lv.eff do.v and do.t
= Effective shear area. =Effective length of connection in shear.
Lv, a1, a2, a3 =Indicated in figure. (B.4.12) =Hole size for shear face and tension face respectively normally it is doh n =Number of fastener holes on the shear face t =Thickness of section
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91
PROBLEMS ON TENSION MEMBER BY IS:800 (DRAFT) A. Analysis Problem A single unequal angle 125 mm x 75 mm x 8mm is connected to 12 mm thick gusset plate at ends with 6 no 16 mm diameter rivets of Grade 4.6 to transfer tension as shown in figure below. Determine the Tension capacity of an angle section if a) If longler leg is connected to gusset plate. b) If shorter leg is connected to gusset plate Use f y=250 MPa
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Sectional Properties A= b= d= t= g= 1538 mm2 125mm 75mm 8mm 75mm
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ANALYSIS STEPS REFERENCES Nominal Dia of rivet= d n=16mm Effective Dia of rivet = d = 16 +2 =18 mm
93 Comparative study of IS:800 (Draft) and EC 3
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Alternatively
7GQ [

N1
Hence take T dn lower of 382.66 kN and 365.26 kN Therefore T dn =365.26kN iii) Design strength due to Block Shear T db
7GE $ YJ [I\ [
P
Clause 6.4.2
$ WJ[I\
P
$ WQ [IX
P
"RU " $[[I

YQ
P
where Avg &Avn :=Minimum gross and net area in shear along a line of transmitted force respectively Atg & Atn :=Minimum gross and net area in tension from hole to toe of an angle or next last row of bolts in plate Here Avg= Lvgxt
Avg= (5 x 50 + 50 ) x 8 Atg = Ltgxt Atg = ( 50 x 8 )
2 Avn= ( 5 x 50 + 50 - 5.5 x 18 ) x 8 :=1608 mm
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7GE [ [ RU [ 7GE N1 RU N1
Atn= (50 - 0.5 x 18 ) x 8 Therefore
Considering lower value for T db i.e. T db = 395.42 kN
Design Tensile strength of ISA125x75x8 if longer leg connected to gusset plate Td= Least of T dg ,Tdn, Tdb := 349.5 kN
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:=2400 mm
2
" "
" " [ [ [
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:=400 mm2 :=328 mm
2
Clause 6.1
95
Comparative study of IS:800 (Draft) and EC 3
Here Avg= Lvgxt Avg= (5 x 50 + 50 ) x 8 Atg = Ltgxt Atg = ( 35 x 8 ) :=280 mm2

2
:=2400 mm2
2 Avn= ( 5 x 50 + 50 - 5.5 x 18 ) x 8 :=1608 mm
Considering lower value for T db i.e. T db = 383.14 kN
Design Tensile strength of ISA125x75x8 if shorter leg connected to gusset plate
Conclusion from problem The Design Tensile strength capacity of an unequal angle section will be more if longer leg is connected to gusset plate than if shorter leg connected to gusset plate
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97 Comparative study of IS:800 (Draft) and EC 3
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Td= Least of T dg ,Tdn, Tdb := 329.77 kN
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:=208 mm Atn= (35 - 0.5 x 18 ) x 8 Therefore [ [ [ [ 7GE RU [ [ 7GE N1 RU N1
" "
" "
Clause 6.1
Note:-Eurocode 3 dosent specify directly calculation of design tensile strength governed by Block Shear ( As per EC3 "Block Shear faliure at a group of fasterner holes near the end of beam web or bracket or plate shall be prevented by appropriate hole spacing) Therefore for given problem we have to check given connecton for Block Shear iii) Design shear rupture resistance Veff.Rd (Block Shear faliure)
Clause 6.5.2.2
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HII 5G
where
$ / [W / / / / EXW / / D EXW / G I D N[G [ / I

YHII YHII YHII
" "
Y RW
/ D D
Y
here
Lv , a1, a2 , a3,are indicated in figure d is nominal diameter do.v and do.t are hole size for shear face and tension face respectively normally it is d oh. n is number of fastener holes on the shear face t is thickness of section
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9 $
YHII
" "
X \
YHII
"EXW "/
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[I
\
[
/

P
/ D D Q[G
Y
RY
I I
99
Therefore equivalent equal -leg angle section = ISA 75x75 x8 A=1058 mm2 Therefore A net:= A- Area due to hole :=1058 - 18 x8=914 mm2 3= 0.5 (as 5xdo<pitch =50mm >2.5 x do ) Therefore,
[ [ 1
X5G
Table 6.5.1 of
N1
iii) Design shear rupture resistance Veff.Rd (Block Shear faliure)
I I 5 G
L1= 50 mm< 5 x 16mm
L2 = (35-0.5x18) x(410/250)=42.64 mm k= 0.5 for single row of rivet L3= 250 + 50 + 50 =350mm < (250+50+50-6x18)x(410/250)
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Hence Lv.eff = 342.64mm
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Therefore L 3= 350 mm Therefore Lv.eff=250+50 +42.64 =342.64 mm < L3
Design Tension Resistance of ISA125x75x8 if longer leg connected to gusset plate Clause 5.4.3 (1) Nt.Rd= Least of N Hence Nt.Rd= 149.90 kN
pl.Rd
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[ PP

For our case Lv= 5x 50=250mm
[ [
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Clause 6.5.2.2
[I
\
[
N1
,Nu.Rd and Veff.Rd
101
3.Connection design Diameter of rivet

G [ W
(To avoid faliure of rivet in bearing)

PP PP
[
Nominal dia = d= 18 mm , Effective dia = 19.5mm Rivet value = Shear capacity of rivet in sigle shear =
9
QV
[ [ [
N1
Clause 10.2.3.2
Therefore number of rivet required =
Provide edge distance = 40 mm > 30 mm for 18 mm dia rivet Pitch (p) :For tension member max. pitch =16 x t or 200 mm whichever is less minimum pitch = 2.5 x d Hence ,provide p= 60 mm Therefore length of end connection L = 360 mm 4. Tension capacity of section(Check forTension capacity)
2 Anc= Net area of connected leg= (150-(8/2)-20) x 8 :=1008 mm :=568 mm2 Ago= Gross area of outstanding leg=(75-(8/2)) x 8
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Ag= Gross area of whole setion
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J \
[ 7
An= Net area of total cross section = A nc + Ago
i)Design strength due to Yielding of Gross Section T dg

N1
GJ
P
ii) Design strength due to Rupture of Critical Section T dn

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$ JR [I\
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Table 10.10 of IS: 800 (Draft) Clause 10.2.2 Clause 10.2.1
:=1742 mm2 :=1576 mm3 Clause 6.2
Clause 6.3.3
! RU ! 7GQ
$Q[
IX
P
IRU RQH
or two rivets =0.7 for three rivets =0.8 for four or more rivets
103
PROBLEMS ON TENSION MEMBER BY Eurocode 3 B.Design Problem Design a single angle tie member to carry the design axial tension of 375 kN. With rivetted connections . Use f y =250 Mpa (Provide rivet prefebarly in single row) DESIGN STEPS 1.Data P = 375 kN Rivetted connections 2. Trial section
3 $ [ I
REFERENCES
P \
[
J UHT
Here if we use same section (ISA 150 x 75 x 8 ) as used in design by IS:800 (Draft) with same connection details it found to be failed by Eurocode
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3.Connection design Let us provide 7no 18 mm dia.rivet of 4.6 Grade(d=18 mm,d o =20mm) Provide edge distance = 40 mm > 1.5xdo i.e. 30 mm Pitch (p) :For tension member max. pitch =14 x t or 200 mm whichever is less minimum pitch = 2.2 x do
te
105
Therefore let us try ISA 150 x 115 x 8 @0.159kN/m with longer leg connected to 12mm thick gusset plate Sectional Properties A=2058 mm2 ,b=150mm,d=115mm,t=8mm,g=75 mm
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[ P P

Clause 6.5.1.3 (1) Clause 6.5.1.7 (1) Clause 6.5.1.5 (1)
Therefore,
$
YHII
[
PP
[ 9
HII 5G
N1 [
Design Tension Resistance of ISA150x115x8 Clause 5.4.3 (1) Nt.Rd= Least of N Hence
pl.Rd
,Nu.Rd and Veff.Rd
Nt.Rd= 435 kN > 375 kN Hence safe
"Design of single angle tension member connected by single row of rivets by both code"
Points Section for tensile forceP=375 kN Length of end connection
Faliure mode
te
Yielding of gross section i.e. T= T dg
107
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IS :800 (Draft) Eurocode 3 ISA 125 x 75 x 8 at 0.134 kN/m ISA 150 x 75 x 8 at 0.153 kN/m 7 no 18 mm dia 7 no 18 mm dia of rivets @ p=60 of rivets @ p=90 mm c/c mm c/c Hence L= 360 mm Hence L=540 mm Rupture of net cross section at holes for fastner i.e. Nt.Rd = Nu.Rd
the main components but it is also possible to use I -sections; they are laced or battened together with simple elements (bars or angles or smaller channel sections) Figure B.5.1 illustrates all the shapes mentioned above
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It should be noted that:
x x Swapnil B.Kharmale CD-051061
The type of connection is important in the design of simple compression members because it defines the effective length to be taken into account in the evaluation of buckling. Circular sections do not represent the optimum solution if the effective length is not the same in the two principal directions; in this case, non symmetrical shapes are preferable. Members are frequently subjected to bending moments in addition to axial load; in these conditions ISMB-sections can be preferable to ISWB-sections
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For these compression member the Euler formula, predicts the strength of long compression member very well, where the axial buckling stress remain below the proportional limit. Such compression member buckles elastically. x Intermediate length compression member (Medium slenderness) For intermediate length compression member, some fibers would have yielded and some fiber will still be elastic. These compression members will fail both by yielding and buckling and their behaviour is said to be inelastic
The detailed behaviour of long and medium length compression member is discussed in next article Stability of slender steel column
B.5.4 Stability of slender steel columns
those with high slenderness present a quasi elastic buckling behaviour whereas those of medium slenderness are very sensitive to the effects of imperfections. x Euler Critical Stress
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If leff is the effective length (critical length), the Euler critical load Pcr (Ncr) is equal to: 3FU 1FU O

te
HII
Depending on their slenderness, columns exhibit two different types of behaviour:
and it is possible to define the Euler critical stress
By introducing the radius of gyration r (i) =
for the relevant buckling mode, Equation (B.5.2) becomes
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(,
cr
(B.5.1)
as: (, O HII $

FU
3FU 1FU $
(B.5.2)
, , and the slenderness ./U RU = leff/i, $
111
Buckling of Real Columns
the previous section and columns generally fail by inelastic buckling before reaching the Euler buckling load. The difference in real and theoretical behaviour is due to various imperfections in the "real" element: initial out-of-straightness, residual stresses, eccentricity of axial applied loads and strain-hardening. The imperfections
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all affect buckling and will; therefore, all influence the ultimate strength of the column. Experimental studies of real columns give results as shown in Figure B.5.4.
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113
The real behaviour of steel columns is rather different from that described in
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6OHQGHUQHVV RI FRPSUHVVLRQ PHPEHU

1=Eulers
slenderness
A=(A/Aeff)
=Ratio of effective area in compression to gross area
B.5.5.1 Basis of the ECCS Buckling Curves From 1960 onwards, an international experimental programme was carried out by the ECCS to study the behaviour of standard columns. More than 1000 buckling tests, on various types of members (I, H, T, U, circular and square hollow sections), with different values of slenderness (between 55 and 160) were studied. A probabilistic approach, using the experimental strength, associated with a theoretical analysis, showed that it was possible to draw some curves describing column strength as a function of the QRQ GLPHQVLRQDO VOHQGHUQHVV slenderness reference
). The imperfections which have been taken into account are: a half
sine-wave geometric imperfection of magnitude equal to 1/1000 of the length of the column; and the effect of residual stresses relative to each kind of cross-section. The European buckling curves (a, b, c or d) are shown in Figure B.5.5
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Table B.5.2* Buckling curves for a cross section (From Table 7.2 of IS: 800 (Draft)) Buckling Limits about axis z-z h/b > 1.2 : tf d 40 mm y-y 40 mm<tf d 100 mm z-z y-y z-z y-y z-z y-y z-z y-y z-z y-y Buckling Curve a b b c b c d d b c c d
Cross Section Rolled I-Sections y z h b y Welded I-Section y tft hz y b tw z hz d tf tw z
h/b < 1.2 : tf d 100 mm
y tw
tft z
Hollow Section
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y b Hot rolled Cold formed tw z y z
117
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Welded Box Section y tf h z b Channel, Angle, T and Solid Sections y z y
Generally (Except as below) Thick welds and b/tf < 30 d/tw < 30
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tf >100 mm tf <40 mm tf <40 mm Any Any Any z-z y-y a b b c c Any c
effective length KL ,to appropriate radius of gyration r

m0=
M1=
Partial safety factor for material strength
Partial safety factor for material strength
Section
Classification
for
axial Section
Classification
for
axial
compression:-
compression:-
limiting width to thickness ratios for Code3 specifies the Limiting width to Plastic and Compact class is not thickness ratios for Class 1, Class 2
applicable. Here we have to just check Class 3 & Class 4 cross sections. that the section dose not fall in Slender
class' so that whole cross sectional area Effective Area Aeff:Effective Area Ae:-
For Semi-compact section Ae=Gross Area Ag For Slender Class
ES
dimension Slender section
Ae = Based on effective c/s
te
A
is effective in compression.
IS code doesn't give procedure how to Euro code 3 gives procedure to calculate calculate the effective dimensions of the effective c/s dimension of Class 4 section (see Chapter B.1 of Dissertation)
B.5.7 Single angle discontinuous strut

In roof trusses ,the single angle web members are often connected by one leg (thus introducing eccentricity with respect to the centroid of the cross sections) on one side of chords (Fig B.5.6) and sometimes alternatively on opposite side of T-
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$V
A=Aeff/A
For members in axial compression the For member in axial compression Euro
For Class 1,Class 2 & Class 3 section = (Aeff/A)=1
For Class 4 section Aeff = Calculated on the basis of effective = (Aeff/A)<1
c/s dimension
A
119
where L = Laterally unsupported length of the member rvv =Radius of gyration about the minor axis b1, b2 =Width of the two legs of the angle t = thickness of the leg = yield stress ratio ( 250/fy)
0.5
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Table B.5.3 Constant k1,k2,k3

Gusset or connecting member fixity * Fixed 0.20 k1
(As per Table 7.6 of IS:800 (Draft))

No of the bolt at end connection
k2
>2
Hinged Fixed
1
*
Hinged
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e
FDQ EH LQWHUSRODWHG EHWZHHQ WKH hinged cases
JXVVHWFRQQHFWLQJ PHPEHU )RU SDUWLDO UHVWUDLQW WKH
Stiffness of in-plane rotational restraint provided to the
Buckling curve to be used= c curve
Imperfection factor = 0.49for curve c
Knowing the non dimensional effective slenderness ratio

factor WKH VWUHVV UHGXFWLRQ IDFWRU compression member
te
0.35 0.60 0.35 0.50 20 5 0.70 0.75 1.25 20 60
e
results for fixed and
strut can be evaluated as equation given in article Codal provisions for designing
Refer the worked example solved by both code.
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where
1
= >(Iy]1/2=93.9 Iy) z y= Effective slenderness ratios v ratios of buckling length l ,to appropriate radius of gyration i
k3
Buckling curve to be used =c curve Imperfection factor = 0.49for curve c
DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\ WKH VWUHQJWK RI VLQJOH DQJOH
e(
HII
) and imperfection
121
Here Eurocode 3 doesnt not give any guidance about the effective length (buckling length) factor K for different end conditions in plane buckling which required to be multiplied to system length L to calculate the effective length KL (buckling length l)..
B.5.7 Built-up compression member For large loads and for effective use of material, built-up columns are often used. They are generally made up of two or more individual sections such as
battening so that they act together as a single unit.
Here the design provisions and construction details of laced and battened compression member by both codes is discussed.
o Laced column As per IS: 800 (Draft) (Clause 7.6)
ES
a) Spacing between column section members comprising two main components laced S:- The spacing S should be such that the built-up beam as a whole as
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lar
angles, channels or I-section properly connected along their length by lacing or
Table B.5.5:-Width of lacing bars Nominal bolt/rivet dia (mm) 22 20 18 16 Minimum Width of Lacing Bars (mm) 65 60
h) Thickness of lacing bar:-The thickness of flat lacing bars shall not be less than one-fortieth of its effective length for single lacings and one-sixtieth of i) End Tie Plates Laced compression members shall be provided with tie plates at the ends of lacing systems, at intersection with other members and at points where the lacing systems are interrupted j) Lacing forces:-The lacing shall be proportioned to resist a total transverse shear, Vt, at any point in the member, equal to at least 2.5 percent of the axial the effective length for double lacings.
ES
systems in parallel planes. As per Eurocode 3 (Clause 5.9) a) Basis
x
force in the member and shall be divided equally among all transverse lacing
Built-up compression members consisting of two or more main components connected together at intervals to form a single compound member shall be designed incorporating an equivalent geometric imperfection comprising an initial bow eo, of not less than l/500.
The deformation of the compound member shall be taken into account in determining the internal forces and moments in the main components, internal connections and any subsidiary components such as lacings or battens.
te
125
lar
50
55
The design procedure given here is for a design compressive force NSd applied to a built-up member consisting of two similar parallel chords of uniform cross section, with a fully triangulated system of lacing which is uniform throughout the length of the member.
Second moment of area of laced column
The effective second moment of area lo* of a laced compression member with two
where Af = The cross-sectional area of one chord x
ho = The distance between centroid of chords.
Chord forces at mid length of laced compression member

1 [1
6G
16G [H R O (,HII HR 1FU where 0V 16G 16G O > @ 1FU 6Y and Sv =The shear stiffness of the laced compression member
ES
x x Lacing forces
The dimension of lacing element and spacing of lacing should be so Selected the shear stiffness is large enough to nullify the effect of Ms (in other word the shear deformations should be small).
The values of Sv for various lacing system are given in Table B.5.8
Buckling resistance of chords (Nb.Rd).
The buckling length of a chord in the plane of a lacing system should be taken as the system length a between lacing connections.
The lacing forces adjacent to the ends of the member should be derived from the internal shear force Vs, taken as
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I 6G R
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Ieff = 0.5 ho2Af
0 K
V
main components should be taken as:
127
The number of battens shall be such that the member is divided into not less than three bays within its actual length from centre to centre of end connections.
b) Design Spacing of Battens:- The spacing of battens centre-to-centre of its end fastenings shall be such that the slenderness ratio (KL/r) of any component over that distance shall be not greater than 50 or greater than 0.7 time the slenderness ratio of the
For end batten For intermediate batten
The thickness of batten or the tie plates shall be not less than one fiftieth of the distance between the innermost connecting lines of rivets or welds, perpendicular t t(1/50)th of a
Batten forces
Battens shall be designed to carry the bending moments and shear forces arising from transverse shear force Vt Shear force in batten 9E
Vt= 2.5 % Total axial force on column

9W & 16
ES
Bending moment in batten 0 where
9W & 1
Vt = The transverse shear force as defined above C = The distance between centre-to-centre of battens, longitudinally N = The number of parallel planes of battens S =The minimum transverse distance between the centroids of the rivet group/welding connecting the batten to the main member
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129
to the main member i.e.
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dint batten t(3/4) th of (S+ 2Cyy) or t 2Bf d end batten t (S+ 2Cyy)
member as a whole about its z-z (axis parallel to the battens). Size: Refer figure B.5.9
taken as laterally restrained in the plane of the battens. As far as possible, the intermediate battens should be spaced and proportioned uniformly throughout the length of the member. b) Design x The design procedure given here is for a design compressive force NSd applied to a built-up member consisting of two similar parallel chords of uniform crosssection, spaced apart and inter-connected by means of battens, which are rigidly connected to the chords and uniformly spaced throughout the length of x the member.
When Sv, is evaluated disregarding the flexibility of the batten plates For end batten For intermediate batten D end batten Dint batten tho t0.5 ho
where ho is the distance between the centroids of the chords. should satisfy
where, Ib I
ES
ho a n x Second moment of area
=The in-plane second moment of area of one batten
=The in-plane second moment of area of one chord =The distance between centroids of chords =The system length between centerlines of battens =The number of planes of battens.
The batten size should so adjusted that above conditions should satisfied
The effective in-plane second moment of area leff of a battened compression member with two main components should be taken as:
te
Q,E KR ,I D
When Sv, is evaluated considering the flexibility of the batten plates the batten
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,HII KR $ I ,I
131
Vs= 0s/l For the purpose of this check, the axial force in each chord may be taken as 0.5Nsd even when there are only three panels in the length of the member.
Comment on designing of laced and battened column by both codes x The bearing capacity of built-up columns is largely affected by the shear deformations. Because of shear deformations the initial lack of straightness of
ES
x 800 (Draft) gives). The size of
column is strongly amplified. The design by Eurocode 3 is based on above approach. On the other hand in design process by IS: 800 (Draft) doesnt directly consider shear deformation of laced or battened compression member (The shear deformations are indirectly accounted by increasing the effective length by 5% for laced column and 10% for battened column.) Eurocode 3 doesnt give formulation for fixing the size of lacing or battens (as IS: lacings or battens are decided such the shear
stiffness are large to nullify the effect of Ms.
B.5.8 Worked examples for Compression member The worked example contain Analysis problem on single angle strut and design problem on built-up column by IS: 800 (Draft) and Eurocode 3
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133
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For our case Assuming the fixity as partial, hence taking the value k1,k2 and k3 as average of same mentioned for fixed and hinged connection Therefore k1=0.45 k2=0.475 k3=12.5 Also
YY
Table 7.6 of IS:800 (Draft)
Therefore Now
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Design compressive stress
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Design Compressive Strength
Section Classification
E ! W G ! W E G ! W
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Clause 7.1.2.1

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Clause 7.1.2
)=1 Hence Slender class

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Table 3.1 of IS:800(Draft)
Hence Slender class Hence Slender class
135
Compartive study of IS:800 (Draft) and EC3
Stress reduction factor

>

@
> @

Design compressive stress

IFG
I\
I\
P
[
P
PP 1
IFG
Hence whole section is of Non Slender class and gross cross sectional area is effective in compression Therefore Ag=Ae=1257mm2
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3
Capacity of ISA 100 x 65 x 8
Conclusion from problem :- While designing the compression member avoid to design the slender cross section because whole cross section area (A g ) will not be effective in compression and it will lead wastage of material
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E Hence not Slender class W G Hence not Slender class W E G Hence not Slender class W
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137
Design Compressive Strength
3G
$ H [IFG
Table 3.1 of IS:800(Draft)
Calculation of effective section properties and effective area

KHII E HII S IRUK [K S IRUE [E
Clause 5.3.3 and Table 5.3.3 of Eurocode3
S IRUK
S IRUK S IRUK
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Effective area of cross section

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For single angle strut the effective slenderness ratio are as follows For buckling @ v-v axis:= For buckling@ z-z axis:=
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at tip of outstanding element
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Clause 5.8.3
where where
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139
Buckling strength (Capacity) of ISA 125 x 95 x 6

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Clause 5.5.1.1
[$[
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1E5G 1E5G [[[ N1
b) When ISA 100 x 65 x 8 is used
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K Hence Class 3 section W KE Hence Class 3 section W [

Hence whole section is of Class 3 and Aeff=A and
For single angle strut the effective slenderness ratio are as follows Now Taking l==2.7m L And
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ivv= 13.9mm Table 5.3.1 of Eurocode3 Clause 5.8.3 Annex E , E.1
[
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Sectional Properties A= 1257 mm2 h= 100mm b= 65mm t= 8mm izz= 18.3mm iyy= 31.6mm

[

141
"Analysis of single angle discontinuous strut by by both code"
Points
Effective non dimensional Slenderness ratio for strut of ISA 125x95x6 (L= 2.7 m) Capacity of ISA 125x95x6 (Slender Class) Effective non dimensional Slenderness ratio for strut of ISA 100x65x8 (L=2.7m) Capacity of ISA100 x65x8
IS :800 (Draft)
H
Eurocode 3
PLQ
Pd=66.67 kN
N b.Rd=89.75 kN
(Non-slender class)
ES
143 Compartive study of IS:800 (Draft) and EC3
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H PLQ
Pd=73.42 kN
N b.Rd=67.4 kN
Sectional Properties A= h= b= tf = 5366mm2 350mm 100mm 13.5mm
tw= 8.1mm cyy= 24.4mm

4 4 Izz= 10008x10 mm 4 4 Iyy= 430.6x10 mm
4.To find S (spacing between channels placed back to back)
Spacing between the channel section should be such that built -up column as a whole have nearly same strength against both axis buckling For that
( I zz )builtup column = ( I yy )built upcolumn

(ryy) built-up column >(rzz)built-up column
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KL 5040 = r 136.6 :=36.9 say 37
145
Also
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S 2(10008x104 )=2[430.6x104 +5366( +24.4) 2 ] 2
Therefore S= 218.4mm say 220mm so that ryy>rzz
r min= (rzz) built-up column =136.6mm 5.Capacity of Section Now Minimum slenderness ratio
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rxx= 136.6mm ryy= 28.3mm h2= 30.9mm g= 60mm d= h-2h2 = 288.2mm Clause7.6.1.1
8.Design Of Lacing :Single Lacing System
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8.2 Spacing of lacing bar a1 a1=2xaxCot a1=680 mm
o
8.1Angle of inclination of Lacing bar Let angle of inclination of lacing bar =45o
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Clause7.6.5 Where a =S+2g=220+2x60=340mm a1=2x340xCot(45 ) Checks for a1:a1 KL 50or 0.7 r1 r
whichever small where, r1=min.radius of gyration of individual elements
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Clause 7.6.6.1
8.7 Design force on Lacing bar Transverse shear at any point in member = VT= 2.5% of P d
VT = 2.5 (1800) = 45kN 100
Therefore,Transverse shear in each panel= (VT/2)=22.5 kN Design Compressive force Cd/Tensile force Td in lacing bar
8.8 Capacity of Lacing bar For Compression

(
KL 480.8 )lacing = =111<145 15 r 12
fbd=94.6-((111-110) x(94.6-83.7)/(120 (KL/r) fbd(N/mm2) fcd=93.51 N/mm

2
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110 120
149
As lacing is solid flat plate therefore we have to use buckling curve 'c' Table 7.2 of IS:800(Draft) For fy=250 and (KL/r)lacing =111 we have Table 7.4c of IS:800 (Draft)
ES
As
( KL 480.8 )lacing = =32.05<42 t 15
Therefore, Ae=Ag=b x t = 70x15 =1050 mm2 Compression capacity of lacing C= Ae x fcd := 1050 x 93.51 :=98.185 x103 N :=98.185 kN>31.82kN Hence safe
For Tension Tension capacity of lacing T= [(b-d) x t x fu] / m1 Clause 6.3 (Considering rupture of net c/s)
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94.6 83.7 Hence not slender class
Cd =Td =
VT 45 = =31.82kN 2Sin 2Sin45o
9.5 Design force on End Tie plate Longitudinal shear where, Vt = Transverse shear =45kN VT C C = The distance between c/c of batten Vb = NS Take it same as spacing of lacing=680mm
VT C 2N
Moment
M =
45x103 x680 =45x103 N 2x340 45x103 x680 M= =7.65x106 Nmm 2x2 Vb=
Shear Vd= Avx(fy/3 xm0)=(335 x 8) x(250 /3 xm0)=351.65 kN> 45 kN Hence safe Moment Considering end tie plate of semi -compact section
ES
Md = Ze x(fy/m0) 9.7 Connection for End Tie plates
Md = bZp x(fy/m0) where b=(Ze/Zp) for semi-compact section
Md=(8 x 3352/6) x(250/1.1)=34 kNm>7.65kNm Hence safe
The connection should be designed to transmit both shear and bending moment Assume 20 mm diameter rivets of Grade 4.6 are used (dn=20mm & d= 21.5mm) Therefore , Rivet Value Rv =Strength of rivet in single shear = (152.44/2) = 76.22 kN
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151
9.6 Capacity of End Tie Plate
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N = The no of parallel planes on which End-Tie plates are provided =2 S =The minimum transverse distance between the centroids of rivet groups S = 220 + 2 x 60 =340 mm
DESIGN OF BUILT-UP COLUMN BY Eurocode 3 B. Design Problem Design a built-up column to carry an axial load of 1200 kN (working).The length of column is 6.0m.The column is effectively held in positon at both ends and restrained against rotation at one end.Use preferably channel sections. Design appropriate lacing system and connections. Use Fy= 250
DESIGN STEPS 1.Data Axial Load = 1200 kN Length of column= 6 m End condition = Fixed at one end and other end is pinned
REFERENCES
3.Buckling length of column (l)
ES
4.Trial Section h=350mm c=100mm tf=13.5mm
Length Of Column L= 6m Buckling length of built -up compression member shall be taken as equal to system length L unless a smaller value justified by analysis Therefore l = 6m
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czz= 24.4mm 4 4 Iyy= 10008x10 mm
4 4 Izz= 430.6x10 mm
2.Loading Considering partial safety factors corresponding to leading action as F.sup=1.5 under unfavourable effects Therefore NSd= Design value of compression force= 1.5 x 1200=1800kN
For comparasion point of view let us try same section with same lacing connection detail as we have used in design as per IS : 800 ( Draft) Let us try 2 ISMC 350 placed back to back at a spacing of 220 mm between them Sectional Properties of Single ISMC 350 Af=5366mm2 tw= 8.1mm
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Clause 5.8.2 (1)
6. Design compression resistance of individual channel N fc.Rd For Class 2 section =N fc.Rd= Af x fy /mo Nfc.Rd = 5366 x250/1.1 Nfc.Rd = 1219.5 kN 7.Lacing Details Let us try 70 mm x 15 mm solid plate lacing bar with an angle of inclination =45o Therefore A d=1050mm2, a= 2 x cot 45o x (S+2g)=680mm
o d =(a/2) x sec 45 =480.83 mm
Therefore , Shear stifness of lacing S v
2 nEAd axh o where n = no of plane containing lacing 2d 3 2x2x105 x1050x680x268.82 Sv = =92813.70kN 2x480.833
Sv =
4 4 Ieff= 19385.59 x 10 mm
te
Ms ho Ms =
155
8. Second Moment Of area(For laced compression member) The effective second moment of area Ieff of a laced compression member should be taken as 2 2 Ieff= 0.5 x Af x ho = 0.5 x 5366 x 268.8
ES
N f.Sd =0.5NSd + where M s = For our case, eo = N Sd =1800kN
9.Chord forces at mid-length N f.Sd (Check for capacity of the section in axial compression)
NSd eo l 2 EI eff , eo = ,N cr = N N 500 l2 [1- Sd - Sd ] Ncr Sv 6 =0.012m, 500 2 x2x105 x19385.59x104 N cr = =10629.34kN 60002 Sv =92813.70kN
1800x0.012 =26.63kNm 1800 1800 [1n n ] 10629.34 92813.7 26.63 N f.Sd =0.5x1800+ =999.07kN 0.2688
lar
Clause 5.9.2.4 & figure 5.9.3
Clause 5.9.2.3 & eqn (5.85)
Clause 5.9.2.4 & eqn (5.86)
15. Shear Stifness Sv of End Tie Panel Sv is evaluated disregarding the flexbility of batten plates themselves For that a) Width of batten plate > h o here 335 mm >268.8 mm hence o.k. a =System length between centrelines 10I f h o b)a of batten i.e. Spacing of batten nI b If=In-plane moment of inertia of one chord Ib=In-plane moment of inertia of one batten n= No of planes on which battens are provided Here taking a = 680 mm (same as that of lacing)
Clause 5.9.3.2
(680)3
10x10008x10 x268.8 1 2x( x440x3353 ) 12 97.575mm
2 2 EIf 2x 2 x2x105 x10008x104 Sv = 2 = =854455kN a 6802
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Ms h o A f ) I eff N Sd xeo l 2 EIeff , eo = ,N cr = N N 500 l2 [1- Sd - Sd ] N cr Sv 6 =0.012m, 500 2 x2x105 x39401x104 N cr = =21604kN 60002 Sv =854455kN NSd =1800kN
157
As a=680mm > 97.575 mm , Sv is calculated disregarding the effect of flexibility of battens Therefore
16.Second Moment Of area(For battened compression member) Ieff= 0.5 x ho2 x Af +2xxIf Taking = 1 Ieff= 0.5 x 268.82 x 5366 +2x1x10008x104 Ieff= 39401x104 mm4
ES
N f.Sd =0.5(NSd + where M s = For our case, eo =
17.Chord forces at mid-length N f.Sd (Check for capacity of the section in axial compression)
lar
Clause 5.9.3.4 eqn (5.92) Clause 5.9.3.4 eqn (5.91)
where k y =10
y xN sd y xAxf y
but k y 1.5 Wpl.y -Wel.y Wel.y ] but y 0.90
y = y (2 My -4)+ [
For our case for one chord N Sd = 900 kN , min =0.9977 A =Af=5366 mm2 ,W pl.y =640.12x104 mm4, W el.y =571.9 x104mm4 y = (a/i yy)=(680/136.6)=4.97 , y =1 , Also My =1.8 Hece y=4.97 x (2 x1.8 -4) +((640.12-571.9)/571.9) =-1.867 Therefore take k y =1.5 900x103 Hence And ky =1- (( -1.867 x 900 x10 3)/(1 x 5366 x 250) =2.25 >1.5 Figure 5.5.3
0.9977x5366x =0.74+0.002 =0.742<1 Hence safe
250 1.10
"Design Problem on built-up column"by IS:800 (Draft) and Eurocode 3 Points IS:800 (Draft) Euro Code 3 The bearing capacity of built-up columns is largely affected by the shear deformations.Because of shear deformations the initial lack of straightness of column is strongly amplified The design by Eurocode 3 is based on above approach. Buckling Length =I =L
ES
1.Design Approach
1.Effective/Buckling length Effective Length =KL = 1.05 (k1L)
where k1 depends on end No increase in buckling length conditions &1.05 indicate for laced column the eff.length is increased by 5% for laced column to account shear deformations (P/Pd)=(1800/2166.79) (N/Nd)= (2xNf.Sd)/(2xNb.Rd) 2.Trial section's capacity ratio := 0.83 =(2x999.07/2x1216.740 i.e(Design Action/Strength) =0.82
te
As per IS:800 (Draft) the built-up columns are designed and proportioned according to emperical formula most of which are releated to local buckling requirements
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1.5x2.06x106 250 640.12x10 4 x 1.10
iii.
Closely spaced, discrete bracing is provided so that the weak axis slenderness (KL/r)y [(l/i)z] of the beams is low.
The beam is considered laterally unsupported when i) Compression flange of beam is not restrained laterally against the lateral buckling ii)
Bending take place in weaker direction
ES
end load
For hot rolled beams and channel section which have very small moment of
inertia about minor axis as compared to that about major axis, this make section relatively weak against torsion and bending about weaker axis, and if not held or supported in the direction normal to weak axis, it will bend in the weaker direction even if the load is normal to axis, it will be weakened further if a horizontal load were to be applied normal to y-y axis. This bending is usually accompanied by twisting. This phenomenon of bending in the weaker direction and twisting may be called as Lateral Torsional Instability Refer following Fig B.6.2 for Lateral Torsional Buckling Figure B.6.2 shows the response of a slender cantilever beam to a vertical
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161
Laterally unsupported beams (Unrestrained beams)
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Comparative study of IS: 800 & EC3
Statically Determinate Beams Figure B.6.3 presents the relationship between applied load and central
deflection that would be obtained from a test on a simply supported steel beam of Compact (Class 2) proportions. Three distinct phases may be identified:
ES
Swapnil B.Kharmale CD-051061 163 Comparative study of IS: 800 & EC3
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B.6.4 Shape factor S The ratio of fully plastic moment capacity Mp to yield moment My is called as shape factor 6 0 0 LH 6 = I
S H
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B.6.5 Codal provision for design of laterally supported and laterally unsupported beam As per IS:800 (Draft)
The factored design moment, M at any The design value of the bending moment section, in a beam due to external actions shall satisfy M 0d
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(Clause 8.2) (Clause 8.2.1)
m0
A)Laterally Supported Beam-
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Md = Eb Z p fy where Eb d 1.2 Ze fy Eb = Ze/ Zp for semi-compact section = Plastic section modulus Zp fy
m0
WhenV9d
=1.0 for plastic and compact section
Ze =Elastic section modulus = Partial safety factor
= Yield stress of the material
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As per Eurocode 3 MSd 0c.Rd A)Laterally Supported BeamWhenVSd9pl.Rd
m0
MSd at each cross-section shall satisfy (Clause 5.4.5.1)
Class 1 or 2 cross-sections: Mc.Rd = W plfy/ M0 Class 3 cross-sections: Mc.Rd = W elfy/ M0 Class 4 cross-sections: Mc.Rd = W efffy/ M1 where Wpl = Plastic section modulus Wel = Elastic section modulus Weff= Eff. section modulus for Class 4 section as per effective dimensions fy
m1
= Yield stress of the material = Partial safety factor
165
its web to resists the shear force as well as to assists the flanges in resisting moment. Thus a cross-section subject to co-existing bending and high shear has a reduced moment resistance in presence of high shear. The interaction between moment and shear is shown
Holes in tension zone (Clause8.2.4.1) a) The effect of holes in the tension
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flange, on the design bending strength
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need not be considered if (Anf / Agf) t (fy/fu) ( where Anf /Agf =Ratio of net to gross area of the flange fy/fu =Ratio of yield and ultimate strength of the material
m1/ m0=
Ratio of partial safety factors
against ultimate to yield stress
b) When the Anf /Agf does not satisfy the b) When Af,net/Af is less than this limit, a above requirement, the reduced flange reduced flange area may be assumed area Anf satisfying the above equation which satisfies the limit.
Swapnil B.Kharmale CD-051061 167 Comparative study of IS: 800 & EC3
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Holes for fasteners (Clause 5.4.5.3) a) Fastener holes in the tension flange need not be allowed for, provided that for the tension 0.9 (Af.net / Af) t (fy/fu) ( / 0.9 where Af.net /Af =Ratio of net to gross area of the flange fy/fu =Ratio of yield and ultimate strength of the material
m2/ m0= m2 / m0 )
Ratio of partial safety factors against ultimate to yield stress
effective width of flange for design The calculation of effective breadths of strength m ay be calculated using flanges is covered in ENV 1993-1-3 specialist literature, or conservatively Eurocode 3:Part 1.3) and ENV 1993-2 taken as the value satisfying the limit Eurocode 3: Part 2) given above. B)Laterally Unsupported BeamB)Laterally Unsupported Beam-
Effect of Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB) The design buckling resistance moment FRQVLGHUHG LI where,
LT
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Mb.Rd = LT w W pl.y fy/ M1 where =Non-dimensional slenderness ratio LT =1 for Class 1 or Class 2 w for lateral torsional buckling cross-sections =W el.y /W Pl.y for Class 3 cross Then w section Md = Eb Zp fbd =W eff.y /W pl.y for Class 4 cross w section fbd = Design bending compressive stress, = The reduction factor for lateralLT obtained as follow torsional buckling. I I [
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169
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Here by considering
LT
= 0.4 we can find the laterally unsupported length up
to which LTB is not governing mode.Refer Table B.6.2 which give the unsupported length corresponding to by both codes About Lateral Torsional Buckling Beams experiencing the bending about the major axis and not restrained against the lateral buckling of compression flange may fail by lateral torsional buckling before material fails
LT
=0.4 for Indian Standard I-section
Consider a simply supported beam with a uniform bending moment M as shown in figure B.6.6
ES
x x x x x E=Youngs modulus =Poissons ratio x x x x =Angle of twist
Notations used in derivation Iz=Second moment of area @ major axis (X-axis) Iy=Second moment of area @ minor axis (Y-axis) It=St. Venants constant = >bt3]/3
G=Shear modulus E/(2*(1+ ))
u ,v=Displacement along X-axis and Y-axis respectively Mz=Bending moment @z-axis (Major axis)
171 Comparative study of IS: 800 & EC3
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(Continued) Designation Section Classification As per As per IS:800 (Draft) Eurocode3 Sect. Modulii Moment Elastic Plastic Capacity
(@ major (@ major axis) axis)
3
KL
Section Vs Laterally Unsupported Length
ISWB 600 ISWB 600 ISWB 550 ISWB 500 ISWB 450 ISWB 400 ISWB 350 ISWB 300 ISWB 250 ISWB 225 ISWB 200 ISWB 175 ISWB 150 ISMB 600 ISMB 550 ISMB 500 ISMB 450 ISMB 400 ISMB 350 ISMB 300 ISMB 250 ISMB 225 ISMB 200 ISMB 175 ISMB 150 ISMB 125 ISMB 100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 KL As per Eurocode 3 As per IS:800 (Draft)
cm ISMB 100 ISMB 125 ISMB 150 ISMB 175 ISMB 200 ISMB 225 ISMB 250 ISMB 300 ISMB 350 ISMB 400 ISMB 450 ISMB 500 ISMB 550 ISMB 600 Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1
cm3 57.4 80.2 108.4 163.0 249.7 342.6 458.4 641.3 877.0 1161.5 1534.2 2047.5 2678.4 3465.4 125.1 192.2 291.2 386.8
By IS:800 By EC3 ( Mpor My) (Draft) x106Nmm mm mm 13.1 18.2 24.6 37.1 56.7 77.9 104.2 145.7 199.3 264.0 348.7 465.4 608.7 787.6 830.0 786.2 791.5 882.7 1024.5 1115.1 1249.6 1323.1 1328.6 1326.7 1414.0 1640.3 1742.7 1922.5 601.8 589.9 604.5 677.3 782.9 852.1 965.0 1034.2 1034.2 1026.9 1096.1 1281.8 1358.3 1500.3
ela
111.9 172.5 262.5 348.5 475.4 654.8 887 1171.3 1558.1 2091.6 2723.9 3540 3854.2 725.0 986.1 1306.9 1742.7 2331.6 3038.2 3951.5 4302.2 28.4 43.7 66.2 87.9 108.0 164.8 224.1 297.0 396.1 529.9 690.5 898.1 977.8 978.9 1190.6 1372.5 1471.9 1734.7 1808.9 1824.2 1840.8 1880.3 2250.1 2322.0 2398.2 2456.5
173
51.5 71.8 96.9 145.4 223.5 305.9 410.5 573.6 778.9 1022.9 1350.7 1808.7 2359.8 3060.4
St
ISWB 150 Plastic ISWB 175 Plastic ISWB 200 Plastic ISWB 225 Plastic ISWB 250 Semicompact ISWB 300 Compact ISWB 350 Plastic ISWB 400 Plastic ISWB 450 Plastic ISWB 500 Plastic ISWB 550 Plastic ISWB 600 Plastic ISWB 600 Plastic
Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class3 Class2 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1 Class1
761.1 943.2 1088.8 1172.6 1408.3 1463.9 1467.6 1471.2 1496.7 1806.2 1860.9 1911.8 1948.3
Section
(Continued)
Comparative stud of IS:800 (Draft) and EC3
x can say that
My=Bending moment @y-axis (Minor axis) KL= Effective length for a s/s beam =L
With the angle of twist ; the lateral displacement u and vertical displacement we
Mz=Bending moment @ major axis My=Bending moment @ minor axis is M Then Moment Curvature Relation G Y (,] G] 0 0
G X (,\ G]
As the section is non circular this torsion arising from angle of twist accompanied by warping Therefore equation of non-uniform torsion is given by, *,W G G (,Z G] G] 7
lar
(B.6.1) (B.6.2)
%
is
where T= Induced torque from external loading =-M(du/dz) Iw=Warping constant= (Iyh2/4) for a I-section; h= Overall depth of I-section.
ES
GX But from equation (B.6.2), (,\ G]
Now putting for T in equation (B.6.3) we get

G G GX *,W (,Z 0 G] G] G] G GX G *,W (,Z 0 G] G] G] 'LII ZUW ] ZH JHW G G GX *,W (,Z 0 G] G] G]
Thus we get governing differential equation as follow

te
0
(B.6.3)
Where the ends of the beam are not restrained against torsion, or where the load is applied to the compression flange and both the load and flange are free to move laterally, the above values of the effective length shall be increased by 20 percent. Table B.6.3:- Effective length KL for cantilever of length L (As per Table 8.1of IS:800 (Draft)
ES
As per Eurocode 3 x
Note: If there is a degree of fixity at the fee end, the effective length shall be multiplied by (0.50/0.85) in (b) and (c), and by (0.75/0.85) in (d), (e) and (f) above.
The effective length factors k vary from 0.5 for full fixity to 1.0 for no fixity, with 0.7 for one end fixed and one end free.
te
lar
shear failure
Table B.6.4 Shear area Av (As per Clause 8.4.1.1 of IS:800 (Draft) and Clause 5.4.6 of Eurocode 3)
Shear buckling (Clause 8.4.2)
Resistance to shear buckling of web Resistance to shear buckling of web
shall be considered if following situation
ES
x x
G ! WZ N Y for stiffened webs
exists
G ! for an unstiffened webs WZ
te
x x where stiffeners
179
where
kv=Shear buckling coefficient Iy)
Shear buckling design methods
The nominal shear strength, Vn, of webs with or without intermediate stiffeners as governed by buckling may be evaluated
lar
Shear buckling (Clause 5.6) Shear buckling resistance of web Web shall be checked for the shear buckling if following conditions exists.
G ! for an unstiffened webs WZ G ! WZ N 7 for stiffened webs
kT=Buckling factor for shear Iy) Shear buckling design methods For webs without intermediate transverse stiffeners and for webs with transverse only, the shear buckling
DESIGN PROBLEM ON BEAMS BY IS:800 (DRAFT) Problem 1.Laterally supported beam The secondary beam B1 of a floor beam system is shown in figure below & is simply supported at both ends.The beam carries working dead load =12 kN/m and working live load =12.5 kN/m from slab.The compression flange of beam is fully embedded in R.C.C.slab. Design the floor beam and apply usual checks. Take f y=250 MPa
te
DESIGN STEPS = = 12 kN/m 1 kN/m = 13 kN/m = 12.5 kN/m = 12.5 kN/m
fp fv
1. Loading on Beam B1
ES
Permanent Action (Q p) or D.L. From Slab Self weight of beam Total Permanent Action Q p Variable Action (Qv) or L.L. From Slab Total Variable Action Q v 2. Partial Safety Factors For D.L. (i.e. Permanent Action ) For L.L. (i.e. Variable Action )
Swapnil B. Kharmale CD-051061 181
lar
REFERENCES = 1.5 = 1.5 Table 5.1of IS:800 (Draft)
d/tw where d:=Distance between Hence web is plastic fillet := h-2h2 := 450-2x35.40 := 379.2 mm As both flange and web are plastic hence whole section is plastic 6.Shear Capacity Clause 8.4 Design Shear Strength of cross section V d=Vp
Web :-
= A v x fy [
= (hxtw) x fy
= 555 kN As V (Design shear force ) < 0.6 V d , the effect of shear force
ES
on Plastic moment capacity M p.
7. Moment Capacity Since the section is plastic and there is no effect of shear force on plastic moment capacity Threrfore, design bending strength of cross section Md = b x Zp x (fy mo ) = 1 x 1553.36x103 x (250/1.10) = 348.5 x106 N.mm = 348.5 kNm > 269 kNm (M= Design B.M. ) Hence safe
te
183
8.Checks 8.1. Deflection Check:- Deflections are to be checked for most adverse but realistic combination of service load and their arrangements by elastic analysis using load factor 1. Now max = 5 x w x L4 384 E xIzz Here w := 1.0 x13 +1.0 x 12.5
lar
mo
As (d/tw IRU XQVWLIIHQHG Where Vp = Plastic shear resistance
Clause 8.2.1.2
[ mo = ( 450 x 9.4) x 250 [ = 555 x 103 N
Clause 8.2.1
Clause 5.6.1 and Table 5.3 of IS: 800 (Draft)
And
= Imperfection factor corresponding to buckling curve = Non dimensional effective slenderness ratio =
IFF I\ I\ ./ U

>
@
rzz= 2.71mm Therefore ,
[ [[
For solid web section we have to use buckling curve c irrespective of axis of bendng Therefore = 0.49 Therefore
> @

> @

ES
IFG [
Hence ,the buckling resistance of web
N1! N1
3Z > [@[
8.3 Web Bearing Or Web Crippling Checks :The crippling resistance of web is given by
te

N1 PP
Hence safe
)Z
E Q [W Z [
lar

Clause 8.7.4
KL= Effective length of web =.7 x d 0 =.7 x 379.2 0 =65.44 mm 2 G WZ ,]] U]] W $ GW Z Z
[
I\Z
PR
185
DESIGN PROBLEM ON BEAMS BY EUROCODE 3 Problem 1.Laterally supported beam The secondary beam B1 of a floor beam system is shown in figure below & is simply supported at both ends.The beam carries working dead load =12 kN/m and working live load =12.5 kN/m from slab.The compression flange of beam is fully embedded in R.C.C.slab. Design the floor beam and apply usual checks. Take f y=250 Mpa
te
DESIGN STEPS = = 12 kN/m 1 kN/m = 13 kN/m = 12.5 kN/m = 12.5 kN/m
G.sup Q
ES
Permanent Action (G k) or D.L. From Slab Self weight of beam Total Permanent Action G k Variable Action (Qk) or L.L. From Slab Total Variable Action Q k 2. Partial Safety Factors For D.L. (i.e. Permanent Action ) For L.L. (i.e. Variable Action )
Swapnil B. Kharmale CD-051061 187
lar
REFERENCES = 1.35 = 1.5 Table 2.2 of Euro code 3
d/tw where d:=Distance between Hence web is of Class 1 fillet := h-2h2 := 400-2x32.80 := 334.4 mm As both flange and web are of Class 1 hence whole section is of Class 1. 6.Shear Capacity Design Shear Strength of cross section =V pl.Rd Clause 5.4.6
Web :-
= A v x fy [
= (hxtw) x fy
=467.13 kN As VSd (Design shear force ) < 0.5 V pl.Rd,the effect of shear force
ES
7. Moment Capacity Since the section is plastic and there is no effect of shear force on plastic moment capacity Threrfore, design bending strength of cross section of class 1 Mc.Rd= W plzfy/ M0 = 1161.48x103x250/1.10 = 264 x106 Nmm Mc.Rd= 264 kNm >256 kNm (M Sd) Hence safe
te
189
8.Checks 8.1. Deflection Check:- Eurocode requires that the deflections of the beam to be checked under following seviceability loading conditions :i)Variable action ii)Permanent action
lar
mo
As (d/tw IRU XQVWLIIHQHG Where Vpl.Rd = Plastic shear resistance
[ mo = ( 400 x 8.9) x 250 [ = 467.13 x 10 3 N
Clause 5.4.5.1
Clause 4.2.2
8.2 Web Buckling Check :The buckling resistance is determined by taking a length of web as a strut.
Clause 5.7.5
The length of web is taken as per Eurocode 3 which in this case V gives E K V D For our case a =0 s= Width of stiff bearing plate=Let us take it 75 mm h= Depth of web =400 mm
HII
HII
PP
ES
1RZ

The height of web for buckling should be taken as l = 0.7 x Distance between fillet = 0.7 xd =0.7 x334.4= 234mm Radius of gyration of web i= t w/12= 8.9/12 =2.6 mm Therefore slenderness =(l/i)=90
[
$
DV ZHE LV RI &ODVV > @
1RZ
> @ 7DNLQJ EXFNOLQJ FXUYH F DV IRU VROLG ZHE

WKHUHIRUH
> @ > @ %XFNOLQJ UHVLVWDQFH 1E5G $I\ 0 $ 1E5G

te

1E5G [[ [ [ N1 ! N1
Hence safe
Swapnil B. Kharmale CD-051061 191 Comparative study of IS:800 (Draft) and EC3
lar

96G
DESIGN PROBLEM ON BEAMS BY IS:800 (DRAFT) Problem 2.Laterally unsupported beam The primary beam B4 of a floor beam system is shown in figure below & is simply supported at both ends.The beam carries wall of 230 mm thick and 3.55 m clear height and in additon to this it support the secondary beam B1 as shown in figure.The beam is restrained only at ends and at point load Design the floor beam and apply usual checks Take f y=250 Mpa
te
DESIGN STEPS = = 16.33 kN/m 1 kN/m = 17.33 kN/m = 0kN/m
fp fv
ES
Total Permanent Action Q p Variable Action (Qv) or L.L. 2. Partial Safety Factors For D.L. (i.e. Permanent Action ) For L.L. (i.e. Variable Action )
Permanent Action (Q p) or D.L. Wall load := 0.230x (4-0.450)x20 Self weight of beam
And two point loads (working) of 191.33 kN as reactions from B1 acts on beam.
lar
REFERENCES = 1.5 = 1.5 Table 5.1of IS:800 (Draft)
Sectional properties A= h= B= b= tw= tf = d= Izz= Iyy= ryy= Zez= 13211 550 190 95 11.2 19.3 467.5 mm2 mm mm mm mm mm mm
64893.6x104 mm4
4 4 1833.8x10 mm
5. To find tp:-
(Zp )cov erplate (Zp )cov erplate (Zp )cov erplate (Zp )cov erplate
But ,
(Zp )cov erplate ? tp
1905.04x103
ES
6.Check for Section:Iy)=1 Flange Cover Plate
E WS
But provide tp =22 mm so that check for plastic section will be satisfied Clause 3.7.3
Flange of Rolled Beam

E WI % WS
And
Web
G WZ

te
1905.04x103 mm3
2xBp xtp x( ) 2 550 tp 2x280xtp x( ) 2 h tp 12.2mm
4583.4x103 2678.36x103
3ODVWLF 3ODVWLF

3ODVWLF
lar
2359.8x10 mm
3 3 3 3 Zpz = 2678.36x10 mm Bp= 280 mm
37.3
mm
(Zp )required (Zp )ISMB500
3ODVWLF
195
T= Imperfection factor =0.21 for rolled section =0.49 for welded section
OLT Eb xZp Xfy Mcr
If LT < 0.4 then effect of lateral torsional buckling is ignored.

Mcr ELT xS2 xEXIyy xh 2x(KL)2
2 1 (KL / ryy ) x [1 x ] 20 (h / t f )2
:=1.2 for plastic and compact section :=1 for semi-compact section KL :=Effective laterally unsupported length of member h :=Over all depth of section Iyy :=Moment of inertia @ minor axis
LT
tf :=Thickness of flange of section
While calculating M cr the sectional properties (h,I yy,ryy, tf etc) of rolled section are considered though it is built-up as this lead to conservative design.
ES
0FU 0FU [ N1P =3 =3 =3
/7 SURYLGHG SURYLGHG SURYLGHG
For our case
[ [[ ;[ [ [ > [ @ [ =S
,60%
/7
[[ ; [
[ PP
[ [[[
As LT =0.847>0.4 the effect of lateral torsional buckling is considerd
te
=S
FRY HUSODWH
ryy :=Radius of gyration of@minor axis
lar

Now
[% S [ D E
6WUHQJWK RI ZHOG
[% S [ D E
[ [6[
ES
[[ 6 PP
fuw= Ultimate stress of parent material or weld material whichever less For our case Take a= 4x22mm or 40 mm whichever is more say 90 mm b= 12x17.92 mm or 200 mm whichever is less say 200mm 1.25 mo= 2 fuw= 410 N/mm
[ PP RU PP [ [6[ [ [
Therefore provide intermittent fillet weld of size 8mm on either side @ a pitch p=290 mm c/c
te
199
Where, th S= Weld size and S< (3/4) of tmin or tmin-1.5 whichever is minimum. a= Effective length of intermittent fillet weld a> 4xtp or 40 mm whichever is more b= Clear spacing between effective length of weld < 12t or 200mm whichever less mo= 1.25 for shop weld
lar
PR [
IXZ [D
Clause 10.5.8.1 and 10.5.8.2
Design Actions Fd Fd
:=
G.supGk+ QQk
Clause 2.3.2.2
:= 1.35 x17.33 +1.5 x 0 :=23.5kN/m And, Factored Point Load = 1.35x97.5+1.5X93.75 = 272.25272.5 kN Design Moment 2 M at midspan =Mmax= 360.6 x3.75-23.5 x (3.75 /2)-272.5 x (3.75-2.5) MSdmax = 846.5 kNm Munder point load
2 = 360.6 x 2.5 -23.5 x (2.5 /2) = 828 kNm
Design Shear Force

96G 96G
4. Trial section
As design moment M Sdmax=846.5 kNm is large and beam is laterally supported only at ends and under point loads , single rolled section is not sufficient. Therefore try a built-up beam
ES
:S
UHTXLUHG
Let us assume built- up beam is of Class 1

06GPD[ PR [I\
As beam is laterally unsupported hence increase above value of (Wp ) req by say 45%
? (Wp )required 4583.40x103 mm3
Let us select an ISMB 550@1.0173 kN/m with cover plates 280 mm wide on either sides of flange of rolled beam.
te
:S :S
UHTXLUHG UHTXLUHG
96G
4 G [/ [ N1
[ [ [ PP
lar
7.Shear Capacity Design Shear Strength of cross section =V pl.Rd
Clause 5.4.6
As (d/tw IRU XQVWLIIHQHG Where Vpl.Rd = Plastic shear resistance = A v x fy [

mo
w=W el.y
w=W eff.y LT=

/7
The reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling.

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/7 /7 /7 /7
ES
/7 /7 /7 E
>
IRU UROOHG VHF WLRQ IRU Z HOGH G VHFWLRQ [ = [ I 0

S FU \
/7
WR E H FDOFXODWHG IURP IRP XOD H JLYH Q LQ LQIRUP DWLYH $ QQH[ )

FU
Z KHUH 0
RU DOWHUQDWLYH O\

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/W
Pl.y
8.Moment Capacity Mb.Rd LT w W pl.y fy M1 where w=1 for Class 1 or Class 2 cross-sections for Class 3 cross-section

/W
pl.y
for Class 4 cross-section

@
( ODVWLF FU LWLFDO P RP HQ W
/7
\

lar

[ mo = ( 550 x 11.2) x 250 [ = 808.29 x 10 3 N =808.29 kN As VSd (Design shear force ) < 0.5 V pl.Rd,the effect of shear force
= (hxtw) x fy
Clause 5.5.2
/7
/7 :

/7
I
\
O L
/W
203
:[D Z[/ [ / D [ [(,\\ (,\\
Iyy= [ =
[ PP
[ [ [
Also
max=
1 2=
10.77mm <L/250 Hence safe
10. Connection between coverplate and flange plate
[ [ [ [
Now
[%S [ / /
[[ 1 PP
ES
ZKHUH I
X
'HVLJQ VKHDU VWUHQJWK RI ZHOG I
te
6WUHQJWK RI ZHOG
I
X 0 0Z
Shear stress at the junction of cover plate and flange of rolled beam. 9[$ S ;\
%S ;,]]
RI ZHD NHU SDUW RI FRQQHFWLRQ 03D 3DUWLDO VDIHW\ IDFWRU IRU ZHOG
1R PLQ DO XOWLPDWH VWUHVV
0Z
lar
\ZG
L= 7.5m a= 2.5m For permanent action W= 97.5 kN w= 17.33kN/m 1= 4.40+2.15=6.55mm For variable action W= 93.75 kN/m w= 0kN/m 2= 4.22mm <L/350 Hence safe
Clause 6.6.5.3.(4)
205
Section B:- Study Of Both Code B.7 Design of Member Subjected To Combine Forces
B.7.1 Introduction Generally, in frame structures the particular cases of beams (F = 0) and
columns (M = 0) simply being the two extremes. In practice the structural members are generally subjected to various type of combination of forces. Depending upon the external actions over the members in structural framing
i. ii.
Combined shear and bending,
Combined axial load and bending
a) Combined axial tension and bending and
b) Combined axial compression and bending i.e. Beam-Column* The Combined shear and bending case is discussed in chapter B.6. Here more emphasis is given on Combined axial load and bending
B.7.2 Cross-sectional behaviour for combined axial load and bending

Figure B.7.1 shows a point somewhere along the length of an I-section column where the applied compression and moment about the z-axis produce the uniform and varying stress distributions
ES
*Beam-columns are defined as members subject to combined bending and compression. In principle, all members in frame structures are actually beam-columns. Swapnil B. Kharmale CD-051061 207 Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC3
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system, the combined forces may be broadly categorized as
)RU \
KW
1HXWUDO D[LV OLHV LQ IODQJHV
10 01
K I\ >W Z K W I E>W I \Q @ K I\ E> \Q @>K \Q @
(B.7.2)
Figure B.7.3 compares Equations (B.7.2) and (B.7.33) with the approximation used in Eurocode 3 as well as in IS: 800 (Draft) which is as follow 0 > Q@ > D@ $V SHU (XURFRGH
1\5G
SO5G
6G
ES
applied axial force)
Figure B.7.3 shows the theoretical interaction curve and design interaction curve by formulae mentioned by both codes for a ISHB 450 section. The design interaction curve is lower bound when plastic netural axis lies in flange (i.e. when the applied moment is large as compare to applied axial force) and is upper bound when plastic netural axis lies in web (i.e. when the applied moment is smaller as compare to
te
209 Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC3
$EW $
SO5G
lar
QG] G]
> Q@ > D@ $V SHU ,6 'UDIW ZKHUH Q 5DWLR RI D[LDO ORDG WR VTXDVK ORDG 1 1 $V SHU (XURFRGH $V SHU ,6 'UDIW 1 1G 0 0 0
D1, D2
= Constants as given in Table B.7.1 below.
D,
= Constants as given in Table B.7.1 below.
= N / Nd
= N / Nd
2
Table B.7.1 :-Constant
1(
) and
As per
Table 9.1 of IS:800 (Draft) and Clause 5.4.8.(11) of Eurocode3
Section I and Channel Circular tubes Rectangular tubes Solid rectangles
without bolt hole (Approximate formulae as per IS code)* Section Plates Welded I or Hsection Mnd Mndz 0G] Mndy
0G\ > QD @ 0G\ D
te
Md(1-n2) > Q@ Mdz > D@
$EW I $
Table B.7.2:- Design reduced flexural strength for plastic and compact class
ES
-For standard Isection and Hsection -Circular hollow tubes
x
1.04Md (1-n1.7) d Md
Same table is applicable for Eurocode with corresponding symbols
lar
5n t 1 2 2 2 1.66/(1-1.13n2)< 6 1.73+1.8n3 1.66/(1-1.13n2) < 6 1.73+1.8n3 --where
D
D1 ( )*
D2( )*
where
D
1.11Mdz(1-n) Mdz
$EW I $
For n2, Mdy For n>2, 1.56(1-n)(n+0.6)
--
--
211
Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC3
Member shall be checked for lateral Member torsional buckling under
shall
be
checked
for
lateral
reduced torsional buckling under reduced moment Meff.Sd due to tension and bending Meff.Sd=W com where
com.Ed = com.Ed
moment Meff due to tension and bending Meff=[M- TZec/A]Md where M, T = Factored applied moment and tension, respectively A = Area of cross section
MSd/ W com -
vec
Nt.Sd/ A
Wcom =Elastic section modulus for extreme
Zec = Elastic section modulus of the compression fiber = 0.8 if T and M can vary independently = 1.0 otherwise.
section with respect to extreme
b)Bending and axial compression
te
(Clause 9.3.2.2) 1
PLQ
Members subjected to combined axial
compression and biaxial bending shall
ES
satisfy the following interaction relationship 3 . \0\ . ]0] 3G 0G\ 0G] Ky, Kz about minor and major axis respectively P = Factored applied axial compression My, Mz =Maximum factored applied z axis of the member,
lar
vec
fiber in compression
Nt.Rd =Design value of axial tension = Reduction factor for vectorial effect =0.8 if T and M can vary independently
= 1.0
otherwise
b)Bending and axial compression (Clause 5.5.3.2)
b.1)Members with Class 1 and Class 2 cross-sections subject to combined bending and axial compression shall satisfy: $
6G
N0
\ SO\
\6G
N0
] SO]
]6G
0
0
0
= Moment amplification factor
in which
N\
\

\ 0\ >
\16G \ $I\

bending moments about y and
,Q FDVH RI ODWHUDO WRUVLRQDO EXFNOLQJ 1 N \ N/7 /7 6G /7 $I\
:SO\ :OH\ @ :HO\
213
axis and minor axis About major axis
0G] 0G
For all above case EMy, EMz, EMLT= Equivalent uniform moment factor obtained from Table B.7.3, Factor: EMy EMz EMLT Moment about axis: y-y z-z y-y
Md =Design flexural strength about z axis given by Section 8.2.1of IS:800 (Draft) when lateral torsional buckling is prevented and by Section 8.2.2, of IS:800 (Draft) where lateral torsional buckling governs About minor axis 0G\ 0G
Md = Design flexural strength about y
axis calculated using plastic section modulus for plastic and compact sections and elastic section
modulus for semi-compact sections Comment :x
Eurocode 3 give separate interaction formulae for each class of section and for different mode of failure (i.e. flexural buckling and lateral torsional buckling ) On the other hand the IS :800 (Draft) mention one interaction formula and it covers Plastic Compact and Semi-compact class and both failure mode (i.e. flexural buckling and lateral torsional buckling )
ES
x
For Class 4 (Slender) section, Eurocode 3 considers the Lateral Torsional Buckling as a mode of failure and gives the interaction equation (b.3) is something strange because Class 4 section shall be avoided as far as possible in design of member subjected to axial compression and bending. As such design of compression member and flexural member is based on section classification
te
215
lar
ES
Swapnil B. Kharmale CD-051061 217 Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC3
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3.Section Classification Stress ratio =(250/fy)=1 For bending compression
Table 3.1 IS:800 (Draft)

E WI G W
Z
KHQFH FRPSDFW
KHQFH SODVWLF

Therefore whole c/s is compact from bending point of view E For axial compression
W
I
KHQFH QRQ VOHQGHU FODVV

G W
Therefore whole c/s is non slender from axial compression point of view and A eff=Ag 4.Check for resistance of cross section to combined effects for yielding. For Plastic and Compact Section
1 1G 0\ 0G\ 0] 0G]
)RU RXU FDVH 1
N1 1 G
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$ J [I\
P
[ I\
0\
N1P 0 G\
[=S\ [
ES
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DESIGN OF MEMBER SUBJECTED TO COMBINED FORCE (BEAM-COLUMN) BY EURO CODE 3 A non sway intermediate column in a building frame with flexible joints is 4.0 m high The column is subjected to following load: My Mz Factored axial load = 500 kN and Bottom 0 kNm 0kNm Top 15kNm 0.75 kNm Take Fe 250 grade of steel Assume effective length of the column as 3.4 m along both the axes.
DESIGN STEPS 1.Data NSd= Factored applied axial force =500 kN
My.Sd=Factored applied moment @ major axis of c/s=15 kNm at top
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2.Trial Section As predominant force is axial force hence let us chosse the section on the basis of axial force (say compressive nature) Assume fcd = 80MPa Therefore 1G [
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Let us try ISWB 300 @ 0.471 kN/m Sectional properties 3 3 A=6133mm2 W el.y=654.8x10 mm b=200mm h=300mm tf=10mm W el.z=99.0x103mm3
3 3 W pl.y=725x10 mm
h2=24.95mm tw=7.4mm
W pl.z=103.8x103mm3 d= h-2h2=250.1mm
4 4 Iyy=9821.6x10 mm
Izz=990.1x104mm4 iyy=126.6mm izz=40.2mm
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Mz.Sd=Factored applied moment @ minor axis of c/s=0.75 kNm at top Length of column L= 4m Effective length along both axis (KL) z = (KL)y=3.74m
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Section B: - Study of Both Code B.8 Connections

B.8.1 Introduction Steel frame buildings consist of a number of different types of structural elements, each of which has to be properly attached to the neighbouring parts of the structure. This will involve the use of several forms of connection. The main classes of connection are:
i) Where a change of direction occurs, e.g. beam-to-column connections, beam-tobeam connections and connections between different members in trusses.
ii) To ensure manageable sizes of steelwork for transportation and erection e.g. columns are normally spliced every two or three storeys.
iii) Where a change of component occurs, including connection of the steelwork to other parts of the building, e.g. column bases, connections to concrete cores and connections with walls, floors and roofs.
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Connections are important parts of every steel structure. The mechanical properties of the connections are of great influence on the strength, stiffness and stability of the whole structure.
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c) Semi-rigid connection
A connection which does not meet the criteria for a rigid connection or a
connection. In actual practice simple connections do have some degree of rotational rigidity the developments in the semi-rigid connections. Similarly rigid connections do experience some degree of joint deformation and this can be utilized to reduce the joint design moments. x
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a) Riveted. b) Bolted. c) Welded i. ii. iii. iv. connections as per both codes
Classification by components used for connection
Based on above classification the following combination can be achieved Riveted or bolted shear connections. Riveted or bolted Moment connections. Welded shear connections. Welded moment connections
This chapter specifically deals with design of bolted and welded shear or simple
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simple pinned connection as discussed above shall be classified as a semi-rigid
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c) Maximum edge and end distance of fasteners (Clause 10.2.4) For member exposed to weather e1or e2<40 mm+4tmin In general e1or e2<12tminor 150 mm whichever is more
e1or e2<12t ZKHUH
c) Maximum edge and end distance of fasteners (Clause 6.5.1.4) For member exposed to weather e1or e2<40 mm+4tmin In general e1or e2<12tminor 150 mm whichever is more For outstand element
Iy)
d) Spacing (Pitch p1) Minimum spacing
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p1t2.5d
Maximum spacing for compression member p1 W RU PP ZKLFKHYHU LV OHVV
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p1 W RU PP ZKLFKHYHU LV OHVV Tacking fasteners a)In general p1 W RU PP ZKLFKHYHU LV OHVV b)In compression p1Umin of individual component or
Maximum spacing for tension member
p1Wminor 300 mm whichever is less
Not exposed weather p1Wminor 300 mm whichever is less Exposed weather p1 W RU PP ZKLFKHYHU LV OHVV Exposed weather b)In compression Not exposed weather
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maximum to satisfy local
d) Spacing (Pitch p1) Minimum spacing p1t2.2do p1i,p1o=Pitch in inner and outer row respectively Tacking fasteners a)In general
For unstiffened part
e1 and e2 should not exceed the buckling requirements for an outstand element.
(Clause6.5.1.5&6&7)
Maximum spacing for compression member p14 t or200 mm whichever is less
Maximum spacing for tension member
p1o W RU PP ZKLFKHYHU LV OHVV
p1i28 t or400 mm whichever is less
containing more than two bolts (i.e. the nominal diameter of the bolts or rivets, distance between the first and last rows the design shear resistance Fv.Rd of all of bolts in the joint, measured in the the fasteners calculated shall be reduced direction of the load transfer) exceeds by multiplying it by a reduction factor 15d in the direction of load, the nominal given by: shear capacity Vns, shall be reduced by the factor, Elj, given by
/I
Lf

/ M G G
the total thickness of the connected
plates) exceeds 5d, of the bolts, the design shear capacity shall be reduced by a factor Elg, given by Elg = 8 d /(3d+lg) but Elg <Elj and Ig<d
Packing Plates
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carrying calculate shear through decreased by a factor, Epk given by where tpk=Thickness of packing plate Epk = (1 - 0.0125 tpk)
The design shear capacity of bolts a
packing plate in excess of 6 mm shall be
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Distribution of forces for long connections (joint) When several bolts are placed in a row, as is indicated in Figure B.8.6, then
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reduction factor
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Elj = 1.075 lj / (200 d) but 0.75 < Elj < 1.0 Large Grip Lengths When the grip length, lg (equal to
but 0.75 < Elj < 1.0
Fasteners through packing Where bolts or rivets transmitting
load in shear and bearing pass through packing of total thickness tp greater than one-third of the nominal diameter d, the design shear resistance Fv.Rd calculated shall be reduced by multiplying it by a
p,
G EXW G W S
given by:
S
of plate between a pair of bolts therefore has the same length, the same strain and consequently also the same stress. In the example of Figure 2, this means that the forces in the plates between bolt 1 and bolt 2 are: 0,5 F, 1,0 F and 0,5 F. But this also applies to the plates between bolts 2 and 3 and between bolts 3 and 4. Conclusion: the bolts 1 and 4 transmit the full load F. The other bolts are not loaded, see Figure B.8.7.a. b. Assume the plates are infinitely stiff and the bolts are weak
The plates between the bolts do not deform. In other words, every bolt has the same deformation and therefore is loaded to the same extent. Every bolt carries 0,5 F, i.e. 0,25 F per shear area.
The real distribution of forces is between these two extremes, as is indicated by the
The difference between the forces in the outer bolts and the inner bolts is greater when the stiffness of the plates is low.
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reduction factor
lj
This situation occurs when the connection is longer (more bolts) and the plate thickness compared to the bolt diameter is small Therefore both code specify the
Lf)
distribution of forces for long joint Bearing capacity of bolt
Bearing resistance of bolt I GW ) A bolt bearing on any plate subjected

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solid line ("elastic") in Figure B.8.7c.
on design shear capacity of bolt to account the uneven
to a factored shear force (Vsb) shall satisfy Vsb < Vnpb
Vnpb = Bearing strength of a bolt, calculated as follows Vnpb = 2.5 d t fu fu= Smaller of the ultimate tensile stress
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LV VPDOOHU RI H S I G G I fub=Ultimate tensile stress of bolt
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fu= Ultimate tensile stress of plate
231
offering frictional resistance to slip Kh = Factor depending upon clearance of holes =1for holes with standard clearance =0.85 for oversize hole =0.7 for long slotted holes Fo =Minimum bolt tension (Proof load)
=0.7 for long slotted holes Fo =Design pre loading force = 0.7 fub As
Table B.8.2:- Slip factor f
(From Table 10.2 of IS:800 (Draft) &Clause 6.5.8.3 of Eurocode 3)
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tension satisfied
9 7 > @ > @ 96G 7G
Bolt subjected to combined shear and
Following interaction equation shall be
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Bolt subjected to combined shear and tension Following interaction equation shall be satisfied
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W5G
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B.8.4 Design strength of welds by both codes.

x IS:800 (Draft) Fillet weld (Clause 10.5.2) x Eurocode 3 Fillet weld (Clause 6.6.5.1)
Size of fillet weld (S) St3mm
Size of fillet weld (S) St3mm Stmin-2
Throat thickness (a) at3mm
(Clause 10.5.3)
a0.7 t to 1t Effective length of weld
(Clause10.5.4) Effective lengtht40 mm or 4 S
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whichever is greater (Clause 10.5.7) in which fwn=fu/3 fvw.d
D IX x1 PZ
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Strength of weld per unit length
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fwd=fwn/
mw
Design shear strength of weld fwd
where fu
= Smaller of the ultimate stress of the where fvw.d=The shear strength of weld weld and the parent metal Partial safety factor
mw=
Therefore,
strength of weld =Throat area x fwd = 0.707 Sx1x fwd
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Throat thickness (a) at3mm Effective length of weld Fw.Rd shall be determined from Fvw.D=fvw.dxa
S (3/4) tmin
Stmin-1.5
(Clause6.6.6.5.2)
(Clause6.6.5.1 (2))
Effective lengtht40 mm or 4 a whichever is greater
Resistance of weld per unit length (Clause 6.6.5.3)
The design resistance per unit length
: PZ
IX
fu=Nominal ultimate tensile stress of weaker part of joint

W =Appropriate
correlation factor
Section C: - Project Problem C.1Problem Data and Analysis

This project problem consists of analysis of a railway foot over bridge by STAAD-PRO and then design by both codes. The design example covers design of all basic structural members (i.e. axial, flexural and combined). C1.1 Design data of railway foot over bridge. Clear span Walk way width Clear height above top of rail Type of truss configuration Depth of truss girder = 34m
Lateral restrain for compression chord
C.1.2 Assumption: - (For design by both codes) 1) Dead load and live loads 2) Earthquake loading 3) Wind loading
4) Grade of steel (fy)
5) Cross sections used
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1) Dead Load:a) RCC slab 110 mm thick. Density of concrete b) Vertical Cladding @ 15 kg/m2
Swapnil B.Kharmale M.Tech (Str) CD-051061
6) While designing care is taken that strength of system is governed by member and not by the connections. Therefore connection details are not covered.
7) Comparison is based on interaction ratio (IR =Action/Strength) of cross sections.
C.1.3 Loading calculation as per IS: 875 (Part I to V)
Contributory width of floor beams = 2.266 m = 25 kN/m3 = 0.11 x 25 x 2.266 = 6.3 kN/m
UDL on beams (602 to 617)
UDL on beams (601 & 618)
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= 6.5m = N type = 2.3m = X bracing IS 875 part I & II IS 1893-2002 IS 875 part III 250 MPa Indian standard hot rolled sections = 3.2 MTon/m Say
= 2.44m
3) Wind Load (IS 875-III):Design wind pressure (N/m2) is given by: S ] 9] Where Vz is design wind speed in (m/s) 9] 9ENN N
Here, Vb k1 k2 k3
9]
= Basic wind speed in m/s for given region. = 44 m/s (Mumbai) = probability factor (risk coefficient) (see 5.3.1)
= terrain, height and structure size factor (see 5.3.2)
= 0.98 (Terrain category 2 & class B i.e. max dimension is greater than 20m) = topography factor (see 5.3.3).
[[[ P V
= 1.0
However we will design the FOB considering minimum Pz = 0.15 MTon/m2 Considering Side cladding of height 2.3 mts Uniform wind load applied on structure (top and bottom chord)
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=0.17 MTon/m Therefore, (Joints 64, 105, 116 and 128) X is less Z
= 2.3 /2 x 0.15
Joint loads to be applied = 0.17 x 2.27 = 0.38 MTon. (Joints 1 to 14, 110,111, 34 to 46, 104, 114 and 127) At end joints = 0.38 x 0.5 = 0.19 MTon
UDL applied on column = 0.15 x 2.27 / 2 = 0.17 MTon/m (Members 401, 402, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410 and 411) Note: - Applied in Z direction only, not considered in X direction as projection area in
4) Earth Quake Loading (IS 1893-2002) = 0.16 (Zone factor for Mumbai) 239
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= 1.0 (Table 1 All general buildings and structure)
50 2.266 2.3 2.44; 51 4.532 2.3 2.44; 52 6.798 2.3 2.44; 53 9.064 2.3 2.44; 54 11.33 2.3 2.44; 55 13.596 2.3 2.44; 56 15.862 2.3 2.44; 57 18.128 2.3 2.44; 58 20.394 2.3 2.44; 59 22.66 2.3 2.44; 60 24.926 2.3 2.44; 61 27.192 2.3 2.44; 62 29.458 2.3 2.44; 64 -2.266 0 0; 65 -2.266 0 2.44; 66 0 -6.5 0; 67 0 -6.5 2.44; 68 -2.266 -6.5 0; 69 -2.266 -6.5 2.44; 82 -2.266 -3.25 2.44; 83 0 -3.25 2.44; 84 0 -3.25 0; 85 -2.266 -3.25 0; 103 0 2.3 2.44; 104 0 2.3 0; 105 -2.266 2.3 0; 106 -2.266 2.3 2.44; 110 33.99 0 0; 111 31.724 0 0; 112 33.99 0 2.44; 113 31.724 0 2.44; 114 31.724 2.3 0; 115 31.724 2.3 2.44; 116 36.256 0 0; 117 36.256 0 2.44; 118 33.99 -6.5 0; 119 33.99 -6.5 2.44; 120 36.256 -6.5 0; 121 36.256 -6.5 2.44; 122 36.256 -3.25 2.44; 123 33.99 -3.25 2.44; 124 33.99 -3.25 0; 125 36.256 -3.25 0; 126 33.99 2.3 2.44; 127 33.99 2.3 0; 128 36.256 2.3 0; 129 36.256 2.3 2.44; MEMBER INCIDENCES 1 104 105; 2 34 104; 3 34 35; 4 35 36; 5 36 37; 6 37 38; 7 38 39; 8 39 40; 9 40 41; 10 41 42; 11 42 43; 12 43 44; 13 44 45; 14 45 46; 15 114 46; 16 114 127; 17 127 128; 18 1 2; 19 2 3; 20 3 4; 21 4 5; 22 5 6; 23 6 7; 24 7 8; 25 8 9; 26 9 10; 27 10 11; 28 11 12; 29 12 13; 30 13 14; 31 111 14; 32 110 111; 33 2 34; 34 3 35; 35 4 36; 36 5 37; 37 6 38; 38 7 39; 39 8 40; 40 9 41; 41 10 42; 42 11 43; 43 12 44; 44 13 45; 45 14 46; 46 111 114; 47 104 2; 48 34 3; 49 35 4; 50 36 5; 51 37 6; 52 38 7; 53 39 8; 54 8 41; 55 40 9; 56 42 9; 57 43 10; 58 44 11; 59 45 12; 60 46 13; 61 114 14; 62 127 111; 63 103 106; 64 50 103; 65 50 51; 66 51 52; 67 52 53; 68 53 54; 69 54 55; 70 55 56; 71 56 57; 72 57 58; 73 58 59; 74 59 60; 75 60 61; 76 61 62; 77 115 62; 78 115 126; 79 126 129; 80 17 18; 81 18 19; 82 19 20; 83 20 21; 84 21 22; 85 22 23; 86 23 24; 87 24 25; 88 25 26; 89 26 27; 90 27 28; 91 28 29; 92 29 30; 93 112 113; 94 113 30; 95 117 112; 96 50 19; 97 24 57; 98 56 25; 99 51 20; 100 52 21; 101 53 22; 102 54 23; 103 55 24; 104 25 58; 105 26 59; 106 27 60; 107 28 61; 108 29 62; 109 103 18; 110 115 30; 111 126 113; 112 18 50; 113 19 51; 114 20 52; 115 21 53; 116 22 54; 117 23 55; 118 24 56; 119 25 57; 120 26 58; 121 27 59; 122 28 60; 123 29 61; 124 30 62; 125 113 115; 301 64 84; 302 85 66; 303 116 124; 304 125 118; 305 64 1; 306 84 85; 307 116 110; 308 124 125; 309 65 17; 310 82 83; 311 82 67; 312 65 83; 313 122 123; 314 122 119; 315 117 123; 316 83 84; 317 85 82; 318 82 68; 319 17 84; 320 65 85; 321 66 83; 322 64 106; 323 123 124; 324 125 122; 325 122 120; 326 112 124; 327 117 125; 328 118 123; 329 116 129; 401 68 85; 402 85 64; 403 64 105; 404 66 84; 405 84 1; 406 1 104; 407 118 124; 408 124 110; 409 110 127; 410 120 125; 411 125 116; 412 116 128; 413 69 82; 414 82 65; 415 65 106; 416 67 83; 417 83 17; 418 17 103; 419 119 123; 420 123 112; 421 112 126; 422 121 122; 423 122 117; 424 117 129; 501 105 106;
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523 532 TABLE SD ISA60X60X6 SP 0.008 519 TO 522 533 TO 536 TABLE SD ISA65X65X8 SP 0.008 508 511 TABLE SD ISA60X60X6 SP 0.008 504 TO 507 512 TO 515 TABLE SD ISA75X75X8 SP 0.008 501 TO 503 516 TO 518 TABLE SD ISA100X100X8 SP 0.008 404 TO 409 416 TO 421 TABLE ST ISMB500 *78 92 122 TABLE TB ISMB300 WP 0.17 TH 0.025 SUPPORTS 66 TO 69 118 TO 121 FIXED *66 TO 69 118 TO 121 PINNED MEMBER RELEASE 601 TO 618 START MZ 601 TO 618 END MZ MEMBER TRUSS 2 TO 16 18 TO 62 64 TO 78 80 TO 94 96 TO 125 MEMBER TRUSS 306 308 310 313 MEMBER TRUSS 316 317 323 324 MEMBER TRUSS 18 TO 32 80 TO 95 305 307 309 619 TO 636 MEMBER TRUSS 1 TO 17 63 TO 79 501 TO 536 MEMBER TENSION 301 TO 304 311 312 314 315 639 TO 642 646 647 650 651 MEMBER TENSION 318 TO 322 325 TO 329 637 638 643 TO 645 648 649 652 TO 654 LOAD 1 DEAD LOAD (DL) SELFWEIGHT Y -1.05 *5 % EXTRA WEIGHT ADDED TO TAKE CARE OF CONNECTIONS MEMBER LOAD 602 TO 617 UNI GY -0.63 601 618 UNI GY -0.32 *THICKNESS OF SLAB 125MM, WEIGHT = 2.5*0.11 = 0.275 T/SQM *CW = 2.266 M, HENCE UDL = 0.275*2.266 = 0.63 T/M SAY *CLADDING AT 15 KG/SQM W = 0.015*2.3 = 0.0345 18 TO 32 80 TO 94 305 307 601 618 UNI GY -0.0345 *STAIRCASE LOAD *Total rise to climb = 6.5 + 0.3+0.11 = 6.9 m *Rise say = 200 mm *No of Risers = 6.9/0.2 = 34.5 say 35 *Hence No of treads = 35-1 = 34 *Say Tread of 300 mm, hence Total going = 0.3x34 = 10.2 m *Let there be central landing of 1.2m *Hence Total Plan length of staircase = 10.2+1.2=11.4m *Provide central column, *Hence contributory span on Bridge structure = 11.4/4 =2.85 *Staircase width = 2.3 m *Hence plan area for one column = 2.85x2.3/2 = 3.2 sqm *DL @ 0.2 T/sqm = 3.2 x 0.2 = 0.64 MTon *LL @ 0.5 T/Sqm = 3.2 x 0.5 = 1.6 MTon JOINT LOAD 17 65 112 117 FY -0.64 LOAD 2 LIVE LOAD (LL) MEMBER LOAD 602 TO 617 UNI GY -1.14
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Fig C.1.1:- Geometry of FOB
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Fig C.1.2:- Modeling of FOB in STAAD PRO 2006
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SR NO
MEM B#
Axial Force Fx (Mton) (+, Comp & -, Ten) DL
BM-Mz (Mton-m)
1.5(DL+LL) 1.5(DL+WL) #1 #2 Fx -5.9 -11.4 -17.3 -23.0 -28.8 -34.5 -40.5 25.2 21.0 16.8 12.9 8.7 4.8 0.3 0.3 4.8 8.7 12.9 16.8 21.0 25.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.2 43.4 63.5 79.7 91.7 99.6 103.7 100.5 103.7 99.6 91.7 79.7 63.5 43.4 19.2 0.0 2.0 12.5 -14.1 -40.1 -60.3 -76.4 -88.4 -96.5 -97.2 -96.5 -88.4 -76.4 -60.3 Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fx -2.9 -5.6 -8.4 -11.3 -14.1 -17.0 -20.0 12.6 10.5 8.4 6.5 4.4 2.4 0.2 0.2 2.4 4.4 6.5 8.4 10.5 12.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -4.2 1.7 10.2 17.6 23.3 27.5 30.3 31.7 30.8 31.7 30.3 27.5 23.3 17.6 10.2 1.7 -4.2 2.2 3.5 -13.7 -28.1 -40.2 -49.7 -56.4 -61.1 -60.8 -61.1 -56.4 -49.7 -40.2 Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.2(DL+LL+WL) #3
1.5(DL+EQ) #4 Fx -2.9 -5.6 -8.4 -11.3 -14.1 -17.0 -20.0 12.6 10.5 8.4 6.5 4.4 2.4 0.2 0.2 2.4 4.4 6.5 8.4 10.5 12.6 0.0 0.0 -4.2 -5.7 0.0 3.0 0.0 9.5 21.3 31.2 39.0 44.9 48.8 50.7 49.2 50.7 48.8 44.9 39.0 31.2 21.3 9.5 0.0 1.0 6.2 -7.8 -19.7 -29.6 -37.5 -43.2 -47.3 -47.6 -47.3 -43.2 -37.5 -29.6 Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.2(DL+LL+EQ) #5
1.35 DL+1.5LL #6 Fx -5.6 -10.8 -16.4 -21.8 -27.4 -32.8 -38.5 23.9 20.0 16.0 12.3 8.3 4.6 0.3 0.3 4.6 8.3 12.3 16.0 20.0 23.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.3 41.2 60.3 75.8 87.2 94.7 98.6 95.6 98.6 94.7 87.2 75.8 60.3 41.2 18.3 0.0 1.9 11.8 -13.4 -38.2 -57.3 -72.6 -84.0 -91.7 -92.4 -91.7 -84.0 -72.6 -57.3 My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.35 DL+1.5WL #7 Fx -2.6 -5.0 -7.6 -10.1 -12.7 -15.3 -18.0 11.3 9.5 7.6 5.8 3.9 2.2 0.1 0.1 2.2 3.9 5.8 7.6 9.5 11.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -4.2 0.7 8.1 14.4 19.4 23.0 25.4 26.6 25.8 26.6 25.4 23.0 19.4 14.4 8.1 0.7 -4.2 2.1 2.8 -12.9 -26.2 -37.2 -45.9 -52.1 -56.3 -56.0 -56.3 -52.1 -45.9 -37.2 My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.35(DL+LL+WL) #8
1.35 DL+1.5EQ #9 Fx -2.6 -5.0 -7.6 -10.1 -12.7 -15.3 -18.0 11.3 9.5 7.6 5.8 3.9 2.2 0.1 0.1 2.2 3.9 5.8 7.6 9.5 11.3 0.0 0.0 -4.2 -5.7 0.0 3.0 0.0 8.5 19.2 28.1 35.1 40.4 43.9 45.6 44.3 45.6 43.9 40.4 35.1 28.1 19.2 8.5 0.0 0.9 5.5 -7.1 -17.8 -26.6 -33.8 -38.9 -42.5 -42.8 -42.5 -38.9 -33.8 -26.6 My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.35(DL+LL+EQ) # 10
Design Critical forces Fx Fx Comp(+) Tens(-). -5.9 -11.4 -17.3 -23.0 -28.8 -34.5 -40.5 25.2 21.0 16.8 12.9 8.7 4.8 0.3 0.3 4.8 8.7 12.9 16.8 21.0 25.2 -4.2 -5.7 3.0 -4.2 19.2 43.4 63.5 79.7 91.7 99.6 103.7 100.5 103.7 99.6 91.7 79.7 63.5 43.4 19.2 -4.2 2.6 12.5 -16.0 -40.1 -60.3 -76.4 -88.4 -96.5 -97.2 -96.5 -88.4 -76.4 -60.3
case #
Design Critical forces Mz Fx Fx Comp(+) Tens(-). -5.6 -10.8 -16.4 -21.8 -27.4 -32.8 -38.5 23.9 20.0 16.0 12.3 8.3 4.6 0.3 0.3 4.6 8.3 12.3 16.0 20.0 23.9 -4.2 -5.7 3.0 -4.2 18.3 41.2 60.3 75.8 87.2 94.7 98.6 95.6 98.6 94.7 87.2 75.8 60.3 41.2 18.3 -4.2 2.9 11.8 -18.0 -43.7 -63.9 -79.7 -91.4 -99.2 -99.4 -99.2 -91.4 -79.7 -63.9
case #
LL WLz Eqx DL
-2 -3.9 -5.9 -7.8 -9.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.8 -5.2 -7.4 -9.1 -10.5 -11.6 -12.3 -12.7 -12.3 -12.7 -12.3 -11.6 -10.5 -9.1 -7.4 -5.2 -2.8 0.8 -1.8 -3.9 -5.6 -7.1 -8.1 -8.8 -9.2 -8.8 -9.2 -8.8 -8.1 -7.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.8 -3.8 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LL WLz Eqx
Fx -4.7 -9.1 -13.8 -18.4 -23.0 -27.6 -32.4 20.2 16.8 13.4 10.3 7.0 3.8 0.2 0.2 3.8 7.0 10.3 13.4 16.8 20.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -3.4 9.1 25.8 39.8 51.1 59.4 64.9 67.7 65.6 67.7 64.9 59.4 51.1 39.8 25.8 9.1 -3.4 2.6 7.8 -16.0 -38.8 -56.8 -70.8 -81.2 -88.2 -88.3 -88.2 -81.2 -70.8 -56.8
Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fx -4.7 -9.1 -13.8 -18.4 -23.0 -27.6 -32.4 20.2 16.8 13.4 10.3 7.0 3.8 0.2 0.2 3.8 7.0 10.3 13.4 16.8 20.2 0.0 0.0 -3.4 -4.6 0.0 2.4 0.0 15.4 34.7 50.8 63.7 73.3 79.7 82.9 80.4 82.9 79.7 73.3 63.7 50.8 34.7 15.4 0.0 1.6 10.0 -11.3 -32.1 -48.2 -61.1 -70.7 -77.2 -77.8 -77.2 -70.7 -61.1 -48.2
Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fx -5.3 -10.3 -15.5 -20.7 -25.9 -31.1 -36.5 22.7 18.9 15.1 11.6 7.8 4.3 0.3 0.3 4.3 7.8 11.6 15.1 18.9 22.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -3.8 10.3 29.0 44.8 57.5 66.8 73.0 76.1 73.8 76.1 73.0 66.8 57.5 44.8 29.0 10.3 -3.8 2.9 8.8 -18.0 -43.7 -63.9 -79.7 -91.4 -99.2 -99.4 -99.2 -91.4 -79.7 -63.9
My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fx -5.3 -10.3 -15.5 -20.7 -25.9 -31.1 -36.5 22.7 18.9 15.1 11.6 7.8 4.3 0.3 0.3 4.3 7.8 11.6 15.1 18.9 22.7 0.0 0.0 -3.8 -5.1 0.0 2.7 0.0 17.3 39.0 57.1 71.7 82.5 89.6 93.3 90.5 93.3 89.6 82.5 71.7 57.1 39.0 17.3 0.0 1.8 11.2 -12.7 -36.1 -54.3 -68.7 -79.5 -86.8 -87.5 -86.8 -79.5 -68.7 -54.3
My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
My -
0.66 4.1 -5.23
0.68 4.2 -4.2
-13.2 -13.6 -19.7 -20.5 -25 -25.9 -28.8 -30.1 -31.5 -32.8 -31.7 -33.1 -31.5 -32.8 -28.8 -30.1 -25 -25.9 -19.7 -20.5
St
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 301 302 303 304 306 308 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 309 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
-1.9 -3.7 -5.6 -7.5 -9.4
-11.3 -11.7 -13.3 -13.7 8.4 7 5.6 4.3 2.9 1.6 0.1 0.1 1.6 2.9 4.3 5.6 7 8.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.3 14.2 20.8 26 29.9 32.5 33.8 32.8 33.8 32.5 29.9 26 20.8 14.2 6.3 0 8.4 7 5.6 4.3 2.9 1.6 0.1 0.1 1.6 2.9 4.3 5.6 7 8.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.5 14.7 21.5 27.1 31.2 33.9 35.3 34.2 35.3 33.9 31.2 27.1 21.5 14.7 6.5 0
ela
253
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 9 9 5 9 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
SR NO
MEM B#
BM-Mz (Mton-m)
1.5(DL+LL) 1.5(DL+WL) #1 #2 Fx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mz 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fx 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 5.0 4.2 2.0 -5.6 -4.8 -3.9 -3.2 -2.4 -1.7 -0.9 0.0 0.0 -0.9 -1.7 -2.4 -3.2 -3.9 -4.8 -5.6 2.0 4.8 4.5 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 4.5 4.8 -6.3 -5.6 -4.8 -3.9 -3.2 -2.4 Mz 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.2(DL+LL+WL) #3
1.5(DL+EQ) #4 Fx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mz 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.2(DL+LL+EQ) #5
1.35 DL+1.5LL #6 Fx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 My 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.35 DL+1.5WL #7 Fx 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 5.0 4.2 2.0 -5.6 -4.8 -3.9 -3.2 -2.4 -1.7 -0.9 0.0 0.0 -0.9 -1.7 -2.4 -3.2 -3.9 -4.8 -5.6 2.0 4.8 4.5 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 4.5 4.8 -6.3 -5.6 -4.8 -3.9 -3.2 -2.4 My 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.35(DL+LL+WL) #8
1.35 DL+1.5EQ #9 Fx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 My 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.35(DL+LL+EQ) # 10
Design Critical forces Fx Fx Comp(+) Tens(-). 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 5.0 4.2 2.0 -5.6 -4.8 -3.9 -3.2 -2.4 -1.7 -0.9 -0.9 -1.7 -2.4 -3.2 -3.9 -4.8 -5.6 2.0 4.8 4.5 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 4.5 4.8 -6.3 -5.6 -4.8 -3.9 -3.2 -2.4
case #
Design Critical forces Mz 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.2 Fx Fx Comp(+) Tens(-). 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 5.0 4.2 2.0 -5.6 -4.8 -3.9 -3.2 -2.4 -1.7 -0.9 -0.9 -1.7 -2.4 -3.2 -3.9 -4.8 -5.6 2.0 4.8 4.5 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 4.5 4.8 -6.3 -5.6 -4.8 -3.9 -3.2 -2.4
case #
LL WLz Eqx DL
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.3 2.8 1.3 -3.7 -3.2 -2.6 -2.1 -1.6 -1.1 -0.6 0 0 -0.6 -1.1 -1.6 -2.1 -2.6 -3.2 -3.7 1.3 3.2 3 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.7 3 3.2 -4.2 -3.7 -3.2 -2.6 -2.1 -1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3
LL WLz Eqx
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fx 2.8 2.3 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.2 4.0 3.4 1.6 -4.4 -3.8 -3.1 -2.5 -1.9 -1.3 -0.7 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -1.3 -1.9 -2.5 -3.1 -3.8 -4.4 1.6 3.8 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.3 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.8 -5.0 -4.4 -3.8 -3.1 -2.5 -1.9
Mz 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mz 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fx 3.1 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.5 2.0 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.5 3.8 1.8 -5.0 -4.3 -3.5 -2.8 -2.2 -1.5 -0.8 0.0 0.0 -0.8 -1.5 -2.2 -2.8 -3.5 -4.3 -5.0 1.8 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.1 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.5 2.0 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.3 -5.7 -5.0 -4.3 -3.5 -2.8 -2.2
My 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
My 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
My 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.2 -
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
St
168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224
604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 633 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 634 635 636 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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255
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
SR NO
MEM B#
BM-Mz (Mton-m)
1.5(DL+LL) 1.5(DL+WL) #1 #2 Fx Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fx 0.0 -4.7 -9.0 -13.2 -17.1 -20.6 -23.4 -25.4 -26.7 Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.2(DL+LL+WL) #3
1.5(DL+EQ) #4 Fx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.2(DL+LL+EQ) #5
1.35 DL+1.5LL #6 Fx 0.0 -7.0 -14.0 -20.4 -26.2 -31.0 -34.7 -37.2 -38.8 My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.35 DL+1.5WL #7 Fx 0.0 -4.3 -8.3 -12.1 -15.7 -18.9 -21.5 -23.4 -24.7 My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.35(DL+LL+WL) #8
1.35 DL+1.5EQ #9 Fx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.35(DL+LL+EQ) # 10
Design Critical forces Fx Fx Comp(+) Tens(-). -7.4 -14.7 -21.5 -27.6 -32.7 -36.6 -39.2 -40.8
case #
Design Critical forces Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fx Fx Comp(+) Tens(-). -7.4 -14.7 -21.5 -27.7 -32.9 -37.3 -40.2 -42.4
case #
LL WLz Eqx DL
0 -4.9 -9.8 -14.3 -18.4 0 0
LL WLz Eqx
Fx 0.0 -6.6 -13.1 -19.1 -24.6 -29.3 -33.1 -35.8 -37.7
Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mz 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fx 0.0 -7.4 -14.7 -21.5 -27.7 -32.9 -37.3 -40.2 -42.4
My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fx 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
My 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286
528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536
0 -2.5 -4.9 -7.2 -9.3
-11.1 -21.8 -12.4 -24.4 -13.2 -26.1 -13.6 -27.2
0.0 -0.6 0 -7.4 -1.1 0 -14.7 -1.6 0 -21.5 -2.1 0 -27.6 -2.6 0 -32.7 -3.2 0 -36.6 -3.7 0 -39.2 -4.2 0 -40.8 *Considering fixed support at base Truss members
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
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ii)Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical Section (T dn) To find T dn we require the connection details Here connections (welded) is designed such a manner that Tdgis preferably less than T dn (This ensures strength of system is governed by member)
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Clause 6.3.3
ii) Design ultimate resistance of the net cross section (N u.Rd)

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In angles connected by one leg the eccentricity Clause 6.6.10 of welded end connection may be allowed by -(1) adopting an effective cross sectional area and then treating member as concentrically loadea For equal-angles the effective area may be taken as gross area Therefore A net = (2x2106)mm2
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Clause 6.6.10 -(2)
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3.Design Tension resistance of cross section (Nt.Rd) Nt.Rd = Smaller of Npl.Rd and Nu.Rd 957 kN >NSd=924 kN Hence safe
Clause 5.4.3 eqn (5.13)
Connection
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Section:- 2-ISA 110x110x10 (A=2x2106mm2) Interaction Ratio (Action/Strength)=0.97
Here let us take T= T dg so that Tdn < T dg Let us use 6 mm size fillet weld (i.e. S=6mm)
259
Comparative study of IS:800(Draft) and EC3
2)Girder 1/2-L/R Inclined Members 51 to 58 and 101 to 106, 98 and 99 Design forces:As per IS:800 (Draft) T= 17.3 MTon = 173 kN (Tension) Load Case =1.5DL+1.5LL Design forces:As per Eurocode3 NSd= 16.4 Mton = 164 kN (Tension) Load Case=1.35 DL+1.5LL
DESIGN STEPS
REFERENCES

DESIGN STEPS
REFERENCES

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1.Trial section
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Clause 6.2
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Increase it by 5 % so that (A g) req =800mm2 Let us try ISA 70x70x6 connected to the of gusset plate 8 mm thick Sectional properties of 1 ISA 70x70x6 A=806 mm2,b= 70mm,d=70mm,t=6mm czz=19.4 mm
Increase it by 5 % so that A
req
=758mm2
Let us try ISA 70x70x6 connected to the gusset plate 8 mm thick Sectional properties of 1 ISA 70x70x6 A=806 mm2,b= 70mm,d=70mm,t=6mm czz=19.4 mm Check for slenderness = l/i zz = 1.0x 3230 / 13.6 = 237.5 < 350 ok Clause 5.4.3(1)-a
i)Design Strength due to yielding of gross section (T dg)

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Check for slenderness = kL/rzz = 1.0x 3230 / 13.6 = 237.5 < 400 ok
i)Design Plastic resistance of gross cross section (N pl.Rd)

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261
3)Girder 1/2-L/R Inclined Members 302, 301, 303, 304 and 311, 312, 314, 315 Design forces:As per IS:800 (Draft) T= 5.7 MTon = 57 kN (Tension) As per IS:800 (Draft) Load Case =1.5DL+1.5EQ Design forces:As per Eurocode3 NSd= 5.7 Mton = 57kN (Tension) Load Case=1.35 DL+1.5EQ
DESIGN STEPS
REFERENCES

DESIGN STEPS
REFERENCES

PP
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PP
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Clause 6.2
1
1.Trial section
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1.Trial section
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Increase it by 5 % so that (A g) req =265mm Let us try ISA 55x55x5 connected to the of gusset plate 8 mm thick Sectional properties of 1 ISA 55x55x5 A=527 mm2,b= 55mm,d=55mm,t=5mm czz=15.3 mm
Increase it by 5 % so that A
req
=758mm2
Let us try 2-ISA 70x70x6 connected to the gusset plate 8 mm thick Sectional properties of 1 ISA 70x70x6 A=806 mm2,b= 70mm,d=70mm,t=6mm czz=19.4 mm Check for slenderness = l/i zz = 1.0x 4000 / 10.6 = 377.4 >350 In Eurocode there is no strigent requirement for slenderness of Tension member i)Design Plastic resistance of gross cross section (N pl.Rd)
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i)Design Strength due to yielding of gross section (T dg)

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Check for slenderness = kL/rzz = 1.0x 4000 /10.6 =377.4 < 400 ok
Clause 5.4.3(1)-a
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263
4) Girder 1/2-L/R Vertical struts, Members 33 to 37 and 42 to 46, 112 to 116 and 121 to 125 Design forces:As per IS:800 (Draft) P= 25.2 MTon = 252 kN (Compression) Load Case =1.5DL+1.5LL Length= 2.3m Design forces:As per Eurocode3 NSd= 23.9Mton = 239kN (Compression) Load Case=1.35 DL+1.5LL Length= 2.3m
DESIGN STEPS
REFERENCES
DESIGN STEPS
REFERENCES
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1.Trial Section Let us assume fcd =130 MPa

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1.Trial Section Asssume design buckling stress =130 Mpa

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Let us try 2-ISA 70x70x8 connected on either side of gusset plate 10 mm thick
Let us try 2-ISA 70x70x8 connected on either side of gusset plate 10 mm thick
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ryy= 32.9mm rvv = 13.5mm L= 2300mm czz= 20.2mm
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Sectional Properties of 2-ISA 70x70x8 A= 2116mm2 b=d = 70mm t= 8mm rzz= 21.2mm
Sectional Properties of 2-ISA 70x70x8 A= 2116mm2 c=d = 70mm t= 8mm iyy= 21.2mm izz= 32.9mm ivv = 13.5mm L= 2300mm cyy= 20.2mm

2.Section Classification Stress ratio I

Table 3.1 of 2.Section Classification IS:800 (Draft) Stress ratio

I
Table 5.3.1 of EC3
265
Interaction Ratio (Action/Strength)=0.96 7) Connection Let us provide 6mm fillet weld Strength of weld= 0.707x S x fu/((3)x = 0.803 kN/m
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For =0.95 , buckling curve c and f y =250 Stress reduction factor =0.57
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Table 5.5.2 of EC3 Clause 5.5.1.1
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N1 ! N1
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And L weld required per angle =158 mm Now L1+ L2 = 158 -70 =88mm Taking moment of weld force about the vertical face of angle L1 x 20.2 = L2 x (70-20.20) Hence L2=26mm and L1=62mm Tack weld Provide 3mm fillet weld
Hence safe Interaction Ratio (Action/Strength)=0.87 7) Connection Let us provide 6mm fillet weld
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Strength of weld= 0.707x S x fu/((3)x = 0.973 kN/m

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w Mw)
Clause 6.6.5.3
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Pitch of tack weld < i) 600 mm
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ii)40xrvv =40x13.5=540mm 10.2.4.5 iii)0.6 x(KL/r)xrvv =0.6x86.8x13.5=703 mm Provide tack weld @ 540 mm c/c
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Clause
267
And L weld required per angle =123 mm
Now L1+ L2 = 123 -70 =53mm Taking moment of weld force about the vertical face of angle L1 x 20.2 = L2 x (70-20.20) Hence L2=16mm and L1=37mm Tack weld Pitch of tack weld < i) 15 xi min of combined < i.e. 15 x21.2 =318 mm Clause 5.9.4
Provide tack weld @ 315 mm c/c Section:- 2-ISA 70x70x8 (A=2116mm2) Interaction Ratio (Action/Strength)=0.87
Section :-2- ISA 70x70x8 (A= 2116mm2) Interaction Ratio (Action/Strength)=0.96

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2.Equivalent slenderness ratio For single angle strut

H
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Clause 5.8.3
For single angle effective slenderness ratios are as follows For buckling @ v-v axis:= where
HII Y
N N
YY
N
[
Y
r

where k1,k2,k3= constant depending upon endcondition
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For buckling@ z-z axis:= where For buckling @ y-y axis:= where
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For our case Assuming the fixity as partial, hence taking the value k 1,k2 and k3 as average of same mentioned for fixed and hinged connection Therefore k 1=0.45 ,k2 =0.475 and k 3 =12.5 Also
[

Table 7.6 of Now L= 2.3 m & taking l=L IS:800 (Draft)
L
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[ [ [

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[[

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[[

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Therefore
H
HIIY
[ [

HII]
HII\
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269
6) Column Member 401 to 403 & 413 to 415, 410 to 412, 422 to 424 Design forces:As per IS:800 (Draft) P= 18.3 MTon = 183 kN (Compression) Load Case =1.5DL+1.5WL Length= 3.25m Design forces:As per Eurocode3 NSd= 18.2Mton = 182kN (Compression) Load Case=1.35 DL+1.5WL Length= 3.25m
DESIGN STEPS
REFERENCES
DESIGN STEPS
REFERENCES
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$
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1.Trial Section Let us assume fcd =60 MPa

PP

1.Trial Section Asssume design buckling stress =60 Mpa

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Let us try an ISMB 200 @ 0.249kN/m Sectional properties A= 3233mm2 h= 200mm B= 100mm tf= 10.8mm tw= 5.7mm rzz= 83.2mm ryy= 21.5mm
Let us try an ISMB 200 @ 0.249kN/m Sectional properties A= 3233mm2 h= 200mm B= 100mm tf= 10.8mm tw= 5.7mm iyy= 83.2mm izz= 21.5mm h2= 23.65mm d= 152.7mm Table 5.3.1 of EC3
2.Section Classification Stress ratio I

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h2= 23.65mm d= 152.7mm
Table 3.1 of 2.Section Classification IS:800 (Draft) Stress ratio I
\
271
7) Bottom girder main Beam members 601 to 618 Design forces:P= Nil As per IS:800 (Draft) Design forces:NSd= Nil As per Eurocode 3
Mz= 2.1MTon m =21kNm Load Case:- 1.5 (DL+LL) P= 5MTon =50kN Mz= 0.8Mton m =8 kNm Load Case:- 1.5 (DL+WL)
My= 2.0MTon m =20kNm Load Case:-1.35DL+1.5LL NSd= 5MTon =50kN My= 0.7Mton m =7 kNm Load Case:-1.35DL+1.5WL
DESIGN STEPS
REFERENCES
r
h=200mm B=100mm tf=10.8mm tw=5.7mm iyy=83.2mm izz=21.5mm
F )ODQJH W
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DESIGN STEPS
REFERENCES
h=175mm B=90mm tf=8.6mm tw=5.5mm rzz=71.9mm ryy=18.6mm
4 4 Iyy= 85x10 mm
ela
273
1.Trial section Let us try an ISMB 175 @ 0.189kN/m Sectional properties 2 4 4 A=2462mm Izz= 1272 x10 mm
3 3 Zez= 145.4x10 mm 3 3 Zey= 18.9x10 mm 3 3 Zpz= 163x10 mm
1.Trial section Let us try an ISMB 200 @ 0.249kN/m Sectional properties 4 4 A=3233mm2 Iyy= 2235.4 x10 mm
4 4 Izz= 150x10 mm 3 3 W ey= 223.5x10 mm 3 3 W ez= 30x10 mm 3 3 W py= 249.7x10 mm 3 3 W pz= 31.5x10 mm
3 3 Zpy= 19.85x10 mm
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h2= 20.25mm d= 134.5mm 2.Section classification Stress ratio =(250/fy)=1

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h2= 23.65mm d= 152.7mm Table 3.1 of 2.Section classification IS:800 (Draft) Stress ratio =(235/fy)=0.97

Table 5.3.1 of EC3

Hence flange is of plastic class from both axial and bending compression point of view
Hence flange is of Class1 from both axial and bending compression point of view
4.Compression capacity Clause 7.1.2 Effective length (KL) y=1x2.44 =2.44 m say 2.5m ryy=18.6mm Therefore slenderness ratio (KL/r) y =134.40 For buckling about y-y axis buckling curve b is used For (KL/r)y=134.40and buckling curve b the value of f cd=75.16N/mm2
3 G 3 G $ [I H FG [ ,5
4.Buckling resistance Clause 5.5.1.1 Effective length (l) z=1x2.44 =2.44 m say 2.5m and i zz=21.5mm Therefore slenderness ratio (l/i) z = =116.28 For buckling about z-zaxis buckling curve b is used
Table 7.4b of IS:800 (Draft)

For =1.28 and for buckling curve b value of stress reduction factor =0.35
N1 ! N1
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5.Check for resistance of cross section to combined effect of buckling
Clause 9.3.2.2

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3 0] 3G 0G]
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N1 ! N1 +HQFH VDIH
,5

Here P=50 KN ,Mz=0.8 kNm For given section ISMB 175 Pd =185kN and Mdz=28.67kNm

5.Check for resistance of cross section to axial compression and bending 0 1 I I $ :

6G \6G \ \ ] /7 SO\ 0 0
Clause 5.5.4

Here NSd= 50 kN and My.Sd=0.7 kNm

[

St
+HQFH VDIH
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Note that though interaction ratio for combined forces is very low such section selecton is required to take care of moment action under DL+LL combination (For that case IR=0.73) 2 Section :-ISMB175 (A=2462mm ) IR =(Action/Strength)=0.73 For 1.5(DL+LL) IR =(Action/Strength)=0.55 For 1.5(DL+WL)
[[ +HQFH VDIH

[ [

Section :-ISMB200 (A=3233mm 2) IR =(Action/Strength)=0.78 For 1.35DL+1.5LL IR =(Action/Strength)=0.49 For 1.35DL+1.5WL

275 Comparative study of IS:800(Draft) and EC3
33 to 37 and 42 to 46, 10 112 to 116 and 121 to 125 38 to 41and 117 to 120, 11 317, 316, 323 and 324
Comp
2ISA 70x70x8
2ISA 70x70x8
252
264.5
32.9
0.95
239
274
32.9
0.87
Comp
ISA 70x70x8
ISA 70x70x8
52.9
74
16.4
0.71
46
60
16.4
0.77
ela
299 180 183 21 474 ISMB 500 ISMB 500 179 369 158 ISMB 500
277
306, 310, 313 12 and 308, 305, Comp ISA 60x60x6 ISA 60x60x6 95,309, 307 5 to 13, and 13 Comp 2ISA 110x110x15 2ISA 110x110x15 67 to 75. 1 to 4 and 63 to 66, Comp 2ISA 90x90x12 2ISA 90x90x12 14 14 to 17 and 76 to 79. 501 to 505, Comp 2ISA 70x70x10 2ISA 70x70x10 15 514 to 518 16 506 to 513 Comp 2ISA 65x65x8 2ISA 65x65x8 401 to 403 & 413 to 415, 17 Comp ISMB 200 ISMB 200 410 to 412, 422 to 424 18 601 to 618 Flexure ISMB175 ISMB 200
30 1037
38.85 1090.6
7.44 51.7
0.77 0.95
28 970
31 1181
7.44 51.7
0.90 0.82
r
635 636 302 206 204 28.53 1442.6 399.6 1442.6 399.6
43.1
1.00
610
715
43.1
0.85
35 30.9
0.99 0.87 0.90
278 168 182 20 450
367 259 211 26.93 1636
35 30.9
0.76 0.65 0.86
24.62 110.7
0.74 0.78
32.33
0.74 0.78
19
St
404 to 409 & Flexure 416 to 421 Comp
167 110.7 0.65 351 147
330.64 1636 330.64
110.7 110.7 0.66
404 to 409 & Flexure ISMB 500 416 to 421 Comp * Considering fixed support at base 19*
Design of compression member
Both codes use the Perry-Robertson approach to evaluate the compression capacity of member. In case of single angle strut the effective slenderness ratios are calculated on the basis of test results and researches carried out by respective standards. When we compare the capacities of single angle discontinuous strut (of non slender class) with partial fixity at the end connection it founds that IS: 800 (Draft) gives higher
Plastic design strength of flexural member by both codes is same
If member governs by flexural-torsional buckling mode of failure IS (800) Draft code may prove economical because Eurocode 3 more conservative equation to calculate non dimensional slenderness ratio for lateral torsional buckling (LTB)
Design of member subjected to combined forces
subjected to combined forces are same. From Section B Project problem
In project problem the interaction ratios (IR=Action/Strength) are calculated for various structural elements of FOB designed by both codes.
ES
founds that x x This is because:Swapnil B.Kharmale CD-051061
From load combinations by both code (Table C.1.1) and design calculation it
When DL + LL combination is governing then design action by IS: 800 (Draft) are slightly higher than that by Eurocode 3 and in such case Eurocode is slightly economical. When DL +LL+ WL (EL) combination is governing then design action by Eurocode 3 are slightly higher than that by IS: 800 (Draft) and in such case IS: 800 (Draft) is slightly economical.
IS: 800 specify the same partial safety factor for Permanent action as well as Variable action. Eurocode 3 specify the different partial safety factor for permanent and variable action (more value for Variable action as variation are large and smaller
te
The interaction equations specified by both codes for design of member
lar
capacity as compare to Eurocode 3.
Design of member subjected to bending
References
1. Design standards Indian Standards IS: 800-1984 Code of practice for general construction in steel IS:875-1975 (Part I to V)Code of practice for design loads IS: 1893-2002 Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structure and angle sections
IS: 808-1989 Dimensions for hot rolled steel beam, column, channel IS:801 -1975 Code of practice for use of cold formed light gauge steel IS: 814-1991 Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of IS: 4000-1992 High strength bolts in steel structures. carbon and carbon manganese steel structure member in general construction
ENV: 1998 Eurocode 8 Design of structure for earthquake resistance
ENV: 1991 Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on structures
ES
British Standard 2. Books Salmon, J.E.Johnson
BS: 5950:Part1:2000:-Structural Use of Steelwork in Buildings: Part1Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction
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Theory of Elasticity - By-S.P.Timoshenko and J.N.Goodier
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Dissertation Titled

M. Tech. (Civil Engineering with Specialization in Structural Engineering) 2005 - 2007

Department Of Structural Engineering

Statement by the candidate

and well-wishers for encouraging and helping me directly or indirectly, throughout

for extending relevant facilities during this work.

B.1.4 B.1.5 B.1.6 B.1.7 B.1.8 B.1.9

Partial safety factor for material property (

B.6.4 B.7.1 B.7.2

Shear area Av Constant

B.8.1 B.8.2 B.8.3 B.8.4 C.1.1 C.2.1

Strength of weld per unit length of weld as per both codes

Analysis results and load combination for design by both codes

Comparison of design capacity of various elements of FOB by both codes

B.5.10 B.6.1 B.6.2 B.6.3 B.6.4 B.6.5 B.6.6 B.6.4

Bolted connection with four bolts

Distribution of forces in case of long joint Prying force

Modeling of FOB in STAAD PRO

Deflection of simply supported beam undergoing Lateral Torsional

A.1.2.2 Countries and their Design Formats

Table A.1.1:- Countries and their Design Formats

Australia , Canada , China , Europe ,Japan Limit State Method (LSM)

A.1.2.3 IS: 800 (Draft)

Swapnil B. Kharmale CD-051061

Design Formats (For Steel Structure)

Load And Resistance Factor Design

Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC 3

6) To study economy achieved by designing through both code.

A.1.4 Scope of the present work

Part 1:- Comparative Study of Basic Sections by Both Codes through

Member Subjected To Combined Forces

countries so that it may be helpful for undergraduate student as well as

Section A:- Introduction A.2 About IS: 800 (Draft)

2) SECTION -5 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

are described in detail.

3) SECTION-11 WORKING LOAD DESIGN FORMAT

c) Member subjected to bending d) Member subjected to combined stresses

4) SECTION-12 DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADS

The actions (Load), classification of actions, design action, strength, design

Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC 3

8) SECTION-16 FIRE RESISTANCE

Following are 3(three) newly introduced appendices:-

table for critical damping which required for dynamic analysis.

Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC 3

a) To comply with essential Directive (CPD)

requirements of Construction Products

b) To frame harmonized technical specification for construction products

A.3.3 Scope of Eurocode 3

structures" which is applicable to all types of construction.

A.3.3.1 Scope of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 3

Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC 3

A.3.4 National Application Documents (NAD) for Eurocodes

In this Dissertation the Eurocode 3 (ENV: 1993-1-1) together with United

Kingdom National Application Document are used.

corresponding design situations.

Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC 3

Swapnil B. Kharmale CD-051061

Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC 3

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Swapnil B. Kharmale CD-051061

Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC 3

Swapnil B. Kharmale CD-051061

Comparative study of IS: 800 (Draft) & EC 3

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Semi-compact /Class 3 d/tw d/tw

Semi-compact /Class 3 b/t d/t (b+d)/t h/t (b+h)/2t

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