PAGE - 1 -

UNIT-1

History of project Management

1. In 1917, Henry Gantt developed the Gantt chart as a tool for Scheduling work. 2. Modern Project Management began with the Manhattan Project (CIRCA 1943), which led to the development of atomic bomb 3. In 1958, the Navy develops the use of PERT Network Chart 4. In 1970s, the military began the broad use of PM software, as did the construction Industry. 5. By 1990s, virtually every industry uses some form of project management

Software Project Management

Management Project Management

Software Project Management

PAGE - 2 -

Management
Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.

Project
1. A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service with a defined start and end point and specific objectives that, when attained , signify completion. 2. A project is any activity that results in a deliverable or a product

Characteristics of Project 1. It include a start & end point 2. Creates something new or improves something that already exists. 3. Performed by people & team 4. Constrained by resources 5. Planned executed , controlled

Project is NOT 1. Day to day work 2. Routine activities 3. Repetitive tasks 4. Ongoing work

PAGE - 3 -

Project Management

1. It is the application of skills ,knowledge, tools, and techniques to meet the needs and expectations of stakeholders for a project 2. Purpose of project management is prediction & prevention , NOT recognition and reaction.

Software Project Management

1. Software project management is the art and science of planning and leading software projects 2. It is a sub-discipline of project management in which software projects are planned , monitored and controlled 3. Software project management encompasses the knowledge , techniques and tools necessary to manage the development of software product

PAGE - 4 -

Rapid Development
Faster delivery Reduced risk Increased visibility to customer Dont forsake quality

1. A "rapid-development project" is any project that needs to emphasize development speed. 2. Rapid development is a generic term that means the same thing as "speedy development" or "shorter schedules." It means developing software faster than you do now. General Strategy for Rapid Development 1. Avoid classic mistakes. 2. Apply development fundamentals. 3. Manage risks to avoid catastrophic setbacks. 4. Apply schedule-oriented practices

PAGE - 5 -

Project vs. Program Management

Program
1. A program can include number of projects. Example: A construction program might includes projects to develop new housing and other projects to renovate existing home 2. A collection of related projects , services and resources with related goal ,vision and objectives

Project
1. It include a start & end point 2. Creates something new or improves something that already exists. 3. Performed by people & team 4. Constrained by resources 5. Planned executed , controlled

Mostly differences of scale Often a number of related projects Longer than projects Definitions vary

PAGE - 6 -

PM Tools : software (Use another Xerox also)

Low-end Basic features, tasks management, charting MS Excel, Milestones Simplicity

Mid-market Handle larger projects, multiple projects, analysis tools MS Project (approx. 50% of market)

High-end Very large projects, specialized needs, enterprise AMS Realtime Primavera Project Manager

PAGE - 7 -

Project Manager

A project manager is a professional in the field of Project management. Project manager can have the responsibility of planning , execution and closing of any project.

Role of project manager

Process Responsibilities Project issue Disseminating project information Mitigating project Risk Quality Managing scope Metrics Managing the overall work plan

People Responsibilities Implementing standard processes Establishing leadership skills Team building Communication skills

Responsibilities of project manager Project proposal writing Project cost estimation

7

PAGE - 8 -

Scheduling Staffing Monitoring & controlling Software configuration management Risk management Managerial Report writing & presentation etc.

PAGE - 9 -

Fundamental of SPM

PAGE - 10 -

Elements of SPM

Organizing involves: * Establishing a structure to be filled by people, aimed at reaching the defined goals and objectives. * Defining job content, interfaces, responsibilities, authority, and resource allocation. Staffing involves: * Filling the positions in the organizational structure with suitable people. * Keeping the positions filled, in order to execute the plan. Directing (or Leading) involves: * Creating an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, can accomplish well selected aims. * Influencing people to contribute to reaching the goals and objectives. * Using leadership styles, communication, conflict resolution, delegation, etc. in order to overcome the problems arising from people issues (attitudes, desires, motivations, behaviour in groups, etc.) on a project. Controlling (and co-ordination) involves: * Measuring actual performance. * Comparing actual- with desired results and implementing corrective actions e.g. by controlling the actions of the people doing the work.

10

PAGE - 11 Comparison of Gantt Charts and Network Diagrams Gantt Charts

Useful for depicting simple projects or parts of large projects Show start and completion dates for individual tasks Gantt chart is graphical representation of duration of tasks against the progression of time Useful tolls for planning & scheduling projects Helpful in monitoring a project progress Gantt chart is a matrix - Horizontal axis represent total time spam , broken down into increments(days, weeks or months) - Vertical axis representing tasks that make up the project Visually shows duration of tasks Visually shows time overlap between tasks Visually shows slack time

Here is the Gantt chart for the build shed project:

A Gantt chart does not show the relationships between the activities of your project. However, a number of project management software packages allow you to show such relationships on a Gantt chart providing you with an overview of the schedule, and the critical path of your project.

11

PAGE - 12 -

Network Diagrams

Network diagram shows a group of activities or tasks and their logical relationships. i.e. the precedence relationship or dependency among the tasks Visually shows dependencies between tasks Visually shows which tasks can be done in parallel Shows slack time by data in rectangles Show order of activities

Here is a simplified network diagram for the Build Shed project:

The above network diagram shows the relationships (arrows) between the main activities (rectangles) that are required to build a shed. You can flesh out the following information from the above diagram:

The Cut wood activity can be carried out in parallel to the Build shed base & Supervise cement hardening ones this of course assumes that you have different teams working on each set of activities. The dark arrows show what is known as the Critical Path (Buy materials->Build shed base->Supervise cement hardening->Assemble shed). The Critical Path is the sequence of activities that takes up the most time to complete your project. Any delay in this sequence of activities will impact the overall timeframe of your project. Therefore, you should monitor carefully monitor all activities on this path.

12

PAGE - 13 2 common methods for constructing N/w diagram 1. 2. Activity On Node(AON) also called as diagramming method developed for critical path Activity on Arrow (AOA) developed for PERT method

Example 2 Getting up in morning and getting dressed

The boxes represent activities or tasks and arrows connecting them show the order in which they should occur e.g : - Put on shirt before tie

Network diagram describes the project in terms of sequence of activities & events Activity represent a work task Event represent an instant in time

13

PAGE - 14 -

Immediate Predecessor is an activity that immediate precedes another activity

Activity Take Shower Dry , brush , hair Put on shirt Put on pant Put on socks Put on Tie Put on shoe Put on jacket IP Take Shower Take Shower Take Shower Take Shower Put on shirt Put on pant & Put on socks Put on Tie , Put on shoe , Dry , brush , hair Duration 600 350 150 60 45 150 100 60

now we can easily see the sequential and parallel activities activity having predecessor successor relationship are sequential one follow another Two or more activities performed on same time is parallel ,here Put on shirt, Put on pant , Put on socks are parallel

Example 3
Activity A B C D E IP A A B,C B,C Duration 6 9 8 4 6

14