Cardiovascular Circulartory System: The circulatory system is the bodys transport system.

. It delivers O2, nutrients, metabolites, hormones, neurochemicals, proteins, and blood cells thru the body and carries metabolic wastes to the kidneys and lungs for excretion. The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and is made up of 2 separate, serially connected systems: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Pulmonary circulation is driven by the R side of the heart function is to deliver blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Systemic circulation is driven by the L side of the heart- function is to move oxygenated blood thru the body. Lymphatic vessels collect fluids from the interstitium and return the fluids to the circulatory system. The heart: The heart consists of 4 chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles), four valves (2 atrioventricular, 2 semilunar), a muscular wall, a fibrous skeleton, a conduction system, nerve fibers, systemic vessels (coronary circulation) and openings where the great vessels enter the atria and ventricles. Heart wall has two layers: pericardium lining(outer) and myocardium (muscle layer), and endocardium lining(inner). deoxygenated (venous blood) -> R atrium -> R tricuspid valve -> R ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary artery -> to lungs for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood from lungs -> L atrium -> L mitral valve -> L ventricle -> aortic valve -> delivers to systemic arteries of the entire body. Two phases to pumping action: o Diastole myocardium relaxes and ventricles fill with blood o Systole myocardium contracts forcing blood out of ventricles This is the cardiac cycle each cycle constitutes one heartbeat. The electrocardiogram is the sum of all action potentials. o P wave atrial depolarization o QRS complex sum of all ventricular cell depolarization o ST interval occurs when entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized The Systemic Circulation: Blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta and from the aorta into arteries that eventually branch into arterioles and capillaries. O2, nutrients, and other substances needed for cellular metabolism pass from capillaries into interstitium. Venules (smallest veins), receive capillary blood. From venules, venous blood flows into larger and larger veins until it reaches the vena cavae, through which it enters the R atrium. Poiseille law describes the relationship of blood flow, pressure, and resistance as the difference between pressure at the inflow end of the vessel and pressure at the outflow end divided by the resistance within the vessel.

According to the formula, resistance depends on the vessels length and radius and the viscosity of blood. The greater the vessels length and bloods viscosity and the narrower the radius of the vessels lumen, the greater the resistance within the vessel. Poiseuille law and formula are based on physical laws governing the behavior of fluids in a straight tube. In the body, blood flow is also influenced by neural stimulation (vasoconstriction or vasodialation) and by autonomic features that cause turbulence within the vascular lumen. Arterial blood pressure is influenced and regulated by factors that affect the cardiac output (heart rate, stroke volume), total resistance within the system, and blood volume. Antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin system, natriuretic peptides, adrenomedullin, and insulin can all alter blood volume and thus blood pressure. The tissue renin-angiotension system, is activated in response to tissue injury. This system is gaining importance in the maladaptive alterations, such as ventricular and vascular remodeling, alterations in renal function, and artherosclerosis. Particularly significant is an increased recognition of the role of angiotension II for causing the systemic effects of vasoconstriction, hypertension, activation of the systemic nervous system, and retention of sodium and fluids. Venous blood pressure is influenced by blood volume within the venous system and compliance of the venous pressure is influenced by blood volume within the venous system and compliance of the venous walls. Blood flow through the coronary circulation is governed not only by the same principles as flow through other vascular beds but also by adaptations dictated by cardiac dynamics. First blood flows into the coronary arteries during diastole rather than systole, bc during systole, the cusps of the aortic semilunar valve block the openings of the coronary arteries. Second, systolic contraction inhibits coronary artery flow by compressing the coronary arteries. Autoregulation enables the coronary vessels to maintain optimal perfusion pressure despite systolic effects, and myoglobin in heart muscle stores oxygen for use during systolic phase of cardiac cycle.