FAULT STUDY

Instructed by: Dr.

Name : Kularathna. M.P.D.S.C.
Index No : 080246F
Group : 06
Date of performance : 14/01/2012
Date of submission : 29/01/2012
OBSERVATION SHEET:
Experiment: - Fault study
Name: - Kularathna. M.P.D.S.C.
Index no: -080246F
Group: - 06
Date of per:-26/11/2010
Instructed by: - Mr

For the model,
O = 4000
base
Z
V V
base
50 =
Z
1
= 960
Z
2
= 891
Z
0
= 2442

I. Line- Ground Fault
Component a
1
a
2
a
0
Current (mA) 3.1 3.1 3.1
Voltage (V) 38.07 -10.39 -28.09

II. Line-Line-Ground Fault
Component a
1
a
2
a
0
Current (mA) 9 -7 -2
Voltage (V) 19.8 19.8 19.8

III. Line-Line Fault
Component a
1
a
2
a
0
Current (mA) 10.56 -10.56 -
Voltage (V) 24.35 -25.65 -











CALCULATIONS

These are the Positive, Negative and Zero sequence networks of the given network system.








400
N0
160
0
600
80
800
0
80
440
0
180
0
100
00
Fault location
40
320
360
200
204
192
220
Zero sequence Network
1600
N1
408
160
20
1760
320
1364
520
3200
Fault location
Negative sequence Network
N1
1600
408
160
20
1760
320
1364
520
3200
Fault location
Positive sequence Network
PRACTICAL CALCULATION

1. Single Line to Ground Fault (L-G Fault)


Due to the ground fault

(a) Calculating the fault currents

(

)(

) ,

Therefore Fault current

Actual current in the circuit,

(b) Calculating fault voltages
(

) (

)(

) ,

) (

)(

() (

)() (

)()

() (

S
u
p
p
l
y

s
i
d
e

a
b
c

() (

)() (

)()

() (

)



Actual voltage,
138.78kV 173.74 V
138.78 2640 65.81 V
138.78 - 65.81 V
b
b
b
Z =
Z =
Z =

Actual voltage


2. Double Line to Earth Fault (LL-G Fault)

(a) Calculating the fault currents

(

) (

)(

() (

)() (

)()

S
u
p
p
l
y

s
i
d
e

a
b
c

138.78kV 173.74 V
138.78 2640 65.81 V
138.78 65.81 V
c
c
c
Z =
Z =
Z =

() (

)() (

)()


Actual current,
kA 22 . 102 64 . 149 I
22 . 102 2640 4000 10 17 . 14 I
0
b
0 3
b
Z =
Z =


I
c
mA
0
c
0 0
c
a2
2
a1 a0 c
22 . 102 17 . 14 I
240 7 120 9 -2 I
I I I I
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + = o o

Actual current,
kA
A
22 . 102 64 . 149 I
22 . 102 2640 4000 10 17 . 14 I
c
3
c
Z =
Z =


(b) Calculating fault voltages


(

) (

)(

) ,

) (

)(

Actual voltage,

kV 17 . 170 V
2640 46 . 64 V
a
a
=
=

3. Line to Line Fault (L-L Fault)






(a) Calculating fault currents

(

) (

)(

)

Calculating fault current

() (

)() (

)()

)

Actual current,
kA
A
150 361 . 146 I
150 2640 4000 10 86 . 13 I
0
b
0 3
b
Z =
Z =



Calculating fault current

() (

)() (

)()

)

Actual current,

kA
A
150 256 . 146 I
150 2640 4000 10 85 . 13 I
0
c
0 3
c
Z =
Z =



(b) Calculating fault voltages
S
u
p
p
l
y

s
i
d
e

a
b
c

= 0

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
V
o o
o o

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
=
a2
a1
a0
2
b c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

V V
V
0 V
o o
o o

V 3 . 150 7 . 42 V
240 42 . 24 88 . 24 V
V V V V
0
b
0
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
Z =
Z + =
+ + = o o






Actual voltage,
kV 3 . 150 728 . 112 V
3 . 150 2640 7 . 42 V
0
b
0
b
Z =
Z =

150.3kV - 728 . 112 V
c
Z =




























THEORETICAL CALCULATION
1. Single Line to Earth Fault (L-G Fault)

0 V
a
= , 0 I
b
= , 0 I
c
=


Since Z
1
=0.237, Z
2
= 0.221, Z
0
= 0.60

Fault Current,
Z0 Z2 Z1
E 3
I
f
f
+ +
=
60 . 0 221 . 0 0.237
2640 50 3
I
f
+ +

=
kA 29 . 374 I
f
=

Fault Voltages from the diagram,

27.57kV - kA 76 . 24 1 0.221 - I Z V
102.43kV kA 76 . 24 1 0.237 - kV 132 I Z E V
-74.858kV kA 76 . 24 1 0.60 - I Z V
a2 2 a2
a1 1 f a1
a0 0 a0
= = =
= = =
= = =


kV 134.92 - 59 1 V
120 57 . 27 240 43 . 102 -74.858 V
V V V V
0
b
b
b2 b1 b0 b
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =



kV 134.92 59 1 V
240 57 . 27 120 43 . 102 -74.858 V
V V V V
0
c
c
c2 c1 c0 c
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =


2. Double Line to Earth Fault (LL-G Fault)


0 V , 0 V , 0 I
c b a
= = =
Since Z
1
=0.237, Z
2
= 0.221, Z
0
= 0.60
Z
1
=948, Z
2
= 884, Z
0
= 2400

kA I
I
kA I
I
kA I
I
a
a
a
a
a
a
255 . 89
60 . 0 / ) 237 . 0 331 132 (
32 . 242
221 . 0 / ) 237 . 0 331 132 (
331
) 60 . 0 // 221 . 0 237 . 0 /( 132
0
0
2
2
1
1
=
=
=
=
=
+ =

( )
kV 160.659 V
331 237 . 0 132 3 V
V 3 V
a
a
a1 a
=
=
=


a2 a1
2
a0 b
b2 b1 b0 b
I I I I
I I I I
o o + + =
+ + =

120 32 . 242 240 331 255 . 89 I
b
Z Z + =
kA
0
b
05 . 105 16 . 514 I Z =


a2
2
a1 a0 c
c2 c1 c0 c
I I I I
I I I I
o o + + =
+ + =

240 32 . 242 120 331 255 . 89 I
c
Z Z + =


3. Line to Line Fault (L-L Fault)
c b c b a
I I , V V , 0 I = = =
Since Z
1
=0.237, Z
2
= 0.221, Z
0
= 0.60
2 1
f
a1
Z Z
E
I
+
=
221 . 0 237 . 0
kV 132
I
a1
+
=
288.20kA I
a1
=
288.20kA I
a2
=
V
a1
= 69 . 63 V
a2
kV =

a
V
= 63.69+63.69
= 127.38 KV

kA
0
c
05 . 105 16 . 514 I Z =
kV
0
b
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
b2 b1 b0 b
180 69 . 3 6 V
120 69 . 63 240 69 . 63 0 V
V V V V
V V V V
Z =
Z + Z + =
+ + =
+ + =
o o


kV
0
c
180 69 . 3 6 V Z =

kA
0
b
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
b2 b1 b0 b
90 00 . 499 I
120 2 . 288 240 2 . 288 0 I
I I I I
I I I I
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =
+ + =
o o


b
I =
c
I
0
c
90 00 . 499 I Z =










Fau
lt Type
Practical Values
Fault Currents
kA
Fault Voltages
kV
a
I
b
I
c
I
a
V

b
V
c
V
L-G 98.21 0 0 0
138.78 - 173.74Z

138.78 173.74Z

L-L 0
0
150 265 . 146 Z

0
150 265 . 146 Z

0
0
3 . 150 728 . 112 Z

3 . 150 728 . 112 Z

L-
L-G
0
0
2 . 102 62 . 149 Z

0
2 . 102 62 . 149 Z

1
70.1
7
0 0
F
ault
Typ
e
Theoretical Values
Fault Currents
kA
Fault Voltages
kV
a
I
b
I
c
I
a
V
b
V
c
V
L
-G
29 . 374

0 0 0
0
134.92 - 59 1 Z

0
134.92 59 1 Z

L
-L
0
0
90 00 . 499 Z
0
90 00 . 499 Z
0
0
180 69 . 3 6 Z

0
180 69 . 3 6 Z

L
-L-
G
0
0
05 . 105 16 . 514 Z

0
05 . 105 16 . 514 Z

160.659

0 0












THEORY
1. Importance of Fault Study
The power system is not a static one. It varies due to sudden changes during operation such as
switching on or off of generators and transmission lines and addition of generators and transmission
lines. So fault study is essential for a power system. It is helpful for analyzing information for the
selection of switchgear, setting of relays, circuit breakers and stability of system operation.
2. Assumptions made in Fault Study
In order to do the calculations following assumptions are made,
- Sources represented by the Thevenins voltage prior to fault at the fault point.
- All sources are balanced and equal in magnitude and phase.
- Large systems may be represented by infinite bus-bars.
- Transformers are on nominal tap position.
- Resistances are negligible compared to reactance.
- Transmission lines are assumed fully transposed and all three phase have same Z.
- Loads currents are negligible compared to the fault currents.
- Line charging currents can be completely neglected.

3. DC Network Analyzer
Under fault conditions the system is largely inductive so that it is practicable to neglect the system
resistance and capacitance. If the generators in the system are assumed to be in phase and equal in
output to the system voltage, they can be represented by a single D.C. supply in a circuit, and
inductance can be represented by the resistance. Normal system currents are assumed negligible.
Only in feeds are included in the fault calculation, feeders are neglected. Dc network analyzer can be
used for simulation with resistances and dc voltage sources.
4. Importance of using Sequence Components
Power systems are normally unbalanced system. Therefore to simplify those unbalance systems in
network analysis network demonstrate by three components called sequence components. They are,
1. Positive sequence networks
2. Negative sequence networks
3. Zero sequence networks
This decomposition of the network removes the complex parts of the system properties. The
removal of the complexity of the values makes it easier to perform the matrix calculation so an
analyzers life would be easier.



5. Relationships between the sequence impedance for generators, transformers and
transmission lines
Depending on the component used in the power system impedance of the components used for
fault calculation may change for various sequences. Some detail about the relationship between the
sequential impedance for generators, transformers and transmission lines are given below.
Generator
The generator has a specific direction of rotation and the sequence considered may either have the
same direction or the opposite direction. Thus the rotational EMF generated for the positive sequence
and the negative sequence would also be different. So that the generator has different values for
positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence.
Transformer
Transformer is a passive and stationary. Therefore it does not have specific direction. So they have
the same positive sequence and negative sequence impedance and even zero sequence impedances.
But the zero sequence paths across the windings of a transformer depend on the winding connection
and even grounding impedance.
Transmission Lines
As a transformer, the conductors of the transmission lines are passive and stationary. So they do
not have specific direction. Thus, they have the same positive sequence and negative sequence
impedances. But the zero sequence paths involve the earth wire and or the earth return path.
Therefore zero sequence impedance is higher.Calculation



DISCUSSION
1. Importance of Fault Study:
When a fault occurs, the fault should be identified immediately and the fault section should be
isolated as soon as possible to maintain the stability of the system. We use fault study to get
information for selection of equipment such as switchgears, fuses and setting of relays.

2. Analogue methods of studying the fault flow in the system:
There are some assumptions are made in fault study in order to simplify the calculations.
They are as follows,
- All sources are balanced and equal in magnitude and phase.
- Sources represented by the Thevenins voltage prior to fault at the fault point.
- Large systems may be represented by infinite bus-bars.
- Transformers are on nominal tap position.
- Resistances are negligible compared to reactance.
- Transmission lines are assumed fully transposed and all three phase have same Z.
- Loads currents are negligible compared to the fault currents.
- Line charging currents can be completely neglected.

3. DC Network Analyzer:
This is used to simulate a network in its three sequence components. Thus, this enables a one to
analyze the sequence components of a network. The sequential networks can be connected
independently and the sequential components can be read with means of metering equipments. The
values of the phase voltage and phase current can then be calculated by applying to the matrix
equation. When taking measurements the per-unit values are taken. These values are multiplied by a
common multiplication factor for the situation.

4. Importance of using sequence components:
In unbalanced three phase power systems, we can split into three balanced components. We can
represent unbalanced system as three sequences which have 1 unknown magnitude and 1 unknown
angle. So we can easily analyze the network using those sequences rather than using unbalanced
system which has 3 unknown magnitudes and 3 unknown angles.




5. The relationships between the sequence impedances for generators, transformers and
transmission lines:
Generator: The generator has an inherent direction of rotation and the sequence considered
either have the same direction or the opposite direction. Because of that the rotational emf developed
for the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence would also be different. So there are
different sequence impedances.

Transformer: Since the transformer is passive and stationary, positive and negative sequence
impedances are same.But zero impedance differs according to the winding arrangement and the
grounding.

Transmision Lines: The transmission lines are passive and stationary. So they do not have
specific direction. Thus, they have the same positive sequence and negative sequence impedances.
But the zero sequence paths involve the earth wire and or the earth return path. Therefore zero
sequence impedance is higher.