. 141) Joanna has learned that she has leukocytosis.

Explain this disorder

to her.Answer: Leukocytosis is a white blood cell disorder. It results when the total WBC count is above 11,000 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. Leukocytosis generally indicates a bacterial or viral infection in the body.
. 142) List and describe the structure of the two major classifications of

leukocytes. Answer: The two major groups are the granulocytes and the agranulocytes. 1. 2. The granulocytes have lobed nuclei and granules in the cytoplasm. The agranulocytes lack cytoplasmic granules. Their nuclei are more normal in

. shape (either spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped). Diff: 1 Page Ref: 345 . 143) Explain the cause, effect, and treatment of hemophilia.Answer:

Hemophilia refers to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that can result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting. Hemophilia causes uncontrolled bleeding. Treatment involves transfusion of either fresh blood plasma or the specific purified clotting factor that the individual is missing. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 351
. 144) Describe ABO and Rh blood groups.Answer: The blood groups

are based on the presence or absence of specific surface antigens. Blood group A has type A antigens on their RBCs, blood group B has type B antigens on their RBCs, blood group AB has both type A and type B antigens on their RBCs, and blood group O lacks either type A or type B antigens. The Rh+ blood group indicates the presence of the Rh antigens on their RBCs. Individuals belong to blood groups A, B, AB, or O, and they are also classified as either Rh+ or Rh-.
145) Discuss hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis

fetalis). Answer: Erythroblastosis fetalis results from Rh incompatibility between an Rh- woman and her Rh+ baby. With delivery of the first such infant, the mother's blood

becomes sensitized by the Rh+ antigens of the infant and she begins forming anti-Rh+ antibodies. With the second and subsequent pregnancies, in which the woman carries Rh+ infants, the mother's antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the baby's RBCs. The baby becomes anemic and hypoxic, and brain damage and death may result unless fetal transfusions are performed. Prevention of problems in future pregnancies involves treatment of the Rh- woman with RhoGAM upon the birth of her first child to prevent sensitization and anti-Rh antibody formation.
. 146) Trace the path of a drop of blood, starting at the right atrium and

returning to the rightatrium, through the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system. Identify the chambers, valves, and vessels (except specific systemic blood vessels that are not directly associated with the heart), and indicate whether the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated in each area.Answer: Deoxygenated blood in the right atrium, deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary tricuspid valve, deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve, deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary trunk, deoxygenated blood in the right and left pulmonary arteries, deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs, oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins, oxygenated blood in the left atrium, oxygenated blood through the bicuspid (mitral) valve, oxygenated blood in the left ventricle, oxygenated blood through the aortic semilunar valve, oxygenated blood in the aorta, oxygenated blood in the systemic arteries, oxygenated blood in the systemic arterioles, oxygenated blood in the systemic capillaries, deoxygenated blood in the systemic venules, deoxygenated blood in the systemic veins, deoxygenated blood in the superior and inferior vena cava, deoxygenated blood in the right atrium. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 365-366
. 147) Discuss the events that are taking place in the cardiac cycle during

the left ventricularsystole. Indicate whether the other heart chambers are in systole or diastole and whetherthey are filling or emptying of blood. If they are emptying, state where the blood is going. If they are filling with blood, state where the blood is coming from. Include an explanation of which valves are open and which

valves are closed, in addition to whether the coronary system is filling or emptying of blood.Answer: When the left ventricle is in systole, oxygenated blood is leaving the left ventricle and entering the aorta. At that time, the aortic semilunar valve is open and the bicuspid valve is closed. The right ventricle is also in systole and deoxygenated blood is leaving the right ventricle and entering the pulmonary trunk. At that time, the pulmonary semilunar valve is open and the tricuspid valve is closed. When the ventricles are in systole, both the right and left atria are in diastole. The right atrium is filling with deoxygenated blood, which is returning to this chamber via the coronary sinus and the superior and inferior vena cava. The left atrium is filling with oxygenated blood that is returning to the heart from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. Finally, during ventricular systole, blood is leaving the coronary system and entering the right side of the heart via the coronary sinus.
. 148) Define peripheral resistance. Explain several factors that cause it to

increase and its effect on arterial blood pressure.Answer: Peripheral resistance is the amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows through the blood vessels. Probably the most important factor that increases peripheral resistance is the narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel (mainly by arterioles), which is called vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction occurs normally due to an increase in sympathetic nervous system firing. It can also occur abnormally in atherosclerosis. Another factor that causes an increase in peripheral resistance is increased volume of blood in the vascular system or increased viscosity (thickness) of the blood. Regardless of the cause of this increase in peripheral resistance, the result is an increase in arterial blood pressure. 149) Explain how pulmonary circulation differs from systemic circulation.Answer: 1. The right side of the heart deals with pulmonary circulation. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from systemic veins and sends it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle sends this blood out through the pulmonary

trunk. The pulmonary trunk branches into pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen is loaded into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide is unloaded. The oxygen- rich blood returns to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary veins, completing pulmonary circulation.2. The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood out to the body via the aorta to begin systemic circulation. This blood travels in arteries, which branch into arterioles. Arterioles feed the capillary beds where nutrient and gas exchange occurs. The oxygen-poor blood drains into the venules, which empty blood into the veins. Veins finally empty into the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, which return blood into the right atrium of the heart from systemic circulation. 150) Trace a drop of blood from the aorta to the stomach.Answer: Blood leaves the aorta (the aorta becomes the aortic arch, thoracic aorta, then the abdominal aorta). It travels to the celiac trunk, the first branch of the abdominal aorta. The blood travels via the left gastric artery to the stomach