ON-LINE UPS

Design of power electronic circuits

Siddharth Bhowmik -07000418 Kumar Utkarsh -07000419 Chandan Kumar -07000420 Smriti Agarwal -07000421 Sharath M -07000422 N Viswanath -07000424

BTech III Electrical Engineering

Introduction
This reference design describes the design of a single phase on-line uninterruptable power supply (UPS). UPSs are used to protect sensitive electrical equipment such as computers, workstations, servers, and Other power-sensitive systems. The online ups or a true ups is totally opposite to the conventional standby UPS. Both of these are similar in that they have the same two power source and a transfer switch that selects between them. The online UPS is exactly opposite from the standby UPS because here the primary power source is the UPSs battery and utility power source is the secondary source. Under normal operation, the online UPS is always running off the battery using its inverter while the line power runs battery charger. Thus, it is also called a double conversion online UPS. If the power goes out, the load continues to get power through the inverter and only the battery charging fails. Thus, there is no transfer time in the event of power failure, only the battery starts to rundown. If the primary equipment fails, then the transfer switch is used to switch to the utility power source. Here transfer time comes into play. Another key advantage to having the equipment running off the battery most of the time is that the double conversion process completely isolates the load from the line power. On-line UPS works on double conversion topology. This name arises from the operating principle of an on-line UPS. When the UPS works in normal operation mode, while the mains line (or the power cord for the ac line) is available, the input voltage is rectified to the dc bus. The output inverter converts the dc bus voltage back to a pure sinusoidal voltage. The dc/dc converter is connected to the dc bus and converts the battery voltage to the dc bus level. The converter is activated during a power failure, and delivers the energy stored in the batteries to the dc bus. The dc bus voltage is again converted to a pure sine voltage. A battery charger is used to charge the batteries. The charger can be powered from the mains line or from the dc bus.

Primary Circuit

Various parts of online UPS

1. Rectifier 2. Battery charger 3. Battery 4. Buck converter 5. Boost converter 6. Inverter 7. Transfer switch Battery charger consists of rectifier, buck converter and power BJT switch for pulsed charging.

Rectifier
We use a full bridge rectifier with an output filter in our circuit. This converts the output to a rectified DC. The schematic and values of LC filter are as follows: L = 0.03682H and C = 0.00039307F.

Battery Charger
Types of battery charging methods: Constant Voltage Constant Current Pulsed Charging Taper Current Burp Charging IVI Charging Trickle Charging Float Charging Random Charging The battery charger is actually a buck converter circuit designed to produce the voltage levels necessary to meet the battery specification. Pulse charging technique is implemented to charge the battery. Pulse chargers feed the charge current to the battery in pulses. The charging rate can be precisely controlled by varying the width of pulses, typically about 1s. During the charging process, short rest periods of 20 to 30ms between pulses allow the chemical actions in the battery to stabilize by equalizing the reactions throughout the bulk of the electrode before recommencing the charge. This enables the chemical reaction to keep pace with the rate of inputting electric energy. This method can reduce unwanted chemical reactions at electrode surface. Operation of battery charger: The battery voltage is monitored in a loop, it is compared to V th,lower and Vth,upper using the comparator. As the battery charges to a voltage level beyond upper threshold the buck converter is turned off. Similarly a drop in battery charge to a voltage level below lower threshold the converter is turned on. Thus the battery voltage is maintained regulated well within the lower and upper threshold limits neglecting the small ripple which is inevitable.

Buck converter
S1
+ +

L1 1mH

S VOFF = 0.0V VON = 1.0V V3 V1 = 10 V2 = -1 TD = 0 TR = 1n TF = 1n PW = 0.017341m PER = 0.05m 1Vdc 207.07Vdc 10.00V D2 UT268 1.000V V1 V2 1 207.5V 2 C1 470u

1 R1 0.025k 2

Boost converter:
1 L1 2 D2 UT268 V4 72Vdc 2 10mH 1 C1 470u 1 0.25k R1 2

S1 S VON = 1V VOFF = 0.0V V3

V1 = -1 V2 = 8 TD = 0 TR = 10ns TF = 10ns PW = 41u PER = 50u

+ -

V2 1Vdc

Inverter using switch mode PWM:

PWM output pulses:

Discrepancy in PWM pulses:

Inverter output:

Base drive circuit:

Output of the base drive circuit:

BATTERY SPECIFICATION
The battery used in our design has the following specifications: 1.) Battery voltage rating -:72 volts 2.) Battery capacity -:7 ampere-hour

Input Specifications
Input frequency:- 50Hz Input voltage:-230V rms Single phase

Functional Modes
On-line: If the input power is available, the UPS supplies a load and eliminates all possible defects on the line (online double conversion) Battery: If the input power is not available, the UPS supplies a load from batteries. The backup time is given by battery capacity. Bypass: The UPS directly connects its output and input, so the load is directly connected to the input line. The transition to this mode is set manually or automatically during overload or fault.