Applied Thermodynamics Important questions for Assignment:

Note: Solve any 20 questions from the following (For whom not given unit Test-2 only)

1. Describe with a sketch a modern automotive gas turbine plant? 2. What is a back pressure turbine? What are its applications? 3. In a co-generation plant , steam enters the HP stage of a two-stage 4. Describe the sketches the various arrangements for linking gas turbine components. 5. What are the main types of gas turbine combustion chambers? Discuss their relative merits and demerits. 6. Describe with a sketch a typical gas turbine combustion chamber. How the performance of combustion chamber is given? 7. In an open cycle gas turbine, air at 150C and 1.013 bar is compressed through a pressure ratio 5:1. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 80000C and gas expands in two turbine stages to the original pressure, with reheating at constant pressure of 2.265 bar to 8000C between the stages. The air compressed in two stages, with complete intercooling, division being made for optimum conditions. The isentropic efficiencies of the compressors and turbines are 0.8 and 0.9 respectively. Determine (a) Power for mass flow of 20kg/s (b) Overall thermal efficiency (c) Air-fuel ratio. Assume Cp=1.005 throughout the cycle and calorific value of fuel =41800kJ/kg. [Ans: T2=T4=380.5K; T6=T8=877.7K; power=4134kW; A/F=46.9, 23.2%] = 8. A reaction turbine running at 360 rpm consumes 5 kg of steam per second. Tip leakage is 10%.Discharge blade tip angle for both moving and fixed blade is 200.Axial velocity of flow is 0.75 times blade velocity. The power developed by certain pair is 4.8 kW where pressure is 2 bar and dryness fraction is 0.95.Find drum diameter and blade height. 9. In a three stage steam turbine steam enters at 35 bar and 4000 and exhaust at 0.05 bar,0.9 dry, if the work developed per stage is equal, determine (1) Condition of steam at entry of each stage (2) The stage efficiencies (3) Reheat factor 10. A steam 100 bar and 4500 expands in a turbine up to 20 bar with isentropic efficiency of 80%.Steam is allowed to reheated to its original temperature and further allowed to expand in low pressure stage up to condenser pressure 0.05 bar. Isentropic efficiency in low pressure stage is 85%.Find efficiency of reheat cycle. If expansion of steam is allowed to continue to low pressure stage with isentropic efficiency 75% without reheating after first stage. Find efficiency of cycle. 11. Steam is supplied at a pressure of 30 bar and temperature 3500 C to the turbine, the turbine exhaust pressure is 0.08 bar. The main condensate is heated regeneratively in two stages by steam bled from the turbine at 5 bar and 1 bar respectively. Calculate mass of steam bled off at each pressure per kg of steam entering the turbine and theoretical thermal efficiency of the cycle.(Neglect the pump work) . 12.A Delaval turbine supplied with a steam at a pressure of 15 bar and temperature 2500 .The back pressure is 0.12 bar, coefficient of nozzle is 0.85, blade velocity coefficient is 0.8.Mechanical

efficiency is 90%.The nozzle angle is 220 and blade is symmetrical at an angle 300.Draw velocity triangle diagram and calculate. (1)The RPM if mean diameter of wheel is 70 cm. (2)Steam consumption per kWh(3) stage efficiency (4)Axial thrust per kg. (Nozzle and single stage Impulse turbine problem, about steam consumption calculation data is insufficient ) 13. In a Delaval turbine steam issues from nozzle with velocity of 1200m/s.The nozzle angle is 200.The mean blade velocity is 400 m/s. Inlet and outlet blade angles are equal. The mass flow rate of steam is 1000 kg/hr. Take blade velocity coefficient = 0.8Calculate (1) Blade angle (2) Tangential force (3) Relative velocities (4) Power developed (5) Blade efficiency. 14. Distinguish Woolf compound steam engine and Receiver compound steam engine with the help of neat sketches 15.Short notes: (1) Governing of steam turbine (2) Losses in steam turbine (3) Compounding of steam turbine (4) regenerative cycle (4) Throttle governing in steam turbine (5) Steam engine (6) Parson turbine (7) Reheating and regeneration of steam turbine (8) State point locus and reheat factor for Multistage turbine (9) Degree of reaction. 16. Why compounding of steam turbine is necessary? Explain velocity compounding 17. a) What is the principle of operation of steam turbine compare the impulse and reaction turbine with respect to (1) Pressure (2) Blades (3) Entry of steam (4) Power (5) Efficiency (6) Space. b) Define the term degree of reaction as applied to reaction turbine. Show that for Parson turbine, the degree of reaction id 50%. 18. A steam power plant uses steam as working fluid and operates at a boiler pressure of 5 MPa, dry saturated and a condenser pressure of 5 kPa. Determine the cycle efficiency for (a) Carnot cycle (b) Rankine cycle. Also show the T-s representation for both the cycles. 19. a) Give limitations of Carnot vapour power cycle and explain how Rankine cycle helps in overcoming them. b) What do you understand by ideal regenerative cycle? Why is it not possible in practice? Also give actual regenerative cycle. 20. A gas turbine unit receives air at 1 bar, 300 K and compresses it adiabatically to 6.2 bar. The compressor efficiency is 88%. The fuel has a heating value of 44186 kJ/kg and the fuel-air ratio is 0.017 kg fuel/kg of air. The turbine internal efficiency is 90%. Calculate the work of turbine and compressor per kg of air compressed and thermal efficiency. For products of combustion cp = 1.147 kJ/ kg K, = 1.33. 21. In a Brayton cycle gas turbine power plant the minimum and maximum temperature of the cycle are 300 K and 1200 K. The compression is carried out in two stages of equal pressure ratio with intercooling of the working fluid to the minimum temperature of the cycle after the first-stage of compression. The entire expansion is carried out in one-stage only. The isentropic efficiency of both compressors is 0.85 and that of the turbine is 0.9.Determine the overall pressure ratio that would give the maximum network per kg working fluid. Take r=1.4. 22. A boiler has chimney of 30 m height to produce natural draught of 12 mm of water column. Ambient air temperature is 27_C and boiler furnace requires 20 kg of air per kg of fuel for complete combustion. Determine minimum temperature of burnt gases leaving chimney. 23. A boiler may have waste gases leaving the installation when artificial draught is used at 150_C. The natural draught chimney is of 60 m height. The hot gases within chimney are at temperature of 300_C and air requirement is 19 kg per kg of fuel burnt. The atmospheric air is at 17_C temperature and mean specific heat of hot gases is 1.0032 kJ/kg _ K. The calorific value of fuel burnt is 32604 kJ/kg.

Determine (i) the draught produced in mm of water (ii) the efficiency of chimney (iii) the extra heat carried away by flue gases per kg of fuel. 24. Explain working of Bacock and Wilcox boiler. 25. A steam engine has steam being supplied at 10 bar, 100_C into a cylinder of 30 cm diameter and stroke to bore ratio of 2. Steam is expanded upto 0.75 bar and then released into condenser at 0.25 bar. Determine (i) the modified Rankine efficiency and (ii) the modified stroke length considering that the same steam is expanded from inlet state to the condenser pressure. Neglect pump work. 26. A double acting compound steam engine has two cylinders. Steam is admitted at 1.4 MPa and is exhausted at 25 kPa. Engine runs at 240 rpm. Low pressure cylinder has bore of 60 cm and stroke of 60 cm. Diagram factor referred to LP cylinder is 0.8 while expansion is hyperbolic throughout. Expansion is complete in high pressure cylinder and the clearance volume may be neglected. Total expansion ratio is 8 throughout the engine. Considering equal work to be produced by each cylinder determine, (i) the indicated power output (ii) the diameter of high pressure cylinder considering same stroke length for both cylinders. (iii) the intermediate pressure. 26. A double acting compound steam engine has steam supplied at 7 bar and exhausted at 0.25 bar. HP cylinder: diameter = 25 cm cut-off point = 30% stroke clearance volume = 10% of swept volume LP cylinder: diameter = 50 cm cut-off point = 45% stroke clearance volume = 5% of swept volume
Diagram factors of HP and LP cylinder are 0.8 and 0.7 respectively. Considering hyperbolic expansion and neglecting cushioning effect estimate mep in each cylinder and total hp developed for engine running at 100 rpm. Take account of clearance volumes. 27. Prove that the maximum discharge of fluid per unit area through a nozzle shall occur when the
ratio of fluid pressure at throat to the inlet pressure is
{2/n+1} (n/n-1)

, where n is the index of adiabatic expansion. Also obtain the expression for maximum mass flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle having isentropic expansion starting from rest. 28. Show that the reheat factor in steam turbine having steam entering dry and saturated at absolute temperature T1, and expanding up to the absolute temperature T2 with stage efficiency _s, shall be given as, RF = T1+ T2________ 2T2 + s

(T1-T2)

The number of stages may be considered infinite and the condition line is straight line.

29. Show that the volumetric efficiency with respect to free air delivery is given by, Where all the terms of expression have their usual meanings.

vol= P1Ta [1+C-C{P2/P1}1/n Pa-T1 30. a) Define and give mathematical expressions for thrust power, propulsive power and propulsive Efficiency.
b) Considering a jet propulsion unit to have isentropic compression and expansion and heat supply at constant pressure show that thrust developed per kg of air per second for
) negligible velocity of approach can be given by; [2CpTa (t 1) [ p -1] Here t is the ratio of absolute temperature after combustion and before combustion, rp is compression ratio and Ta is absolute atmospheric temperature.

r (r/r-1

c) Compare turbojet engine with other jet propulsion engines. d) Discuss the working of turboprop, ramjet and pulse jet engines.

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