Lecture 13

Power Flow








POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
1
Announcements
Be reading Chapter 6, also Chapter 2.4 (Network Equations).
HW 5 is 2.38, 6.9, 6.18, 6.30, 6.34, 6.38; do by October 6
but does not need to be turned in.
First exam is October 11 during class. Closed book, closed
notes, one note sheet and calculators allowed. Exam covers
thru the end of lecture 13 (today)
An example previous exam (2008) is posted. Note this is
exam was given earlier in the semester in 2008 so it did not
include power flow, but the 2011 exam will (at least
partially)

2
Multi-Variable Example
1
2
2 2
1 1 2
2 2
2 1 2 1 2
1 1
1 2
2 2
1 2
x
Solve for = such that ( ) 0 where
x
f ( ) 2 8 0
f ( ) 4 0
First symbolically determine the Jacobian
f ( ) f ( )
( ) =
f ( ) f ( )
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
(
=
(

= + =
= + =
c c
(
(
c c
(
c c
(
(
c c

x f x
x
x
x x
J x
x x
3
Multi-variable Example, contd
1 2
1 2 1 2
1
1 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 2
(0)
1
(1)
4 2
( ) =
2 2
Then
4 2 ( )
2 2 ( )
1
Arbitrarily guess
1
1 4 2 5 2.1
1 3 1 3 1.3
x x
x x x x
x x x f
x x x x x f

(
(
+

A
( ( (
=
( ( (
A +

(
=
(

( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (


J x
x
x
x
x
4
Multi-variable Example, contd
1
(2)
(2)
2.1 8.40 2.60 2.51 1.8284
1.3 5.50 0.50 1.45 1.2122
Each iteration we check ( ) to see if it is below our
specified tolerance
0.1556
( )
0.0900
If = 0.2 then we wou
c
c

( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (

(
=
(

x
f x
f x
ld be done. Otherwise we'd
continue iterating.
5
Possible EHV Overlays for Wind
AEP 2007 Proposed Overlay
6
NR Application to Power Flow
*
* * *
i
1 1
We first need to rewrite complex power equations
as equations with real coefficients
S
These can be derived by defining
Recal
i
n n
i i i ik k i ik k
k k
ik ik ik
j
i i i i
ik i k
V I V Y V V Y V
Y G jB
V V e V
u
u
u u u
= =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
+
= Z

j
l e cos sin j
u
u u = +
7
Real Power Balance Equations
* *
i
1 1
1
i
1
i
1
S ( )
(cos sin )( )
Resolving into the real and imaginary parts
P ( cos sin )
Q ( sin cos
ik
n n
j
i i i ik k i k ik ik
k k
n
i k ik ik ik ik
k
n
i k ik ik ik ik Gi Di
k
n
i k ik ik ik i
k
P jQ V Y V V V e G jB
V V j G jB
V V G B P P
V V G B
u
u u
u u
u u
= =
=
=
=
= + = =
= +
= + =
=

)
k Gi Di
Q Q =
8
Newton-Raphson Power Flow
i
1
In the Newton-Raphson power flow we use Newton's
method to determine the voltage magnitude and angle
at each bus in the power system.
We need to solve the power balance equations
P ( cos
n
i k ik ik
k
V V G u
=
= +

i
1
sin )
Q ( sin cos )
ik ik Gi Di
n
i k ik ik ik ik Gi Di
k
B P P
V V G B Q Q
u
u u
=
=
= =

9
Power Flow Variables
2 2 2
n
2
Assume the slack bus is the first bus (with a fixed
voltage angle/magnitude). We then need to determine
the voltage angle/magnitude at the other buses.
( )
( )
G
n
P P
V
V
u
u
+
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(

x
x f x
2
2 2 2
( )
( )
( )
D
n Gn Dn
G D
n Gn Dn
P
P P P
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
(
(
(
+
(
(
+
(
(
(
+

x
x
x
10
N-R Power Flow Solution
( )
( )
( 1) ( ) ( ) 1 ( )
The power flow is solved using the same procedure
discussed last time:
Set 0; make an initial guess of ,
While ( ) Do
( ) ( )
1
End While
v
v
v v v v
v
v v
c
+
=
>
=
= +
x x
f x
x x J x f x
11
Power Flow Jacobian Matrix
1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
The most difficult part of the algorithm is determining
and inverting the n by n Jacobian matrix, ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
n n n
n
f f f
x x x
f f f
x x x
f f f
x x x
c c c

c c c

c c c

c c c
=
c c c
c c c

J x
x x x
x x x
J x
x x x
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

12
Power Flow Jacobian Matrix, contd
i
i
i
1
Jacobian elements are calculated by differentiating
each function, f ( ), with respect to each variable.
For example, if f ( ) is the bus i real power equation
f ( ) ( cos sin )
n
i k ik ik ik ik Gi
k
x V V G B P P u u
=
= + +

x
x
i
1
i
f ( )
( sin cos )
f ( )
( sin cos ) ( )
Di
n
i k ik ik ik ik
i k
k i
i j ik ik ik ik
j
x
V V G B
x
V V G B j i
u u
u
u u
u
=
=
c
= +
c
c
= =
c

13
Two Bus Newton-Raphson Example
Line Z = 0.1j
One Two 1.000 pu 1.000 pu
200 MW
100 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
For the two bus power system shown below, use the
Newton-Raphson power flow to determine the
voltage magnitude and angle at bus two. Assume
that bus one is the slack and S
Base
= 100 MVA.


2
2
10 10
10 10
bus
j j
V j j
u
( (
= =
( (

x Y
14
Two Bus Example, contd
i
1
i
1
2 1 2
2
2 1 2 2
General power balance equations
P ( cos sin )
Q ( sin cos )
Bus two power balance equations
(10sin ) 2.0 0
( 10cos ) (10) 1.0 0
n
i k ik ik ik ik Gi Di
k
n
i k ik ik ik ik Gi Di
k
V V G B P P
V V G B Q Q
V V
V V V
u u
u u
u
u
=
=
= + =
= =
+ =
+ + =

15
Two Bus Example, contd
2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
P ( ) (10sin ) 2.0 0
( ) ( 10cos ) (10) 1.0 0
Now calculate the power flow Jacobian
P ( ) P ( )
( )
Q ( ) Q ( )
10 cos 10sin
10 sin 10cos 20
V
Q V V
V
J
V
V
V V
u
u
u
u
u u
u u
= + =
= + + =
c c
(
(
c c
(
=
c c (
(
c c

(
=
(
+

x
x
x x
x
x x
16
Two Bus Example, First Iteration
(0)
2 2
(0)
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
(0)
2 2 2 2
(1)
0
Set 0, guess
1
Calculate
(10sin ) 2.0
2.0
f( )
1.0
( 10cos ) (10) 1.0
10 cos 10sin 10 0
( )
10 sin 10cos 20 0 10
0 10 0
Solve
1 0 10
v
V
V V
V
V V
u
u
u u
u u
(
= =
(

+
(
(
= =
(
(
+ +
(

(
(
= =
(
(
+


(
=
(

x
x
J x
x
1
2.0 0.2
1.0 0.9

( ( (
=
( ( (

17
Two Bus Example, Next Iterations
(1)
2
(1)
1
(2)
0.9(10sin( 0.2)) 2.0
0.212
f( )
0.279
0.9( 10cos( 0.2)) 0.9 10 1.0
8.82 1.986
( )
1.788 8.199
0.2 8.82 1.986 0.212 0.233
0.9 1.788 8.199 0.279 0.8586
f(

+
(
(
= =
(
(
+ +

(
=
(

( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (

x
J x
x
(2) (3)
(3)
2
0.0145 0.236
)
0.0190 0.8554
0.0000906
f( ) Done! V 0.8554 13.52
0.0001175

( (
= =
( (

(
= = Z
(

x x
x
18
Two Bus Solved Values
Line Z = 0.1j
One Two 1.000 pu 0.855 pu
200 MW
100 MVR
200.0 MW
168.3 MVR
-13.522 Deg
200.0 MW
168.3 MVR
-200.0 MW
-100.0 MVR
Once the voltage angle and magnitude at bus 2 are
known we can calculate all the other system values,
such as the line flows and the generator reactive
power output
19
Two Bus Case Low Voltage Solution
(0)
2 2
(0)
2
2 2 2
This case actually has two solutions! The second
"low voltage" is found by using a low initial guess.
0
Set 0, guess
0.25
Calculate
(10sin ) 2.0
f( )
( 10cos ) (10) 1.0
v
V
V V
u
u
(
= =
(

+
(
=
(
+ +
(

x
x
2 2 2
(0)
2 2 2 2
2
0.875
10 cos 10sin 2.5 0
( )
10 sin 10cos 20 0 5
V
V V
u u
u u
(
=
(

(
(
= =
(
(
+


J x
20
Low Voltage Solution, cont'd
1
(1)
(2) (2) (3)
0 2.5 0 2 0.8
Solve
0.25 0 5 0.875 0.075
1.462 1.42 0.921
( )
0.534 0.2336 0.220

( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (



( ( (
= = =
( ( (

x
f x x x
Line Z = 0.1j
One Two 1.000 pu 0.261 pu
200 MW
100 MVR
200.0 MW
831.7 MVR
-49.914 Deg
200.0 MW
831.7 MVR
-200.0 MW
-100.0 MVR
Low voltage solution
21
Two Bus Region of Convergence
Slide shows the region of convergence for different initial
guesses of bus 2 angle (x-axis) and magnitude (y-axis)
Red region
converges
to the high
voltage
solution,
while the
yellow region
converges
to the low
voltage
solution
22
PV Buses
Since the voltage magnitude at PV buses is fixed
there is no need to explicitly include these voltages
in x or write the reactive power balance equations
the reactive power output of the generator varies to
maintain the fixed terminal voltage (within limits)
optionally these variations/equations can be included by
just writing the explicit voltage constraint for the
generator bus

|V
i
| V
i setpoint
= 0
23
Three Bus PV Case Example
Line Z = 0.1j
Line Z = 0.1j Line Z = 0.1j
One Two 1.000 pu
0.941 pu
200 MW
100 MVR
170.0 MW
68.2 MVR
-7.469 Deg
Three 1.000 pu
30 MW
63 MVR
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
2 2 2
For this three bus case we have
( )
( ) ( ) 0
V ( )
G D
G D
D
P P P
P P P
Q Q
u
u
+
( (
( (
= = + =
( (
+ ( (

x
x f x x
x
24
400 MVA
15 kV
400 MVA
15/345 kV
T1
T2
800 MVA
345/15 kV
800 MVA
15 kV
520 MVA
80 MW 40 Mvar
280 Mvar 800 MW
Line 3
345 kV
L
i
n
e

2

L
i
n
e

1

345 kV
100 mi
345 kV
200 mi
50 mi
1 4 3
2
5
Single-line diagram
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
25

Bus

Type
V
per
unit
o
degrees
P
G

per
unit
Q
G

per
unit
P
L

per
unit
Q
L

per
unit
Q
Gmax

per
unit
Q
Gmin

per
unit
1 Swing 1.0 0 0 0
2 Load 0 0 8.0 2.8
3 Constant
voltage
1.05 5.2 0.8 0.4 4.0 -2.8
4 Load 0 0 0 0
5 Load 0 0 0 0
Table 1.
Bus input
data


Bus-to-
Bus

R
per unit

X
per unit

G
per unit

B
per unit
Maximum
MVA
per unit
2-4 0.0090 0.100 0 1.72 12.0
2-5 0.0045 0.050 0 0.88 12.0
4-5 0.00225 0.025 0 0.44 12.0
Table 2.
Line input data
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
26



Bus-to-
Bus

R
per
unit

X
per
unit

G
c
per
unit

B
m
per
unit

Maximum
MVA
per unit
Maximum
TAP
Setting
per unit
1-5 0.00150 0.02 0 0 6.0
3-4 0.00075 0.01 0 0 10.0
Table 3.
Transformer
input data
Bus Input Data Unknowns
1 V
1
= 1.0, o
1
= 0 P
1
, Q
1
2 P
2
= P
G2
-P
L2
= -8
Q
2
= Q
G2
-Q
L2
= -2.8
V
2
, o
2

3 V
3
= 1.05
P
3
= P
G3
-P
L3
= 4.4
Q
3
, o
3

4 P
4
= 0, Q
4
= 0 V
4
, o
4

5 P
5
= 0, Q
5
= 0 V
5
, o
5

Table 4. Input data
and unknowns
The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
27
Time to Close the Hood: Let the
Computer Do the Math! (Ybus Shown)
28
Ybus Details
0
23 21
= =Y Y
unit per j
j jX R
Y 91964 . 9 89276 . 0
1 . 0 009 . 0
1 1
'
24
'
24
24
+ =
+

=
+

=
unit per j
j jX R
Y 83932 . 19 78552 . 1
05 . 0 0045 . 0
1 1
'
25
'
25
25
+ =
+

=
+

=
2 2
1 1
'
25
'
24
'
25
'
25
'
24
'
24
22
B
j
B
j
jX R jX R
Y + +
+
+
+
=
2
88 . 0
2
72 . 1
) 83932 . 19 78552 . 1 ( ) 91964 . 9 89276 . 0 ( j j j j + + + =
unit per j Z = = 624 . 84 5847 . 28 4590 . 28 67828 . 2
Elements of Y
bus
connected to bus 2
29
Here are the Initial Bus Mismatches
30
And the Initial Power Flow Jacobian
31
] ) 0 ( ) 0 ( cos[ ){ 0 ( ) ( ) 0 (
21 1 2 1 21 2 2 2 2 2
u o o = = A V Y V P x P P P
] ) 0 ( ) 0 ( cos[ ] cos[
23 3 2 3 23 22 2 22
u o o u + + V Y V Y
] ) 0 ( ) 0 ( cos[
24 4 2 4 24
u o o + V Y
]} ) 0 ( ) 0 ( cos[
25 5 2 5 25
u o o + V Y
) 624 . 84 cos( ) 0 . 1 ( 5847 . 28 { 0 . 1 0 . 8 =
) 143 . 95 cos( ) 0 . 1 ( 95972 . 9 +
)} 143 . 95 cos( ) 0 . 1 ( 9159 . 19 +
unit per 99972 . 7 ) 10 89 . 2 ( 0 . 8
4
= =

] ) 0 ( ) 0 ( sin[ ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( 1
24 4 2 4 24 2 24
u o o = V Y V J
] 143 . 95 sin[ ) 0 . 1 )( 95972 . 9 )( 0 . 1 ( =
unit per 91964 . 9 =
And the Hand Calculation Details!
32
Five Bus Power System Solved
slack
One
Two
Three Four Five
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.000 pu 0.974 pu
0.834 pu
1.019 pu
1.050 pu
0.000 Deg -4.548 Deg
-22.406 Deg
-2.834 Deg
-0.597 Deg
395 MW
114 Mvar
520 MW
337 Mvar
800 MW
280 Mvar
80 MW
40 Mvar
33
37 Bus Example Design Case
slack
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu 1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
1.00 pu
A
MVA
System Losses: 10.70 MW
220 MW
52 Mvar
12 MW
3 Mvar
20 MW
12 Mvar
124 MW
45 Mvar
37 MW
13 Mvar
12 MW
5 Mvar
150 MW
0 Mvar
56 MW
13 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
14 MW
2 Mvar
38 MW
3 Mvar
45 MW
0 Mvar
25 MW
36 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
10 MW
5 Mvar
22 MW
15 Mvar
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
28 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
33 MW
13 Mvar
15.9 Mvar 18 MW
5 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
60 MW
19 Mvar
14.2 Mvar
25 MW
10 Mvar
20 MW
3 Mvar
23 MW
6 Mvar 14 MW
3 Mvar
4.9 Mvar
7.3 Mvar
12.8 Mvar
28.9 Mvar
7.4 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
55 MW
25 Mvar
39 MW
13 Mvar
150 MW
0 Mvar
17 MW
3 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
14 MW
4 Mvar
KYLE69
A
MVA
34
Good Power System Operation
Good power system operation requires that there be no
reliability violations for either the current condition or
in the event of statistically likely contingencies
Reliability requires as a minimum that there be no
transmission line/transformer limit violations and that bus
voltages be within acceptable limits (perhaps 0.95 to 1.08)
Example contingencies are the loss of any single device. This
is known as n-1 reliability.
North American Electric Reliability Corporation now
has legal authority to enforce reliability standards (and
there are now lots of them). See
http://www.nerc.com for details (click on Standards)
35
Looking at the Impact of Line Outages
slack
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
0.90 pu
0.90 pu
0.94 pu
1.01 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu 1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
1.00 pu
A
MVA
System Losses: 17.61 MW
227 MW
43 Mvar
12 MW
3 Mvar
20 MW
12 Mvar
124 MW
45 Mvar
37 MW
13 Mvar
12 MW
5 Mvar
150 MW
4 Mvar
56 MW
13 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
14 MW
2 Mvar
38 MW
9 Mvar
45 MW
0 Mvar
25 MW
36 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
10 MW
5 Mvar
22 MW
15 Mvar
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
40 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
33 MW
13 Mvar
16.0 Mvar 18 MW
5 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
60 MW
19 Mvar
11.6 Mvar
25 MW
10 Mvar
20 MW
3 Mvar
23 MW
6 Mvar 14 MW
3 Mvar
4.9 Mvar
7.2 Mvar
12.8 Mvar
28.9 Mvar
7.3 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
55 MW
32 Mvar
39 MW
13 Mvar
150 MW
4 Mvar
17 MW
3 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
14 MW
4 Mvar
KYLE69
A
MVA
80%
A
MVA
135%
A
MVA
110%
A
MVA
Opening one line (Tim69-Hannah69) causes an overload.
This would not be allowed
36
Contingency Analysis
Contingency
analysis provides
an automatic
way of looking
at all the
statistically
likely
contingencies. In
this example the
contingency set
Is all the single
line/transformer
outages
37
Power Flow And Design
One common usage of the power flow is to determine
how the system should be modified to remove
contingencies problems or serve new load
In an operational context this requires working with the
existing electric grid
In a planning context additions to the grid can be considered
In the next example we look at how to remove the
existing contingency violations while serving new load.
38
An Unreliable Solution
slack
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
0.97 pu
0.97 pu
0.99 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu 1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
1.00 pu
A
MVA
System Losses: 14.49 MW
269 MW
67 Mvar
12 MW
3 Mvar
20 MW
12 Mvar
124 MW
45 Mvar
37 MW
13 Mvar
12 MW
5 Mvar
150 MW
1 Mvar
56 MW
13 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
14 MW
2 Mvar
38 MW
4 Mvar
45 MW
0 Mvar
25 MW
36 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
10 MW
5 Mvar
22 MW
15 Mvar
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
40 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
33 MW
13 Mvar
15.9 Mvar 18 MW
5 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
60 MW
19 Mvar
13.6 Mvar
25 MW
10 Mvar
20 MW
3 Mvar
23 MW
6 Mvar 14 MW
3 Mvar
4.9 Mvar
7.3 Mvar
12.8 Mvar
28.9 Mvar
7.4 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
55 MW
28 Mvar
39 MW
13 Mvar
150 MW
1 Mvar
17 MW
3 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
14 MW
4 Mvar
KYLE69
A
MVA
96%
A
MVA
Case now has nine separate contingencies with reliability
violations
39
A Reliable Solution
slack
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
1.02 pu
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu 1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
System Losses: 11.66 MW
266 MW
59 Mvar
12 MW
3 Mvar
20 MW
12 Mvar
124 MW
45 Mvar
37 MW
13 Mvar
12 MW
5 Mvar
150 MW
1 Mvar
56 MW
13 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
14 MW
2 Mvar
38 MW
4 Mvar
45 MW
0 Mvar
25 MW
36 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
10 MW
5 Mvar
22 MW
15 Mvar
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
38 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
33 MW
13 Mvar
15.8 Mvar 18 MW
5 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar
60 MW
19 Mvar
14.1 Mvar
25 MW
10 Mvar
20 MW
3 Mvar
23 MW
6 Mvar 14 MW
3 Mvar
4.9 Mvar
7.3 Mvar
12.8 Mvar
28.9 Mvar
7.4 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
55 MW
29 Mvar
39 MW
13 Mvar
150 MW
1 Mvar
17 MW
3 Mvar
16 MW
-14 Mvar
14 MW
4 Mvar
KYLE69
A
MVA
Kyle138
A
M VA
Previous case was augmented with the addition of a
138 kV Transmission Line
40
Generation Changes and The Slack Bus
The power flow is a steady-state analysis tool, so the
assumption is total load plus losses is always equal to
total generation
Generation mismatch is made up at the slack bus
When doing generation change power flow studies one
always needs to be cognizant of where the generation is
being made up
Common options include system slack, distributed across
multiple generators by participation factors or by economics

41
Generation Change Example 1
slack
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
0.00 pu
-0.01 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.03 pu
-0.01 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.03 pu
-0.01 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.002 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu 0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
A
MVA
-0.01 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
0.00 pu
A
MVA
0.00 pu
A
MVA
162 MW
35 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
-157 MW
-45 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
2 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
3 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
4 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
-0.2 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
0 MW
51 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
2 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
Display shows Difference Flows between original 37 bus case,
and case with a BLT138 generation outage;
note all the power change is picked up at the slack
42
Generation Change Example 2
slack
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
0.00 pu
-0.01 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.03 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.03 pu
-0.01 pu
-0.01 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
-0.003 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu 0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
0.00 pu
A
MVA
0.00 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
0.00 pu
A
MVA
0.00 pu
A
MVA
0 MW
37 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
-157 MW
-45 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
42 MW
-14 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
99 MW
-20 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar 0 MW
0 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
-0.2 Mvar
-0.1 Mvar
0.0 Mvar
19 MW
51 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
Display repeats previous case except now the change in
generation is picked up by other generators using a
participation factor approach
43
Voltage Regulation Example: 37 Buses
Display shows voltage contour of the power system, demo
will show the impact of generator voltage set point,
reactive power limits, and switched capacitors
slack
SLACK345
SLACK138
RAY345
RAY138
RAY69
FERNA69
A
MVA
DEMAR69
BLT69
BLT138
BOB138
BOB69
WOLEN69
SHIMKO69
ROGER69
UIUC69
PETE69
HISKY69
TIM69
TIM138
TIM345
PAI69
GROSS69
HANNAH69
AMANDA69
HOMER69
LAUF69
MORO138
LAUF138
HALE69
PATTEN69
WEBER69
BUCKY138
SAVOY69
SAVOY138
JO138 JO345
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
A
MVA
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
1.02 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
0.997 pu
0.99 pu
1.00 pu
1.02 pu
1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu 1.00 pu
1.01 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.02 pu
1.03 pu
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
A
MVA
LYNN138
A
MVA
1.02 pu
A
MVA
1.00 pu
A
MVA
219 MW
52 Mvar
21 MW
7 Mvar
45 MW
12 Mvar
157 MW
45 Mvar
37 MW
13 Mvar
12 MW
5 Mvar
150 MW
0 Mvar
56 MW
13 Mvar
15 MW
5 Mvar
14 MW
2 Mvar
38 MW
3 Mvar
45 MW
0 Mvar
58 MW
36 Mvar
36 MW
10 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
22 MW
15 Mvar
60 MW
12 Mvar
20 MW
9 Mvar
23 MW
7 Mvar
33 MW
13 Mvar
15.9 Mvar 18 MW
5 Mvar
58 MW
40 Mvar 51 MW
15 Mvar
14.3 Mvar
33 MW
10 Mvar
15 MW
3 Mvar
23 MW
6 Mvar 14 MW
3 Mvar
4.8 Mvar
7.2 Mvar
12.8 Mvar
29.0 Mvar
7.4 Mvar
20.8 Mvar
92 MW
10 Mvar
20 MW
8 Mvar
150 MW
0 Mvar
17 MW
3 Mvar
0 MW
0 Mvar
14 MW
4 Mvar
1.010 pu
0.0 Mvar
System Losses: 11.51 MW
44
Solving Large Power Systems
The most difficult computational task is inverting the
Jacobian matrix
inverting a full matrix is an order n
3
operation, meaning
the amount of computation increases with the cube of the
size size
this amount of computation can be decreased substantially
by recognizing that since the Y
bus
is a sparse matrix, the
Jacobian is also a sparse matrix
using sparse matrix methods results in a computational
order of about n
1.5
.
this is a substantial savings when solving systems with
tens of thousands of buses
45
Newton-Raphson Power Flow
Advantages
fast convergence as long as initial guess is close to
solution
large region of convergence
Disadvantages
each iteration takes much longer than a Gauss-Seidel
iteration
more complicated to code, particularly when
implementing sparse matrix algorithms
Newton-Raphson algorithm is very common in
power flow analysis