Overview of the Course

Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lecture 9 Lecture 10 Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lecture 13 Lecture 14 The Components of the Immune System Innate Immunity Antigen Recognition by T lymphocytes Antigen Presentation by T lymphocytes Antigen Recognition by B cell Receptors The Humoral Immune Response Signaling Through Lymphocyte Receptors The Development and Survival of Lymphocytes T-cell Mediated Immunity Adaptive Immunity to Infection Mucosal Immunity HIV Infection Failures in Host Defense Mechanisms Evasion of the Immune System by Pathogens

Lecture 1: The Components of the Immune System

Summary of the Entire Immunology Unit

Kill the pathogen and

dont harm the host

Questions to Consider
Why do you only get some infections like chicken pox

aka varicella zoster only once? How do you generate an system able to recognize a broad array of pathogens with a high level of sensitivity and specificity using a finite amount of coding DNA? Why do subsequent immune responses to a pathogen occur more rapidly and at higher titers than previous immune responses? How does the immune system provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the broad array of pathogens without attacking self? Why are T cells and B cells effective against different pathogens and how do T cells and B cells see antigens differently?

David

Smallpox Infection

Immunity
From the Latin word immunitas meaning

exemption from civic duties. Historically immunity was the observed protection from infection by individuals previously exposed or infected. Chinese made children inhale powder from crusted smallpox lesions.

Eradication of Smallpox by Vaccination

Functional Immunity
Innate Barrier Soluble Protein Cells Mediators Skin Complement Phagocytes IL-1, TNF Acquired Mucosal immunity Antibodies T and B cells -interferon

Function of Immune System

Identification- foreign vs. self Designation- accentuate foreign origin Recruitment- mobilize effectors Elimination- clear pathogen Prevent Recurrence- prepare for future

Sensitivity and Specificity of Detection Determines the Effectiveness of Immune Surveillance

Design of the Immune System

Specificity- fine distinctions Diversity- broad repertoire Memory- accelerate next response Demobilization- after clearance Distinguish self from non-self- prevent

attack of normal tissues

Mobilization of the Immune System

Cognitive phase- binding of antigen to

specific cell that recognizes it Activation phase- proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific cell Effector phase- assemble response to eliminate infection

Targets of the Immune System

CD Nomenclature
CD = Cluster of Differentiation Cells express unique membrane proteins

identified by monoclonal antibodies. Cells are identified by the pattern of cellspecific CD markers expressed. CD proteins are identified by sequential numbers.

Hematopoietic Lineage

Histological Appearance of Lymphocytes

Activation of Lymphocytes

How Does the Immune System Provide a High Degree of Sensitivity and Specificity to the Broad Array of Pathogens Without Attacking Self?

Clonal Selection Hypothesis

Expression of Antigen-specific Membrane Proteins

Clonal Selection

The Antibody Recognizes an Epitope Within the Antigen

Development of a Secondary Amplified Response

Clonal Expansion

Structure of Antigen Recognition Molecule

Different Antigen Recognition Molecules Are Used by B Cells and T Cells

Identity of Lymphocytes in the Peripheral Blood

Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

Lymph Node Organization

Spleen Organization

Anatomical Localization of B cells and T Cells

B Cells and T cells Recognize Different Antigenic Contexts

B Cells use the Immunoglobulin Molecule to recognize 3D

structures of the native molecules. T Cells use the T cell receptor to recognize primary structures.

Structure of Immunoglobulin Molecule

Function of Immunoglobulin Molecules

T cells Recognize Peptides Presented by Cells

Function of Cytotoxic and Helper T Cells

Cytotoxic T cell Helper T cell

Questions to Consider
Why do you only get some infections like chicken pox

aka varicella zoster only once? How do you generate an system able to recognize a broad array of pathogens with a high level of sensitivity and specificity using a finite amount of coding DNA? Why do subsequent immune responses to a pathogen occur more rapidly and at higher titers than previous immune responses? How does the immune system provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the broad array of pathogens without attacking self? Why are T cells and B cells effective against different pathogens and how do T cells and B cells see antigens differently?