INDEX

AIM ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CERTIFICATE HYPOTHESIS APPRATUS CIRCUIT DIAGRAM CIRCUIT WORKING COMPONENT DETAILS PRECAUTION BIBLIOGRAPHY

AIM
TO STUDY A POSITIVE FEEDBACK CIRCUIT OF AN AUDIO OSCILLATOR WITH THE HELP OF L.C. CIRCUIT

CIRCUIT WORKING
An electrical oscillator consists of a coil and a capacitor. It generates high frequency oscillatory or alternating electric current or voltage. When the capacitor is charged by connecting it to a source of emf electrical energy is stored in it as potential energy. When the plates of the capacitor are connected through a coil, it discharges sending a current in the opposite direction. The capacitor is again charged up in the opposite direction. This to and from movement of electrons during charging and discharging continues until all the energy given to the capacitor has been dissipated. When the capacitor discharges after it has been charged, the flow of electrons is oscillatory. The oscillations last for a short time and their amplitude is not constant. Such oscillations are called damped oscillations. In order to maintain oscillations energy must be supplied or fed back to the tank circuit at the same rate at which it is dissipated. If a portion of the oscillator energy from the output, in proper amplitude and phase, is fed back (positive .pa feedback) to the input, the oscillations can be sustained. The frequency of oscillation of an LC circuit depends on the magnitudes of L and C. An oscillator converts DC energy of the battery into AC energy in a coil capacitor circuit. The base bias may cause the collector electron flow to be cut off during a portion of the cycle.

HYPOTHESIS
The frequency of oscillation of an oscillator may change by changing : 1. The value of L or C in LC circuit. 2. The value of C in the positive feedback circuit. 3. The value of resistor in the base bias circuit. .PA

COMPONENTS
1. 2. 3. 4 5. RESISTANCE 10K ohm, 10 K ohm , 100 ohm CAPACITOR SPEAKER. 3 V D.C. TRANSISTOR BC187 (npn) .04 micro farad

CAPACITOR
Capacitance is the property of opposition to a change in voltage. Capacitance has the same reaction to voltage as the inductance has to the current. That is the voltage across circuit increases. Capacitor will resist the change and if the voltage applied to a circuit is decreased and try to maintain the original voltage. The property of capacitor is to store charge and release. micro farad. A basic capacitor consist of two conducting metalplates seperated by a layer of air or other insulating material. The insulating layer is called dilectric layer. All capacitor have two plates and seperating layer. In practise the delectric layer are often staked and even rolled into compact form. The capacitor areas classified by the name of dilectric used in the particular. 1. Paper capacitor 2. Mica capacitor 3. Ceramic capacitor 4. Electrolytic capacitor All electrolytic capacitors are above 1 micro farad. All electrolytic capacitor having two legs one is positive and second is negative , bigger leg is positive and smaller leg is negative. The storing

capacity of capacitor is depend upon the value of capacitor as defined in

RESISTANCE

The unit being ohm the greater the ohmic value the greater is the opposition to the flow of current causes. The heating effect and causes a loss of electrical energy in the form of heat energy, greater the ohmic value greater the loss. Types of Resistance 1. Fixed value 2. Variable value Normally fixed type of resistance are carbon resistance value of resistance in ohm printed on the body of resistance in colour code.

TRANSISTOR
Transistor are tiny semiconductor device that provide current amplification. A transistor has three leads indentified as emitter Base and collector. A small current to say 1mA flowing between base and emitter produce a large current of 100ma or more in the widely used as a current amplifier circuit transistor are also very useful in switching circuit.

We use normally two type of transistor one is NPN and second in PNP. In PNP transistor conduction is coudncting between emitter and collector with the help of electron flow. In PNP transistor conduction is conducting between emitter and collector with the help of holes.

We normally give a forward bias to the emitter point and reverse bias to the collector point with the help of load resistance and for the base point . We give a very low voltage by resistance or any other circuit control devices.

SPEAKER
The simply speaker changes electric audio energy into sound. The speaker is a transducer.One in a family of devices which converts energy from one from into another . The speaker in greatest use today is the permanent-magnet(pm) dynamic speaker. The electrostatic, speaker may be found as part of a speaker system in hi-fi installations. Electromagnetic dynamic speakers are no longer used ,although they were very popular early in the development of audio systems.Dyanmic speakers are similar in operation. They differ in method used to obtain the stationary or static magnet field.

The mechanical construction of a pm speaker. A permanent magnet concertrates a magnetic field at the pole pieces of a highly permeable housing. The pole pieces are very close together to obtain an intense magnetic field. A voice coil cemented to the speaker cone is freely suspended between the magnetic poles. A flexible membrane called the spider is attracted to the voice-coil form and cemented to the speaker frame. The spider centers the voice coil form between the speaker poles keep it from rubbing against them. The flared end of the cone is flexibly attached to the speaker frame.

The permanent magnet of a pm speaker is made of a mixture of aluminum, nickel and cobalt and is called an alnico magnet. The audio-signal currents led to the voice coil set up a moving magnetic field about the voice coil. This interacts with the fixed magnetic field and result in a vibratory motion of the voice coil and hence of the speaker cone. The rate of vibration of the speaker cone is determined by the frequency of the audio current. The amplitude of vibration i.e. how far the cone depends on the amplitude of audio current. The speaker cone moves the air mass surrounding it producing sound.

Connections from the voice coil ends are brought to insulated solder teminals on the speaker frame. When output transformer are used to match the impedance of the last audio amplifier to that of the speaker the transformer may be mounted on the amplified classis .Leads from the secondary of the output transformer are then connected to the voice coil at the solder terminals on the frame.

A continuty check may be made on the voice coil of a dynamic speaker. The resistance is very low, usally 3 or 4ohm although in some solid state amplifier driven speakera it may be as 32ohm.The continuous motion of the voice coil may be cause the coil wire to break,resulting in an open voice coil .This would check as an infinite.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Mount the components at the appropriete places before soldering. Follow the circuit discription and components details, leads identification etc. Do not start soldering before making it confirm that all the component are mounted at the right place. 2. solder on the board, it may cause short circuit. 3. Do not sit under the fan while soldering. 4. Position the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder where you want it. 5. Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat may damage the components or board. 6. The board should not vibrate while soldering otherwise you have a dry or a cold joint. 7. Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be sure abort the voltage either do or ac while operating the gadget. 8. Do spare the bare ends of the components leads otherwise it may short circuit with the other components. To prevent this use sleeves at the components leads or use sleeved wire for connections. 9. Do not use old dark colour solder. It may give dry joint. Be sure that all the joints are clean and well shiny.10. Do make loose wire connections specially with cell holder, speaker, probes etc. Put knots while connections to the circuit board, otherwise it may get loose..rr .cw15 Do not use a spread

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. DIODE AND ITS APPLICATION - TURNER

2. ELECTRICITY AND GENERAL MAGNETISM - KEMP & YOUNG ( KANDY)

3. FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS - SUBRAHMANYAM AND BRIJLAL.

4. BASIC RADIO ( VOLUME - 5) - MARVIN TELER.

5. PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL OF A B C - GUPTA 6. BASIC ELECTRONIC - T.T.T.I. CHANDIGARH

TRANSFORMER
.cw12 A transformer is an electrically device that can step up or step down the AC voltage. It consist ot two coils of wire called the primary and secondary wound on a common magnetic core. The core is made up of a large number of E and I shaped core. The transformer is a passive device. If does not consume any power for tits operation. Except for some losses. It passes on all the power applied to the primary to the secondary windings. The voltage and current relation are given by the following equation. V1 = V2 N1 N2 I2 I1

V1 is the voltage applied to the primary . V2 is the voltage induced in the secondary. N1 is the number of turns in the primary. N2 is the number of turns in the secondary. I1 is the current drawn by the primary. I2 is the current delivered by the secondary. The above equation show that a step- down transformer delivers lower voltage than high voltage applied.

To the primary, but its current delivery capacity is more. Therefore, the secondary has lesser number of turns of a thicker guage wire as compared to the primary winding.

Supply a voltage which drives an electric current round the circuit from the positive (+) terminal of the battery to its negative (-) terminal .Voltage is measured in volts and current in amperes (A).

CIRCUIT DIATRAM