Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M.

v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS.

Miedema, S.A.1, Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d2 ABSTRACT In dredging and offshore anchors are used for positioning, but also for operations (the cutter suction dredger). In all cases it is evitable that a proper estimation of the holding capacity is very useful when designing the application. The holding capacity of anchors depends on the digging depth, the soil mechanical properties end of course the dimensions and the shape of the anchor. The digging depth also depends on the soil mechanical properties and the shape of the anchor. Now the first question is of course how is the digging depth related to the soil mechanical properties and the shape of the anchor and the second question is, how does this relate to the holding capacity. By means of deriving the equilibrium equations of motion of the anchor and applying the cutting theories, the digging behavior of anchors can be simulated. The main challenges are, how to model the shape of the anchor and how to apply the existing cutting theories to this complex shape. This paper gives a first attempt to derive equilibrium equations based on the cutting theory of Miedema (1987). Keywords: Dredging, Anchors, Holding Capacity, Soil Mechanics INTRODUCTION This paper is the result of assignments carried out by students for the Offshore Moorings course of the MSc program Offshore Engineering of the Delft University. In this study an analyses is made of the penetration behavior of an anchor in sand. The following points are be taken into account. The geometry of the anchor and how to simplify it. What happens when the anchor penetrates the soil? Which forces will occur during penetration? How to solve this mathematically? First of all, the most common anchors on the market are analyzed and a general anchor geometry will be chosen. This chosen geometry will be simplified to a 2D geometry, which will be realistic for a first analysis. After this step the penetration behavior of an anchor will be described in different phases, such a way that it is clear and easy to understand. Forces on the soil layer, fluke, shank and mooring line forces will be defined and analyzed. The forces will be described as a function of the geometries including the relevant variable angles. THE GEOMETRY OF THE ANCHOR While searching for the best simplified anchor geometry, knowledge of the most common anchors on the market is needed. Vrijhof anchors gives a good overview of the most common anchors. Two types of anchors can be considered, horizontal load anchors and vertical load anchors. The vertical load anchor can withstand both horizontal and vertical mooring forces. The horizontal anchor or drag embedment anchor can only resist the horizontal loads. The drag embedment anchor is mainly used for catenary moorings, where the mooring line arrives the seabed horizontally. The vertical load anchor is used in taut leg mooring systems, where the mooring line arrives at a certain angle the seabed. A good starting-point for this case is to analyze the horizontal load anchor, because this anchor is often used and will form an adequate challenge. To determine a simplified geometry of this horizontal anchor an actual figure of this anchor is needed. In the figures 1 and 2, a sketch of the selected anchor can be found.

Associate Professor in Dredging Engineering & Educational Director of Offshore Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands, +31-15-2788359, s.a.miedema@3me.tudelft.nl. 2 Students in Offshore Engineering, Delft University of Technology.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

Figure 1: Examples of anchors.

Figure 2: The geometry of anchors. The actual blade (fluke) on the anchor, that will penetrate the soil is represented by the horizontal part of the above given figure. The shank is represented by the other part of the anchor. On the end of the anchor an anchor shackle can be found. A first simplification will be made by modeling the anchor as a 2D model. Hereby all the calculations will be made easier, but the geometry is still to complex to determine all the forces. A second simplification can be made by supposing the anchor as two straight lines as can be seen figure 3. This simplification is allowed, because this is a conceptual (first) model. When all the forces and the penetration curve of this simple model are known, a much more complicated model can be made.

Figure 3: The definition of fluke and shank.

For the rest of the case a few assumptions must be made. First, the type of soil will be sand, this way the cohesion and adhesion effects can be neglected. As a next assumption it is considered that the anchor penetrates the soil at a very low velocity. Therefore inertia and water tension can also be neglected. Several constrains were also made to simplify the 3D force analysis into a 2D analysis. This way several shear zones can be neglected. As a final assumption, the force acting on the point of the fluke will be neglected. This force is low considering a big anchor and will be fully cancelled by the force perpendicular on the shank.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

SOIL RESISTANCE TO EMBEDDED ANCHOR LINE The forces on the embedded anchor line can be seen as a separate system in the anchor burial process and will be treated first. Up until 1989 the work reported on embedded anchor chains was basically theoretical. Values of the design parameters such as the effective chain width in sliding ( Bs ), the effective chain width in bearing ( Bb ) and the bearing capacity factor in clay ( N c ) were suggested, but little experimental proof confirmed their validity. With respect to general practice, the effective chain widths can be expressed in terms of the nominal chain diameter (D):

Bs = EWS * D Bb = EWB * D
Where EWS and EWB are the parameters to express the effective widths in sliding and bearing, respectively.

(1) (2)

Vivatrat et al. (1982) developed the analytical model of a chain inside soil by assuming the chain length inside soil as a summation of short line segments and expressing the equilibrium conditions of each segment. The effective width parameters EWS and EWB proposed were 10 and 2.6, respectively and the use of a value for N c between 9 and 11 was suggested. Yen and Tofani (1984) performed laboratory measurements on sliding and bearing soil resistances on a inch diameter stud-link chain in very soft silt. During cutting and sliding tests, the maximum soil resistances were established to be mobilized within a small movement of chain, even less than half a link. The EWS parameter can be determined from laboratory tests and varies between 5.7 and 8.9. The N c factor at a particular depth was found to be between 7.1 and 12.1, considering the EWB parameter to be 2.37. Using the finite segment approach, Dutta (1986, 1988) derived the nodal equilibrium equations for chain segments and proposed a simple calculation method. This study showed good agreement with the results obtained by the analytical method used by Vivatrat et al. (1982). Degenkamp and Dutta (1989) derived a more accurate analytical model of embedded chain under soil resistance and a simple calculation procedure. They used a soil model to accurately predict the soil resistances to the chain inside soil and estimated critical design parameters, such as effective widths of chain, based on laboratory tests. Assuming: (1) Chain elements are inextensible; (2) due to the chain shift, the soil medium suffers an undrained loading condition; (3) soil in the vicinity of the chain reaches limit state of stress and thereby develops ultimate soil resistances; and (4) the shear strength and weight of the soil over a chain element are constant. Extensive testing led to the next values: For very soft (Su = 5 kPa) clay: For firm (Su = 34 kPa) clay: EWB = 2.5, EWB = 2.3, EWS = 8.0 EWS = 7.2

Grote (1993) used the exact same approach and values obtained by Degenkamp and Dutta (1989) to determine the force distribution and geometric profile of the embedded anchor line in his work to simulate the kinematic behavior of work anchors. Neubecker and Randolph (1994, 1995) derived closed form expressions for both the load development and chain profile to avoid the numerical solution by an incremental integration technique used by Degenkamp and Dutta (1989) and simplify the procedure. Their work corroborates the results found by Degenkamp and Dutta. THE KINEMATIC BEHAVIOR OF DRAG ANCHORS IN CLAY Grote (1993) derived a dynamic model to describe the anchor embedment. The forces on the anchor consist of its weight, shear and normal forces on both fluke and shank and the tension force from the anchor line pulling the anchor.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

The fluke force is calculated with a transformation of the cutting formula of Miedema (1987). Grote states that the force on the fluke depends on the depth and velocity of the anchor and a constant, containing soil specific properties. The second force on the fluke, is a front force on the fluke caused by the bearing capacity of the surrounding soil. This same force is present at the shank of the anchor. They are both calculated with the formula for the bearing resistance of a strip footing formulated by Terzaghi. Steward (1992) published methods to describe the kinematic behavior of drag anchors in cohesive soils. These methods were simplified by Neubecker and Randolph (1995) who formulated bearing capacity and moment equilibrium calculations utilizing two fundamental anchor resistance parameters. The assumption that a drag anchor travels parallel to its flukes is widely accepted. Therefore the authors expressed a geotechnical resistance force acting on the anchor parallel to the direction of the fluke. Neubecker and Randolph (1994, 1995) also developed an expression for the anchor chain tension and angle at the anchor padeye assuming the chain angle at the seabed is zero. Thorne (1998) developed a theory from geotechnical principals, without the use of any site or anchor specific correlations. His predictions of the anchor movement showed good agreement with nine full scale tests covering three different sites and five anchor types. The equations used are based on the proposition that no movement will occur until the soil forces acting parallel to the fluke are overcome. The motion of the anchor results in the soil around the shank failing in bearing capacity on the underside and in shearing on the base and sides, exerting on the shank the maximum force of which the soil is capable. This is also true for other elements which have to be dragged through the soil like shackles, palms and stabilizers. THE KINEMATIC BEHAVIOR OF DRAG ANCHORS IN SAND Le Lievre and Tabatabaee (1981) proposed a limit equilibrium method. This method has been shown to give reasonable predictions of the ultimate holding capacity of drag anchors in sand, for a given depth of embedment. However, several assumptions in the analytical procedure make it unsuitable for application to a drag anchor during embedment, and hence the approach does not allow prediction of the depth to which the anchor will embed, and thus the actual capacity. Grote (1993) defined a force model with the same problem approach for clay as for sand grounds only the formulas for the ground resistances are different. Neubecker and Randolph (1995) based their approach on the method of LeLievre and Tabatabaee (1981). They extended this method to incorporate: a more realistic 3-dimensional failure pattern in the soil, a force acting on the back of the fluke.

The latter modification is particularly important at shallow penetrations, when the bearing capacity of the anchor shank is insufficient to provide equilibrium. The authors suggested that the force on the shank is dependent on its size and shape and should be calculated from a bearing capacity viewpoint. Dickin (1988) presented an overview of some of the various methods that have been developed to evaluate the pullout resistance of a flat plate. It was considered that the simple method of Majer (1955) consistently underestimated the pullout capacity of the flat plate, while the model of Vermeer and Sutjiadi (1985) gave predictions that compared well with observations. Neubecker and Randolph incorporated the model of Vermeer and Sutjiadi into the drag anchor problem.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

PENETRATION PHASES Phase 1 No penetration In this first situation the anchor lies on the bed of soil and the fluke/shank angle will be considered as a minimum. When pulling on the mooring line the anchor will scratch over the seabed, see figure 4. A bed of soil will be formed in front of the fluke and will give some resistance. Because of this resistance, an angle will reach its maximum at a certain point. At that certain point, the bed of soil in front of the fluke will give his highest resistance and it will become easier to penetrate than scratching over the seabed. When the assumption of a perfect sharp fluke point is made, the point load can be neglected.

Figure 4: The anchor on top of the soil in phase 1. Phase 2 Penetration causes fluke forces. When the fluke starts to penetrate (figures 5 and 6), the cutting theory of Miedema (1987), can be used. Forces that will play a role in the force balance are the fluke forces. When the angles on the fluke are considered, a few assumption can be made. First of all the fluke/shank angle will be constant and will have its maximum value. The internal friction and the external friction angles are also constant. These parameters are only depending on the material of the anchor and soil mechanical properties.

Figure 5: The fluke penetrating the soil in phase 2.

Fluke Shear zone in the soil L x

Figure 6: The fluke in the soil.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

G N2 S2 K2 S1 K1 N1

Figure 7: The forces on the soil layer. As discussed before the cohesion, adhesion, inertial forces and water tension can be neglected. According to figures 7 and 8, a force balance can be calculated. The shear force and the normal force are related according:

S1 = N1 tan S2 = N 2 tan
The grain forces will be:

(3) (4)

K1 = K2 =

(S (S

2 1 2 2

+ N12 ) + N22 )

(5) (6)

The weight of the soil can be given as a force according:

x 2 sin 2 x 2 sin 2 G= + 2 tan 2 tan

Horizontal equilibrium of forces:

(7)

K1 sin ( + ) K 2 sin ( + ) = 0
Vertical equilibrium of forces:

(8)

K1 cos ( + ) + G K 2 cos ( + ) = 0
T Fluke K2 S2 + N2

(9)

Fp

Figure 8: The forces on the fluke.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

The force K2 on the fluke is important to determine the horizontal and vertical acting forces on the fluke (fig. 8).

K2 =

G sin ( + ) sin ( + + + )

(10)

The following forces are acting on the fluke blade: The Horizontal Force

Fh = K 2 sin ( + )

(11) (12)

The Vertical Force

Fv = K 2 cos ( + )

The force Fp can be neglected as discussed before. Phase 3 Penetration causes fluke and shank forces. In this situation the fluke is completely covered by sand and the shank will become an extra factor which will cause penetration resistance, see figures 9 and 10. For the shank the cutting theory of Miedema (1987), cant be used. The strip footing theory as described in Verruijt (2000), will be used for determining the shank resistance. The maximum shank resistance acts when the complete shank is penetrated.

Figure 9: The shank penetrating the soil in phase 3. In this paragraph you will find the modeling of the forces on the fluke and the shank. The influences of the angles will be given. The cutting theory of Miedema (1987), is still valid for the fluke part of the anchor forces. For determining the forces on the shank, the strip footing theory, as described in Verruijt (2000), will be used. For phase 3, two shear zones are taken into account. This will lead to a geometry as shown in figure 11.

Shank y

Fluke L = Shear zone in the sand

Figure 10: The fluke and shank in the soil.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

Figure 11: Forces on the soil layer. As discussed before; the cohesion, adhesion, inertial forces and water tension can be neglected. For the figures 11 and 12, a force balance can be calculated. The shear force and the normal force are related according: The shear force and the normal force are related according:

S1 = N1 tan S2 = N 2 tan
The grain forces will be:

(13) (14)

K1 = K2 =

(S (S

2 1 2 2

+ N12 ) + N22 )

(15) (16)

The weight of the soil can be determined by using the geometry of figure 12, so the weight of the soil will be:

G = A

(17)

Figure 12: The dimensions of the soil layer.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

with:

y*sin( - )+L*sin( ) y 2 *sin( - ) 2 A := (y*sin( - )+L*sin( ))* L*cos( )+ tan( ) 2*tan( ) ( y*sin( - )+L*sin( ) )2 1 2 *L *sin( )*cos( ) 2 2*tan( )
Forces on the fluke and the shank

(18)

For the determination of the forces on the fluke and the shank, figure 13, two different theories will be used. For the fluke the cutting theory of Miedema is valid, therefore forces on the soil layer and on the fluke are the same as discussed in phase 2. For the forces on the shank the strip footing theory can be used. This theory is based on the fundamentals of Brinch Hansen and is a generalization of the Prantl theory. This can be found in Verruijt (2000).
P T Shank +

Fluke

K2 S2

N2

Fp

Figure 13: The forces on the anchor. To determine the friction Brinch Hansen force P on the shank we can make use of:

P = ic sc cN c + iq sq qN q + i s

1 BN 2

(19)

Where c is cohesion and q is the external load on the soil Because c and q are zero in this case (no cohesion and no external force on the soil), P will only be a function of the soil weight part of the function, so:

P = i s
i

1 BN 2

(20)

Hereby is a correction factor for inclination factors of the load. The factor the load. In this case only a load perpendicular to the soil will be considered, so Inserting

s is a shape factor for the shape of

i will be removed from the formula.

N :

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

1 + sin tan B P = 1 0,3 B 2 y e 1 tan y 1 sin

Now the friction part of the shank has to be determined. For the friction of the shank, the next formula is valid:

(21)

Ffriction = n tan() y h

(22)

It is possible now to plot the results for P and Ffriction (see figure 14) then it is possible to find out if the downward force of the fluke is big enough to pull the shank through the seabed and further. It is also possible now to make a total force and moment balance, to predict the trajectory of the anchor.
T P+Fr

Shank

Fh Fv

Fluke

Figure 14: The forces on the anchor.

Phase 4 Penetration causes fluke forces, shank forces and mooring line forces.

Figure 15: The mooring line penetrating the soil in phase 4. The fluke and the shank are completely covered by sand (figures 15 and 16). When there is still no equilibrium, a part of the mooring line will enter the soil. The mooring line penetration will lead to an extra factor which will cause penetration resistance. The anchor becomes stable when there is a balance between the vertical and horizontal forces on the anchor part, which is covered by sand. In this phase you will find the modeling of the forces on the fluke, the shank and the mooring line. The cutting theory of Miedema is still valid for the fluke part of the anchor forces. For determining the forces on the shank and the mooring line we will use the strip footing theory as discussed in Verruijt.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

y Shank

Fluke = Shear zone in the sand L

Figure 16: Fluke, shank and mooring line in the soil. The soil layer properties can be interpreted in a same way as described in phase 3. So this way the function for G is still valid.
M P C

+ K2 S2

N2

Fp

Figure 17: Forces on the fluke, shank and mooring line. To determine the forces on the anchor for this situation the theory as discussed in phase 3 is valid. For the mooring line forces (figures 17 and 18) we will also use the Brinch Hansen theory as discussed in Verruijt (2000). The penetration of the mooring line causes resistance perpendicular to this line (penetration resistance, see figure 19). This effect is noticeable in all soil conditions. The type of mooring line will determine the value of this resistance. Think of a wire rope mooring line which penetrates deeper (less resistance) than a chain mooring line. During the penetration process of the anchor, the resistance increases when depth increases, which is related to the position of the anchor. The mooring line penetration can be described by the following geometry: When looking at the point where the anchor becomes stable, a force and moment balance can be made out of all the forces on the anchor and mooring line. In fact this is the moment were the anchor reaches his maximum holding capacity.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

Figure 18: The forces on the anchor.

Figure 19: The forces on the mooring line. Vertical equilibrium of forces:

Fv Pv Frv M v Tv = 0
Horizontal equilibrium of forces:

(23)

Fh + Ph + Frh + M h Th = 0
Moment balance to point A:

(24)

1 1 1 1 Fv L cos Fh L sin + ( Pv + Frv ) y cos ( ) + ( Ph + Frh ) y sin ( ) 2 2 2 2 +Tv y cos ( ) + Th sin ( ) = 0

(25)

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In the penetration behavior the different forces and moments in all four phases can be described with the theory dealt with, in this document. These forces and moments are a function of the anchor geometry. The holding capacity of the anchor is described as well as a function of the depth and the geometry. To predict the trajectory of the anchor during the penetration, one has to find a relationship between the different forces and moments on the anchor and the trajectory of the anchor. The anchor trajectory will stop when the different forces are in equilibrium, or when the pull force will be too high for that particular anchor, at a certain depth. In the last case, the pull force necessary to penetrate deeper in the soil, is higher then the maximum holding capacity of that particular anchor at a certain depth. to that point the maximum holding capacity is reached (see figure 20). When pulling further, the anchor will be pulled out and looses his function.

Figure 20: Holding capacity vs. anchor trajectory. LIST OF SYMBOLS USED

L y

B n h M C T

Angle of the fluke in the sand Angle of the shear zone Internal friction angle of the sand External friction angle fluke/sand Length of the fluke in the sand Density of the in situ sand Angle between fluke and shank Total fluke length Length of the shank in the sand Width of the shank Normal stress on the area of the shank Height of the shank Resistance on mooring line Catenary force Anchor pull force

rad rad rad rad m ton/m3 rad m m m N/m2 m kN/m kN kN

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Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006.

REFERENCES Degenkamp, G. and Dutta, A. (1989). Behaviour of Embedded Mooring Chains in Clay During Chain Tensioning. Offshore Technology Conference, Paper 6031. Degenkamp, G. and Dutta, A. (1989). Soil Resistances to Embedded Anchor Chain in Soft Clay. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Vol 115, No. 10 Det Norske Veritas. (2002). Design and Installation of Plate Anchors in Clay. Recommended Practice DNV-RP-302. Dunnavant, T.W. and Kwan, C-T.T. (1993). Centrifuge Modeling and Parametric Analysis of Drag Anchor Behavior. Offshore Technology Conference, Paper OTC 7202. Grote, B.J.H. (1993). Simulation of Kinematic Behavior of Workanchors. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Offshore Engineering Major, Report nr: 92.3.GV.3034, 93.3.GV.4074 and 93.3.GV.4167, Delft University of Technology. House, A. (1998). Drag Anchor and Chain Performance in Stratified Soils. Geomechanics Group, Report 1319, The University of Western Australia. Lammes, R.R. and Siemers, R.W. (1988). Soil Mechanics of Drag Embedment Anchor in Sand. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Offshore Engineering Major, Delft University of Technology. Lin, K. and Randolph, M.F. (1998). Numerical Analysis of Stresses and Displacements in Layered Soil Systems. Geomechanics Group, Report G1334, The University of Western Australia. Miedema, S.A., "Calculation of the Cutting Forces when Cutting Water Saturated Sand". Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, September 15th 1987. Mierlo, R. v. (2005). Anchor Trajectory Modeling. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Offshore Engineering Major, Delft University of Technology. Murff, J.D., Randolph, M.F. & Elkhatib, S., Kolk, H.J., Ruinen, R.M., Strom, P.J. and Thorne, C.P. (2005). Vertically Loaded Plate Anchors for Deepwater Applications. Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics ISFOG. Ruinen, R.M. (2005). Influence of Anchor Geometry and Soil Properties on Numerical Modeling of Drag Anchor Behavior in Soft Clay. Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics ISFOG. Neubecker, S.R. and Randolph, M.F. (1996). The Static Equilibrium of Drag Anchors in Sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33: 574-583 Neubecker, S.R. and Randolph, M.F. (1996). The Kinematic Behavior of Drag Anchors in Sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33: 584-594 Neubecker, S.R. and Randolph, M.F. (1995). Performance of Embedded Anchor Chains and Consequences for Anchor Design. Offshore Technology Conference, Paper OTC 7712. Neubecker, S.R. and Randolph, M.F. (1995). Profile and Frictional Capacity of Embedded Anchor Chains. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 121, No. 11 Neubecker, S.R. and Randolph, M.F. (1995). The Performance of Drag Anchor and Chain Systems in Cohesive Soil. Geomechanics Group, Report G1168, The University of Western Australia. Neubecker, S.R. and Randolph, M.F. (1994). Profile and Frictional Capacity of Embedded Anchor Chains. Geomechanics Group, Report G1142, The University of Western Australia. ONeill, M.P. and Randolph, M.F. (1998). The Behaviour of Drag Anchors in Layered Calcareous Soils. Geomechanics Group, Report G1329, The University of Western Australia. ONeill, M.P., Randolph, M.F. and House, A.R. (1998). The Behaviour of Drag Anchors in Layered Soils. Geomechanics Group, Report G1346, The University of Western Australia. Stewart, W.P. (1992). Drag Embedment Anchor Performance Prediction in Soft Soils. Offshore Technology Conference, Paper OTC 6970. Thorne, C.P. (1998). Penetration and Load Capacity of Marine Drag Anchors in Soft Clay. Verruijt, A., Soil Mechanics. Lecture Notes, Delft University of Technology, 2000.

Copyright: Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema

Bibliography Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema 1980-2010

1. Koert, P. & Miedema, S.A., "Report on the field excursion to the USA April 1981" (PDF in Dutch 27.2 MB). Delft University of Technology, 1981, 48 pages. 2. Miedema, S.A., "The flow of dredged slurry in and out hoppers and the settlement process in hoppers" (PDF in Dutch 37 MB). ScO/81/105, Delft University of Technology, 1981, 147 pages. 3. Miedema, S.A., "The soil reaction forces on a crown cutterhead on a swell compensated ladder" (PDF in Dutch 19 MB). LaO/81/97, Delft University of Technology, 1981, 36 pages. 4. Miedema, S.A., "Computer program for the determination of the reaction forces on a cutterhead, resulting from the motions of the cutterhead" (PDF in Dutch 11 MB). Delft Hydraulics, 1981, 82 pages. 5. Miedema, S.A. "The mathematical modeling of the soil reaction forces on a cutterhead and the development of the computer program DREDMO" (PDF in Dutch 25 MB). CO/82/125, Delft University of Technology, 1982, with appendices 600 pages. 6. Miedema, S.A.,"The Interaction between Cutterhead and Soil at Sea" (In Dutch). Proc. Dredging Day November 19th, Delft University of Technology 1982. 7. Miedema, S.A., "A comparison of an underwater centrifugal pump and an ejector pump" (PDF in Dutch 3.2 MB). Delft University of Technology, 1982, 18 pages. 8. Miedema, S.A., "Computer simulation of Dredging Vessels" (In Dutch). De Ingenieur, Dec. 1983. (Kivi/Misset). 9. Koning, J. de, Miedema, S.A., & Zwartbol, A., "Soil/Cutterhead Interaction under Wave Conditions (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 1 MB)". Proc. WODCON X, Singapore 1983. 10. Miedema, S.A. "Basic design of a swell compensated cutter suction dredge with axial and radial compensation on the cutterhead" (PDF in Dutch 20 MB). CO/82/134, Delft University of Technology, 1983, 64 pages. 11. Miedema, S.A., "Design of a seagoing cutter suction dredge with a swell compensated ladder" (PDF in Dutch 27 MB). IO/83/107, Delft University of Technology, 1983, 51 pages. 12. Miedema, S.A., "Mathematical Modeling of a Seagoing Cutter Suction Dredge" (In Dutch). Published: The Hague, 18-9-1984, KIVI Lectures, Section Under Water Technology. 13. Miedema, S.A., "The Cutting of Densely Compacted Sand under Water (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 575 kB)". Terra et Aqua No. 28, October 1984 pp. 4-10. 14. Miedema, S.A., "Longitudinal and Transverse Swell Compensation of a Cutter Suction Dredge" (In Dutch). Proc. Dredging Day November 9th 1984, Delft University of Technology 1984. 15. Miedema, S.A., "Compensation of Velocity Variations". Patent application no. 8403418, Hydromeer B.V. Oosterhout, 1984. 16. Miedema, S.A., "Mathematical Modeling of the Cutting of Densely Compacted Sand Under Water". Dredging & Port Construction, July 1985, pp. 22-26. 17. Miedema, S.A., "Derivation of the Differential Equation for Sand Pore Pressures". Dredging & Port Construction, September 1985, pp. 35. 18. Miedema, S.A., "The Application of a Cutting Theory on a Dredging Wheel (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 745 kB)". Proc. WODCON XI, Brighton 1986. 19. Miedema, S.A., "Underwater Soil Cutting: a Study in Continuity". Dredging & Port Construction, June 1986, pp. 47-53.

20. Miedema, S.A., "The cutting of water saturated sand, laboratory research" (In Dutch). Delft University of Technology, 1986, 17 pages. 21. Miedema, S.A., "The forces on a trenching wheel, a feasibility study" (In Dutch). Delft, 1986, 57 pages + software. 22. Miedema, S.A., "The translation and restructuring of the computer program DREDMO from ALGOL to FORTRAN" (In Dutch). Delft Hydraulics, 1986, 150 pages + software. 23. Miedema, S.A., "Calculation of the Cutting Forces when Cutting Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 16 MB)". Basic Theory and Applications for 3-D Blade Movements and Periodically Varying Velocities for, in Dredging Commonly used Excavating Means. Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, September 15th 1987. 24. Bakker, A. & Miedema, S.A., "The Specific Energy of the Dredging Process of a Grab Dredge". Delft University of Technology, 1988, 30 pages. 25. Miedema, S.A., "On the Cutting Forces in Saturated Sand of a Seagoing Cutter Suction Dredge (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1.5 MB)". Proc. WODCON XII, Orlando, Florida, USA, April 1989. This paper was given the IADC Award for the best technical paper on the subject of dredging in 1989. 26. Miedema, S.A., "The development of equipment for the determination of the wear on pick-points" (In Dutch). Delft University of Technology, 1990, 30 pages (90.3.GV.2749, BAGT 462). 27. Miedema, S.A., "Excavating Bulk Materials" (In Dutch). Syllabus PATO course, 1989 & 1991, PATO The Hague, The Netherlands. 28. Miedema, S.A., "On the Cutting Forces in Saturated Sand of a Seagoing Cutter Suction Dredge (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1.5 MB)". Terra et Aqua No. 41, December 1989, Elseviers Scientific Publishers. 29. Miedema, S.A., "New Developments of Cutting Theories with respect to Dredging, the Cutting of Clay (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 640 kB)". Proc. WODCON XIII, Bombay, India, 1992. 30. Davids, S.W. & Koning, J. de & Miedema, S.A. & Rosenbrand, W.F., "Encapsulation: A New Method for the Disposal of Contaminated Sediment, a Feasibility Study (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 3MB)". Proc. WODCON XIII, Bombay, India, 1992. 31. Miedema, S.A. & Journee, J.M.J. & Schuurmans, S., "On the Motions of a Seagoing Cutter Dredge, a Study in Continuity (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 396 kB)". Proc. WODCON XIII, Bombay, India, 1992. 32. Becker, S. & Miedema, S.A. & Jong, P.S. de & Wittekoek, S., "On the Closing Process of Clamshell Dredges in Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1 MB)". Proc. WODCON XIII, Bombay, India, 1992. This paper was given the IADC Award for the best technical paper on the subject of dredging in 1992. 33. Becker, S. & Miedema, S.A. & Jong, P.S. de & Wittekoek, S., "The Closing Process of Clamshell Dredges in Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1 MB)". Terra et Aqua No. 49, September 1992, IADC, The Hague. 34. Miedema, S.A., "Modeling and Simulation of Dredging Processes and Systems". Symposium "Zicht op Baggerprocessen", Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 29 October 1992. 35. Miedema, S.A., "Dredmo User Interface, Operators Manual". Report: 92.3.GV.2995. Delft University of Technology, 1992, 77 pages. 36. Miedema, S.A., "Inleiding Mechatronica, college WBM202" Delft University of Technology, 1992.

37. Miedema, S.A. & Becker, S., "The Use of Modeling and Simulation in the Dredging Industry, in Particular the Closing Process of Clamshell Dredges", CEDA Dredging Days 1993, Amsterdam, Holland, 1993. 38. Miedema, S.A., "On the Snow-Plough Effect when Cutting Water Saturated Sand with Inclined Straight Blades (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 503 kB)". ASCE Proc. Dredging 94, Orlando, Florida, USA, November 1994. Additional Measurement Graphs. (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 209 kB). 39. Riet, E. van, Matousek, V. & Miedema, S.A., "A Reconstruction of and Sensitivity Analysis on the Wilson Model for Hydraulic Particle Transport (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 50 kB)". Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Transport and Sedimentation of Solid Particles, 24-26 January 1995, Prague, Czech Republic. 40. Vlasblom, W.J. & Miedema, S.A., "A Theory for Determining Sedimentation and Overflow Losses in Hoppers (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 304 kB)". Proc. WODCON IV, November 1995, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1995. 41. Miedema, S.A., "Production Estimation Based on Cutting Theories for Cutting Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 423 kB)". Proc. WODCON IV, November 1995, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1995. Additional Specific Energy and Production Graphs. (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 145 kB). 42. Riet, E.J. van, Matousek, V. & Miedema, S.A., "A Theoretical Description and Numerical Sensitivity Analysis on Wilson's Model for Hydraulic Transport in Pipelines (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 50 kB)". Journal of Hydrology & Hydromechanics, Slovak Ac. of Science, Bratislava, June 1996. 43. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "Theory for Hopper Sedimentation (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 304 kB)". 29th Annual Texas A&M Dredging Seminar. New Orleans, June 1996. 44. Miedema, S.A., "Modeling and Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of a Pump/Pipeline System (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 318 kB)". 17th Annual Meeting & Technical Conference of the Western Dredging Association. New Orleans, June 1996. 45. Miedema, S.A., "Education of Mechanical Engineering, an Integral Vision". Faculty O.C.P., Delft University of Technology, 1997 (in Dutch). 46. Miedema, S.A., "Educational Policy and Implementation 1998-2003 (versions 1998, 1999 and 2000) (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF_File 195 kB)". Faculty O.C.P., Delft University of Technology, 1998, 1999 and 2000 (in Dutch). 47. Keulen, H. van & Miedema, S.A. & Werff, K. van der, "Redesigning the curriculum of the first three years of the mechanical engineering curriculum". Proceedings of the International Seminar on Design in Engineering Education, SEFI-Document no.21, page 122, ISBN 2-87352-024-8, Editors: V. John & K. Lassithiotakis, Odense, 22-24 October 1998. 48. Miedema, S.A. & Klein Woud, H.K.W. & van Bemmel, N.J. & Nijveld, D., "Self Assesment Educational Programme Mechanical Engineering (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 400 kB)". Faculty O.C.P., Delft University of Technology, 1999. 49. Van Dijk, J.A. & Miedema, S.A. & Bout, G., "Curriculum Development Mechanical Engineering". MHO 5/CTU/DUT/Civil Engineering. Cantho University Vietnam, CICAT Delft, April 1999. 50. Miedema, S.A., "Considerations in building and using dredge simulators (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 296 kB)". Texas A&M 31st Annual Dredging Seminar. Louisville Kentucky, May 16-18, 1999.

51. Miedema, S.A., "Considerations on limits of dredging processes (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 523 kB)". 19th Annual Meeting & Technical Conference of the Western Dredging Association. Louisville Kentucky, May 16-18, 1999. 52. Miedema, S.A. & Ruijtenbeek, M.G. v.d., "Quality management in reality", "Kwaliteitszorg in de praktijk". AKO conference on quality management in education. Delft University of Technology, November 3rd 1999. 53. Miedema, S.A., "Curriculum Development Mechanical Engineering (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 4 MB)". MHO 5-6/CTU/DUT. Cantho University Vietnam, CICAT Delft, Mission October 1999. 54. Vlasblom, W.J., Miedema, S.A., Ni, F., "Course Development on Topic 5: Dredging Technology, Dredging Equipment and Dredging Processes". Delft University of Technology and CICAT, Delft July 2000. 55. Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., Bian, X., "Course Development on Topic 5: Dredging Technology, Power Drives, Instrumentation and Automation". Delft University of Technology and CICAT, Delft July 2000. 56. Randall, R. & Jong, P. de & Miedema, S.A., "Experience with cutter suction dredge simulator training (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 1.1 MB)". Texas A&M 32nd Annual Dredging Seminar. Warwick, Rhode Island, June 25-28, 2000. 57. Miedema, S.A., "The modelling of the swing winches of a cutter dredge in relation with simulators (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 814 kB)". Texas A&M 32nd Annual Dredging Seminar. Warwick, Rhode Island, June 25-28, 2000. 58. Hofstra, C. & Hemmen, A. van & Miedema, S.A. & Hulsteyn, J. van, "Describing the position of backhoe dredges (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 257 kB)". Texas A&M 32nd Annual Dredging Seminar. Warwick, Rhode Island, June 25-28, 2000. 59. Miedema, S.A., "Automation of a Cutter Dredge, Applied to the Dynamic Behaviour of a Pump/Pipeline System (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 254 kB)". Proc. WODCON VI, April 2001, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2001. 60. Heggeler, O.W.J. ten, Vercruysse, P.M., Miedema, S.A., "On the Motions of Suction Pipe Constructions a Dynamic Analysis (Adobe Acrobat 4.0 PDF-File 110 kB)". Proc. WODCON VI, April 2001, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2001. 61. Miedema, S.A. & Zhao Yi, "An Analytical Method of Pore Pressure Calculations when Cutting Water Saturated Sand (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 2.2 MB)". Texas A&M 33nd Annual Dredging Seminar, June 2001, Houston, USA 2001. 62. Miedema, S.A., "A Numerical Method of Calculating the Dynamic Behaviour of Hydraulic Transport (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 246 kB)". 21st Annual Meeting & Technical Conference of the Western Dredging Association, June 2001, Houston, USA 2001. 63. Zhao Yi, & Miedema, S.A., "Finite Element Calculations To Determine The Pore Pressures When Cutting Water Saturated Sand At Large Cutting Angles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 4.8 MB)". CEDA Dredging Day 2001, November 2001, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 64. Miedema, S.A., "Mission Report Cantho University". MHO5/6, Phase Two, Mission to Vietnam by Dr.ir. S.A. Miedema DUT/OCP Project Supervisor, 27 September-8 October 2001, Delft University/CICAT. 65. " " (Finite Element Calculations To Determine The Pore Pressures When Cutting Water (Zhao Yi), & (Miedema, S.A.),

Saturated Sand At Large Cutting Angles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 4.8 MB))". To be published in 2002. 66. Miedema, S.A., & Riet, E.J. van, & Matousek, V., "Theoretical Description And Numerical Sensitivity Analysis On Wilson Model For Hydraulic Transport Of Solids In Pipelines (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 147 kB)". WEDA Journal of Dredging Engineering, March 2002. 67. Miedema, S.A., & Ma, Y., "The Cutting of Water Saturated Sand at Large Cutting Angles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 3.6 MB)". Proc. Dredging02, May 5-8, Orlando, Florida, USA. 68. Miedema, S.A., & Lu, Z., "The Dynamic Behavior of a Diesel Engine (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 363 kB)". Proc. WEDA XXII Technical Conference & 34th Texas A&M Dredging Seminar, June 12-15, Denver, Colorado, USA. 69. Miedema, S.A., & He, Y., "The Existance of Kinematic Wedges at Large Cutting Angles (Adobe Acrobat PDF-File 4 MB)". Proc. WEDA XXII Technical Conference & 34th Texas A&M Dredging Seminar, June 12-15, Denver, Colorado, USA. 70. Ma, Y., Vlasblom, W.J., Miedema, S.A., Matousek, V., "Measurement of Density and Velocity in Hydraulic Transport using Tomography". Dredging Days 2002, Dredging without boundaries, Casablanca, Morocco, V64-V73, 22-24 October 2002. 71. Ma, Y., Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., "Theoretical Simulation of the Measurements Process of Electrical Impedance Tomography". Asian Simulation Conference/5th International Conference on System Simulation and Scientific Computing, Shanghai, 3-6 November 2002, p. 261-265, ISBN 7-5062-5571-5/TP.75. 72. Thanh, N.Q., & Miedema, S.A., "Automotive Electricity and Electronics". Delft University of Technology and CICAT, Delft December 2002. 73. Miedema, S.A., Willemse, H.R., "Report on MHO5/6 Mission to Vietnam". Delft University of Technology and CICAT, Delft Januari 2003. 74. Ma, Y., Miedema, S.A., Matousek, V., Vlasblom, W.J., "Tomography as a Measurement Method for Density and Velocity Distributions". 23rd WEDA Technical Conference & 35th TAMU Dredging Seminar, Chicago, USA, june 2003. 75. Miedema, S.A., Lu, Z., Matousek, V., "Numerical Simulation of a Development of a Density Wave in a Long Slurry Pipeline". 23rd WEDA Technical Conference & 35th TAMU Dredging Seminar, Chicago, USA, june 2003. 76. Miedema, S.A., Lu, Z., Matousek, V., "Numerical simulation of the development of density waves in a long pipeline and the dynamic system behavior". Terra et Aqua, No. 93, p. 11-23. 77. Miedema, S.A., Frijters, D., "The Mechanism of Kinematic Wedges at Large Cutting Angles - Velocity and Friction Measurements". 23rd WEDA Technical Conference & 35th TAMU Dredging Seminar, Chicago, USA, june 2003. 78. Tri, Nguyen Van, Miedema, S.A., Heijer, J. den, "Machine Manufacturing Technology". Lecture notes, Delft University of Technology, Cicat and Cantho University Vietnam, August 2003. 79. Miedema, S.A., "MHO5/6 Phase Two Mission Report". Report on a mission to Cantho University Vietnam October 2003. Delft University of Technology and CICAT, November 2003. 80. Zwanenburg, M., Holstein, J.D., Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., "The Exploitation of Cockle Shells". CEDA Dredging Days 2003, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, November 2003. 81. Zhi, L., Miedema, S.A., Vlasblom, W.J., Verheul, C.H., "Modeling and Simulation of the Dynamic Behaviour of TSHD's Suction Pipe System by using Adams". CHIDA Dredging Days, Shanghai, China, november 2003.

82. Miedema, S.A., "The Existence of Kinematic Wedges at Large Cutting Angles". CHIDA Dredging Days, Shanghai, China, november 2003. 83. Miedema, S.A., Lu, Z., Matousek, V., "Numerical Simulation of the Development of Density Waves in a Long Pipeline and the Dynamic System Behaviour". Terra et Aqua 93, December 2003. 84. Miedema, S.A. & Frijters, D.D.J., "The wedge mechanism for cutting of water saturated sand at large cutting angles". WODCON XVII, September 2004, Hamburg Germany. 85. Verheul, O. & Vercruijsse, P.M. & Miedema, S.A., "The development of a concept for accurate and efficient dredging at great water depths". WODCON XVII, September 2004, Hamburg Germany. 86. Miedema, S.A., "THE CUTTING MECHANISMS OF WATER SATURATED SAND AT SMALL AND LARGE CUTTING ANGLES". International Conference on Coastal Infrastructure Development - Challenges in the 21st Century. HongKong, november 2004. 87. Ir. M. Zwanenburg , Dr. Ir. S.A. Miedema , Ir J.D. Holstein , Prof.ir. W.J.Vlasblom, "REDUCING THE DAMAGE TO THE SEA FLOOR WHEN DREDGING COCKLE SHELLS". WEDAXXIV & TAMU36, Orlando, Florida, USA, July 2004. 88. Verheul, O. & Vercruijsse, P.M. & Miedema, S.A., "A new concept for accurate and efficient dredging in deep water". Ports & Dredging, IHC, 2005, E163. 89. Miedema, S.A., "Scrapped?". Dredging & Port Construction, September 2005. 90. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., " Bureaustudie Overvloeiverliezen". In opdracht van Havenbedrijf Rotterdam, September 2005, Confidential. 91. He, J., Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "FEM Analyses Of Cutting Of Anisotropic Densely Compacted and Saturated Sand", WEDAXXV & TAMU37, New Orleans, USA, June 2005. 92. Miedema, S.A., "The Cutting of Water Saturated Sand, the FINAL Solution". WEDAXXV & TAMU37, New Orleans, USA, June 2005. 93. Miedema, S.A. & Massie, W., "Selfassesment MSc Offshore Engineering", Delft University of Technology, October 2005. 94. Miedema, S.A., "THE CUTTING OF WATER SATURATED SAND, THE SOLUTION". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protection of the coastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco. 95. Miedema, S.A., "La solution de prlvement par dsagrgation du sable satur en eau". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protection of the coastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco. 96. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "THE CLOSING PROCESS OF CLAMSHELL DREDGES IN WATER-SATURATED SAND". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protection of the coastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco. 97. Miedema, S.A. & Vlasblom, W.J., "Le processus de fermeture des dragues benne preneuse en sable satur". CEDA African Section: Dredging Days 2006 - Protection of the coastline, dredging sustainable development, Nov. 1-3, Tangiers, Morocco. 98. Miedema, S.A. "THE CUTTING OF WATER SATURATED SAND, THE SOLUTION". The 2nd China Dredging Association International Conference & Exhibition, themed 'Dredging and Sustainable Development' and in Guangzhou, China, May 17-18 2006. 99. Ma, Y, Ni, F. & Miedema, S.A., "Calculation of the Blade Cutting Force for small Cutting Angles based on MATLAB". The 2nd China Dredging Association

International Conference & Exhibition, themed 'Dredging and Sustainable Development' and in Guangzhou, China, May 17-18 2006. 100. ," " (download). The 2nd China Dredging Association International Conference & Exhibition, themed 'Dredging and Sustainable Development' and in Guangzhou, China, May 17-18 2006. 101. Miedema, S.A. , Kerkvliet, J., Strijbis, D., Jonkman, B., Hatert, M. v/d, "THE DIGGING AND HOLDING CAPACITY OF ANCHORS". WEDA XXVI AND TAMU 38, San Diego, California, June 25-28, 2006. 102. Schols, V., Klaver, Th., Pettitt, M., Ubuan, Chr., Miedema, S.A., Hemmes, K. & Vlasblom, W.J., "A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF FUEL CELLS IN OIL AND GAS SURFACE PRODUCTION FACILITIES". Proceedings of FUELCELL2006, The 4th International Conference on FUEL CELL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING and TECHNOLOGY, June 19-21, 2006, Irvine, CA. 103. Miedema, S.A., "Polytechnisch Zakboek 51ste druk, Hoofdstuk G: Werktuigbouwkunde", pG1-G88, Reed Business Information, ISBN-10: 90.6228.613.5, ISBN-13: 978.90.6228.613.3. Redactie: Fortuin, J.B., van Herwijnen, F., Leijendeckers, P.H.H., de Roeck, G. & Schwippert, G.A. 104. MA Ya-sheng, NI Fu-sheng, S.A. Miedema, "Mechanical Model of Water Saturated Sand Cutting at Blade Large Cutting Angles", Journal of Hohai University Changzhou, ISSN 1009-1130, CN 32-1591, 2006. , [1] [1] S.A.Miedema[2], -2006203 -59-61 105. Miedema, S.A., Lager, G.H.G., Kerkvliet, J., An Overview of Drag Embedded Anchor Holding Capacity for Dredging and Offshore Applications. WODCON, Orlando, USA, 2007. 106. Miedema, S.A., Rhee, C. van, A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTS OF DIMENSIONS AND GEOMETRY OF TRAILING SUCTION HOPPER DREDGES. WODCON ORLANDO, USA, 2007. 107. Miedema, S.A., Bookreview: Useless arithmetic, why environmental scientists can't predict the future, by Orrin H. Pilkey & Linda Pilkey-Jarvis. Terra et Aqua 108, September 2007, IADC, The Hague, Netherlands. 108. Miedema, S.A., Bookreview: The rock manual: The use of rock in hydraulic engineering, by CIRIA, CUR, CETMEF. Terra et Aqua 110, March 2008, IADC, The Hague, Netherlands. 109. Miedema, S.A., "An Analytical Method To Determine Scour". WEDA XXVIII & Texas A&M 39. St. Louis, USA, June 8-11, 2008. 110. Miedema, S.A., "A Sensitivity Analysis Of The Production Of Clamshells". WEDA XXVIII & Texas A&M 39. St. Louis, USA, June 8-11, 2008. 111. Miedema, S.A., "An Analytical Approach To The Sedimentation Process In Trailing Suction Hopper Dredgers". Terra et Aqua 112, September 2008, IADC, The Hague, Netherlands. 112. Hofstra, C.F., & Rhee, C. van, & Miedema, S.A. & Talmon, A.M., "On The Particle Trajectories In Dredge Pump Impellers". 14th International Conference Transport & Sedimentation Of Solid Particles. June 23-27 2008, St. Petersburg, Russia. 113. Miedema, S.A., "A Sensitivity Analysis Of The Production Of Clamshells". WEDA Journal of Dredging Engineering, December 2008.

114. Miedema, S.A., "New Developments Of Cutting Theories With Respect To Dredging, The Cutting Of Clay And Rock". WEDA XXIX & Texas A&M 40. Phoenix Arizona, USA, June 14-17 2009. 115. Miedema, S.A., "A Sensitivity Analysis Of The Scaling Of TSHD's". WEDA XXIX & Texas A&M 40. Phoenix Arizona, USA, June 14-17 2009. 116. Liu, Z., Ni, F., Miedema, S.A., Optimized design method for TSHDs swell compensator, basing on modelling and simulation. International Conference on Industrial Mechatronics and Automation, pp. 48-52. Chengdu, China, May 15-16, 2009. 117. Miedema, S.A., "The effect of the bed rise velocity on the sedimentation process in hopper dredges". Journal of Dredging Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1 , 10-31, 2009. 118. Miedema, S.A., New developments of cutting theories with respect to offshore applications, the cutting of sand, clay and rock. ISOPE 2010, Beijing China, June 2010. 119. Miedema, S.A., The influence of the strain rate on cutting processes. ISOPE 2010, Beijing China, June 2010. 120. Ramsdell, R.C., Miedema, S.A., Hydraulic transport of sand/shell mixtures. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010. 121. Abdeli, M., Miedema, S.A., Schott, D., Alvarez Grima, M., The application of discrete element modeling in dredging. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010. 122. Hofstra, C.F., Miedema, S.A., Rhee, C. van, Particle trajectories near impeller blades in centrifugal pumps. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010. 123. Miedema, S.A., Constructing the Shields curve, a new theoretical approach and its applications. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010. 124. Miedema, S.A., The effect of the bed rise velocity on the sedimentation process in hopper dredges. WODCON XIX, Beijing China, September 2010.