Turabian Five Level Headings Turabian uses a five level heading system for sections and subsections.

These are provided to assist with ease of reading and organization. The heading examples provided below are in red, but when presented in an actual research paper all lettering must be in automatic black. First level: centered, boldface or italic type, headline-style capitalization The Art of Formatting or The Art of Formatting Second level: centered, regular type, headline-style capitalization The Many Aspects of Formatting Third level: flush left, boldface or italic type, headline-style capitalization

Turabian Style or Turabian Style Fourth level: flush left, roman type, sentence-style capitalization

Providing level headings Fifth level: run in at beginning of paragraph (no blank line after), boldface or italic type, sentence-style capitalization, terminal period. The importance of leveled headings. Headings can be both helpful and distracting. ******************************* Special considerations when preparing level headings: For less complex papers, avoid using more than two or three levels of headings. Each level should be consistent and different from other levels. Katherine Colombo * Liberty University Writing Centers * Spring 2010 mbo * Liberty University Writing Centers * Spring 2010

 Higher levels should be more visually prominent. Place an extra blank line before and after subheads. Never end a page with a subhead. The subheads need to be on the same page as the ensuing paragraph, add extra spaces if necessary. ******************************* Rules for Headline-Style Capitalization Headline-style capitalization is designed to make a distinction between titles and the surrounding text. The following guidelines can be found in Kate L. Turabian A Manual for Writers, 7th Edition, 22.3.1 (pg. 314). Capitalize the first letter of the first and last words of the title and subtitle and all other words except the following: o Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the). o Do not capitalize coordinating conjunctions (and, but, nor, for, so, yet) o Do not capitalize to and as unless a word is the first or last word in the title or subtitle. o Do not capitalize prepositions (on, to, in, under, etc.) unless they are emphasized, used as adverbs, adjectives, or conjunctions. o Do not capitalize the second part of a hyphenated compound unless it is a proper noun or adjective. o Do not capitalize parts of proper nouns that are normally in lowercase. von in Kaiser von Wilhelm

Length of words does not determine capitalization. Katherine Colombo * Liberty University Writing Centers * Spring 2010 mbo * Liberty University Writing Centers * Spring 2010

o You must capitalize short verbs (is, are) Adjectives Personal pronouns (I, we, she, us)

o Relative pronouns (who, whom) o Use lowercase for long prepositions since they are among the exceptions.

Katherine Colombo * Liberty University Writing Centers * Spring 2010 mbo * Liberty University Writing Centers * Spring 2010