You are on page 1of 16

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Principles of Linguistics
Morphology - Derivation

Simona Herdan

October 4, 2005/ PoL

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Outline

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Review: words and morphemes

word: smallest free form found in language morpheme: smallest unit of language carrying information about meaning or function - free morphemes - bound morphemes Types of morphemes: - roots - afxes: prexes, sufxes, inxes - bases

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Outline

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Plural allomorphy in English

[s] cats roof caps racks

[z] beds eves cabs kegs mamas halos

[@z] judges watches buses buzzes bushes rouges

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Outline

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Derivation
derivation = an afxational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category different from that of its base derivation is rule-based particular afxes attach to particular categories: -ment attaches to verbs and produces nouns Example N V treat Af ment N season A Af al Af un A A kind
P of L

V A modern Af ize

Simona Herdan

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Linguistic creativity in derivational processes


derivational processes are highly productive (linguistic creativity) derivational afxes can apply to the output of other derivational processes Example Complex derivations involving recursion
N V A V act Af ive
Simona Herdan P of L

Af Af ate ion

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

(Lack of) ambiguity in complex derivations


complex words with 2 or more derivational afxes are potentially ambiguous in structure Example N A Af un A happy Af ness Af un A happy N N Af ness

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Derivation is non-ambiguous
the prex -un usually combines with As, not Ns Example unable, unkind, unhurt vs *unknowledge, *unhealth, *uninjury the correct structure is N A Af un A happy
Simona Herdan P of L

Af ness

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Outline

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Constraints on the base


not all afxes can attach to all members of the right syntactic category Example
the sufx -ant can combine with bases of Latin origin, but not those of English origin: combat-ant, assist-ant, *help-ant, ght-ant the sufx -en can only combine with monosyllabic bases that end in an obstruent: whiten, soften, madden, quicken, liven, *abstracten, *bluen, *angryen, *slowen, *greenen

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Constraints on afx combinations and ordering


Two classes of derivational afxes: Class 1
trigger changes in the consonant or vowel segments of the base and may affect stress placement often combine with bound roots

Example san-ity, public-ity, democrac-y, product-ive, part-ial, public-ize, nat-ion Class 2


tend to be phonologically neutral, having no effect on the segmental makeup of the base or on stress placement

Example prompt-ness, hair-less, hope-ful, quiet-ly, defend-er, self-ish


Simona Herdan P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Combining afxes

Rule A CLASS 2 afx cannot precede a CLASS 1 afx! Example relat-ion-al (ROOT-1-1), divis-ive-ness (ROOT-1-2), *fear-less-ity (*ROOT-2-1), fear-less-ness (ROOT-2-2)

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Outline

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Simona Herdan

P of L

Review Practice with allomorphy Productivity of derivation Constraints on derivational rules Summary

Summary

derivation is productive and rule-based derivation has constraints on bases and constraints on ordering of afxes 2 classes of afxes: - class 1 (combine with bound roots and affect stress) class 2 phonologically neutral

Simona Herdan

P of L

You might also like