FLUID MECHANICS I

Solution Manual 9

Question 1: Problem P5.71

V
x

D d

d
∆p = ∆p (ρ, V, )
D
µ ¶
∆p d
⇒ Cp = 2
= C p
1/2ρV D

model
∆pm 5000
Cpm = 2
= = 0.626
1/2 ρm Vm 0.5x998x42

geometric similarity
dm dp
For Dm = Dp then

Cpp = Cpm

1
prototype
∆pp ∆pp
Cpp = = ³ ´2 = 0.626
1/2ρp Vp2 Qp
1/2 ρp π 2
4 Dp

For best accuracy design system so that ∆pp = 15 kPa.

" #1/4
8 Cpp ρp Q2p
Dp =
∆pp π 2
Dp = 0.151 m

using ρp = 680 kg/m3 (Table A.3).

Question 2: Problem P5.75

Prototype

Vp = 240 m/s
Tp = 223 K
Pp = 26.4 kP a
ρp = 0.4125 kg/m3
ap = 299.5 m/s

using Table A.6 (standard atmosphere).

Model
Lm 1
=
Lp 12
Tm = 293 K
Pm = unknown
Vm = unknown

speed of sound for model

r
cp √
am = Rm Tm = 1.40x287x293 = 343 m/s
cv
using Table A.4.
Mach number for prototype
Vp
M ap = = 0.801
ap
Mach number for model
Vm
M am = = M ap ⇒ Vm = 275 m/s
am

2
Viscosity (Assume only function of temperature, see Table A.2)
µm = 1.8 10−5 N.s.m−2
µ ¶0.7
Tm
µp = 1.71 10−5 = 1.48 10−5 N.s.m−2 (power law-Table A.2)
273
Reynolds number
ρ p Vp L p ρ m Vm L m
Rep = = Rem =
µp µm
Vp L p µ m
⇒ ρm = ρp = 5.25 kg.m−3
Vm Lm µp
Pressure
pm = ρm R Tm
5
pm = 4.42x10 Pa = 4.37 atm

Question 3: Problem P6.79

z
1

Kv = f Le/d H= 3 m
Le = 200 d
d=0.015 m
2
x
L = 10 m
Ke = 0.5 Q = 2.010−4 m3 /s

Bernoulli equation between 1 and 2

V12 p1 V2 p2
+ + gz1 = 2 + + gz2 + ghf 1−2
2 ρ 2 ρ
Losses
V2 V2 LV2
ghf 12 = Ke + Kv +f
2
· µ2 d¶ 2¸
V2 Le L
ghf 1−2 = Ke + + f
2 d d
Flow rate
π d2
Q̇ = V
4
⇒ V = 1.13 m/s

3
with V1 ≈ 0 (large tank), p1 = p2 = patm and z2 = 0,
· µ ¶ ¸
V2 Le L
1 + Ke + + f = gz1
2 d d
£ 2gz1 ¤
V2 − 1 − Ke
⇒f = ¡ Le L
¢ = 0.051
d + d
ρV d
Using the Moody Diagram with f = 0.051 and Re = µ = 1.7x104 ,
²
= 0.02
d
² = 0.3 mm

Question 4: Problem P6.103

1 z

H = 13.7 m
2
water CV x

LA = 6.10 m
dA = 0.0254 m
LB = 6.10 m
dB = 0.508 m

Assumptions:
• steady flow
• steady-state
• 1D velocity
• large reservoirs
• fully developed flow
Conservation of mass for CV around expansion:
πd2A πd2
0−ρ VA + ρ B VB
4 4
d2
VB = VA 2A
dB

4
Bernoulli equation from 1 to 2

V12 p1 V2 p2
+ gz1 + = 2 + gz2 + + ghf 1−2
2 ρ 2 ρ
using z2 =0, p1 = p2 = patm and V1 = V2 ≈ 0
· ¸ · ¸
V2 LA V2 LB
ghf 1−2 = A Kent + fA + Kexp + B fB + Kexit = gH
2 dA 2 dB

Kent = 0.5 sharp edged entrance (see Fig. 6.21b).

Kexp = (1 − d2A /d2B )2 = 0.56 using Eq. 6.80.
Kexit = 1 using Eq.6.80 with d/D → 0.
²A = ²B = 0.26 mm (Table 6.1).
²A /dA = 0.01 and ²B /dB = 0.005.

v
u 2gH
u
VA = t h d4
n oi
LA
Kent + Kexp + fA dA + d4A fB LdBB + Kexit
B
r
269
⇒ VA =
1.12 + 240fA + 7.5fB
Reynolds numbers
ρVA dA
ReA = = 2.5x104 VA
µ
ρVB dB ρVA dB d2A
ReB = = . 2 = 1.27x104 VA
µ µ dB

Iterative process to calculate the friction factors.

Iteration ReA ReB fA ( Moody diagram) fB (Moody diagram) VA (m/s

0 ∝ ∝ 0.038 0.03 5.1
1 1.3 105 6.5 104 0.038 0.031 5.1

VA = 5.1 m/s
VA π d2A
Q= = 2.6x10−3 m3 /s
4

5
question 5: Problem 6.108

z
2
Kelbow
Kexit
Kv
Kf
1
z=0
p1 =44.8 kPag Kelbow x

d= 0.102 m (Table 6.2)

ǫ = 0.046 mm (Table 6.1)

L = 24.4 m

Kv = 2.8 (Fig. 6.18b)

Kelbow = 0.64 (Table 6.5)
Kexit = 1.0 (exit loss Fig. 6.22)
Q = 1.13x10−2 m3 /s ⇒ V = 1.39 m/s.
ρV d
Re = = 1.4 105
µ
using water at 20◦ C (Table A.3).
²/d = 0.00045.
Using the Moody diagram f = 0.0193 (Fig. 6.13).

Bernoulli equation between 1 and 2

V12 p1 V2 p2
+ gz1 + = 2 + gz2 + + ghf 1−2
2 ρ 2 ρ
Losses
V2 V2 V2 V2 LV2
ghf 1−2 = Kv + Kf + 2 Kelbow + Kexit +f
2 2 2 2 d 2
using z1 = 0, V2 ≈ 0 (large reservoir) and p2 = patm ,
· ¸
V2 f L p1
Kv + 2Kelbow + Kexit + − 1 + Kf = − gH
2 d ρ

· ¸
2 P1 L
Kf = − gH + 1 − Kv − 2Kelbow − Kexit − f
V2 ρ d

Kf = 9.9

6
Second part

Kf = 7.0 and Kv = 0.0 (see Fig. 6.18b)

In this case V (and f) are unknown). From Bernoulli equation,
 h i 1/2
p1
2 ρ − gH
V = 
Kv + 2Kelbow + Kf + Kexit + f Ld − 1

r
36
V =
8.28 + 239f
Reynolds number

Re = 1.02 105 V

iterative process: Start by guessing a value for f.

iteration Re f V (m/s)
0 / 0.0163 1.72
1 1.75x105 0.0195 1.67
2 1.70x105 0.0195 1.67

πd2
Q=V = 1.36x10−2 m3 /s
4

7
question 6: Problem 6.110

z
p1 =patm
1

Kv = 4.0 (Fig. 6.18b)

H=40m
Kent=0.5 (Fig. 6.21) 2
x p2 = patm
Turbine
Assumptions
• fully developed flow
• steady flow
• steady state
• large reservoir
Bernoulli equation between 1 and 2 (multiplied by the mass flow rate) in W
· 2 ¸ · 2 µ ¶¸
V p1 V p2 V2 L
ṁ 1 + + gz1 = ṁ 2 + + gz2 + 2 Kent + f + Kv + P owerturbine
2 ρ 2 ρ 2 d
Using z1 = H, z2 = 0, V1 ≈ 0, p1 = p2 = patm and V2 = V,
· µ ¶¸
V2 L
P owerturbine = ṁ gH − 2 1 + Kent + f + Kv
2 d
Use Table A.3 (20◦ C)
Q̇
V = = 2.04 m/s
πd2 /4
ρV d
Re = = 1.02x105
µ
² ²
= 0.005 ⇒ f (Re, ) = 0.031
d d
ṁ = ρ Q = 3.99 kg/s

Powerturbine = 877 W
Notice that no losses are assumed in the turbine; typical efficiencies are 85%-
95%.

8
question 7: Problem 6.107

z
p1 =patm
1
galvanised iron ǫ=0.15 mm
L=2
d = 0.05 m
Kv
H=5
2
p2 = patm x
∆ = 0.06 m

Bernoulli equation between 1 and 2

V12 p1 V2 p2
+ + gz1 = 2 + + gz2 + ghf 12
2 ρ 2 ρ
Using V1 ≈ 0, p1 = p2 = patm , z2 = 0 and V = V2 ,
µ ¶
V2 L
ghf 12 = Kent + Kv + f
2 d

s
2gH
V =
1 + Kent + Kv + f Ld

Some iteration are required to determine f. Use f = 0.0255 as initial guess.

Summary of results

Case Kent Kv f Re V (m/s) % increase

base 1.0 80 0.028 5.4x104 1.09 0
a 0.5 80 0.028 5.4x104 1.09 0
b 1.0 0.25 0.026 3.0x105 5.46 +444
For Kent in base use Fig. 6.21a, in a) use Fig.6.21b.
For Kv in base and a) use Fig. 6.19 (30◦ ), in b) use Fig.6.19 (90◦ ).