Time DivisionMultiple Access

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is used in digital mobile radio systems. The individual mobile stations are cyclically assigned a frequency for exclusive use only for the duration of a time slot, which obviously requires frame synchronization between transmitter and receiver. Furthermore, in most cases the whole system bandwidth for a time slot is not assigned to one station, but the system frequency range is subdivided into subbands, and TDMA is used for multiple access to each subband. The subbands are known as carrier frequencies, and the mobile systems using this technique are designated as multicarrier systems (not to be confusedwith multicarrier modulation).GSMemploys such a combination of FDMA and TDMA; it is a multicarrier TDMA system. The available frequency range is divided into frequency channels of 200 kHz bandwidth each (with guard bands between to ease filtering), with each of these frequency channels containing eight TDMA conversation channels. Thus, the sequence of time slots assigned to a mobile station represents the physical channels of a TDMA system. In each time slot, the mobile station transmits a data burst. The period assigned to a time slot for a mobile station thus also determines the number of TDMA channels on a carrier frequency. The time slots of one period are combined into a so-called TDMA frame. Figure 2.6 shows five channels in a TDMA system with a period of four time slots and three carrier frequencies.

The TDMA signal transmitted on a carrier frequency in general requires more bandwidth than an FDMA signal; this is because with multiple time use, the gross data rate has to becorrespondingly higher. For example, GSM systems employ a gross data rate (modulation data rate) of 271 kbit/s on a subband of 200 kHz, which amounts to 33.9 kbit/s for each of the eight time slots. Narrowband systems are particularly susceptible to frequency-selective fading (Figures 2.1 and 2.2) as already mentioned, such that a single channel might be in a deep fade while switching to another channel might result in a significantly better reception. Furthermore, there are also frequency-selective co-channel interferences, which can contribute to the deterioration of the transmission quality. To this end a TDMA system offers very good opportunities to attack and drastically reduce such frequency-selective interference by introducing a frequency hopping technique. With this technique, each burst of a TDMA

channel is transmitted on a different frequency (Figure 2.7). In this technique, selective interference on one frequency at worst hits only every ith time slot, if there are i frequencies available for hopping. Thus, the signal transmitted by a frequency hopping technique uses frequency diversity. Of course, the hopping sequences must be orthogonal, i.e. one must ascertain that two stations transmitting in the same time slot do not use the same frequency. Since the duration of a hopping period is long compared with the duration of a symbol, this technique is called slow frequency hopping. With fast frequency hopping, the hopping period is shorter than a time slot and is of the order of a single symbol duration or even less. This technique belongs to the family of spread spectrum techniques. As mentioned above, for TDMA, synchronization between a mobile and base station is necessary. This synchronization becomes even more complex due to the mobility of the subscribers, because they can stay at varying distances from the base station and their signals thus incur varying propagation times. First, the basic problem is determining the exact moment when to transmit. This is typically achieved by using one of the signals as a time reference, such as the signal from the base station (downlink, Figure 2.8). On receiving the TDMA frame from the base station, the mobile can synchronize and transmit a time slot

synchronously with an additional time offset (e.g. three time slots in Figure 2.8). Another problem is the propagation time of the signals, ignored up to now. It also depends on the variable distance of the mobile from the base station. These propagation times are the reason why the signals that arrive on the uplink are not frame-synchronized at the base, but have variable delays. If these delays are not compensated, collisions of adjacent time slots can occur (Figure 2.8). In principle, the mobile stations must therefore advance the offset time between reception and transmission, i.e. the start of sending, so that the signals arrive in a frame-synchronous manner at the base station

. 7.1.1 The FDMA/TDMA Scheme

GSMutilizes a combination of frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) on the Air-interface. That results in a two-dimensional channel structure, which is presented in Figure 7.1. Older standards of mobile systems use only FDMA (an example for such a network is

the C-Netz in Germany in the 450 MHz range). In such a pure FDMA system, one specific frequency is allocated for every user during a call. That quickly leads to overload situations in cases of high demand. GSM took into account
89

the overload problem, which caused most mobile communications systems to fail sooner or later, by defining a two-dimensional access scheme. In fullrate configuration, eight time slots (TSs) are mapped on every frequency; in a halfrate configuration there are 16 TSs per frequency. In other words, in a TDMA system, each user sends an impulselike signal only periodically, while a user in a FDMA system sends the signal permanently. The difference between the two is illustrated in Figure 7.2. Frequency 1 (f1) in the figure represents a GSM frequency with one active TS, that is, where a signal is sent once per TDMA frame. That allows TDMA to simultaneously serve seven other channels on the same frequency (with fullrate configuration) and manifests the major advantage of TDMA over FDMA (f2). The spectral implications that result from the emission of impulses are not discussed here. It needs to be mentioned that two TSs are required to support duplex service, that is, to allow for simultaneous transmission and reception. Considering that Figures 7.1 and 7.2 describe the downlink, one can imagine the uplink as a similar picture on another frequency. GSM uses the modulation technique of Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). GMSK comes with a narrow frequency spectrum and theoretically no amplitude modulation (AM) part. The Glossary provides more details on GMSK. 7.1.2 Frame Hierarchy and Frame Numbers In GSM, every impulse on frequency 1, as shown in Figure 7.2, is called a burst. Therefore, every burst shown in Figure 7.2 corresponds to a TS. Eight bursts or TSs, numbered from 0 through 7, form a TDMA frame.
90 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7 f1 f3 f2 f4 f5 f6 Frequency time TDMA frame

Figure 7.1 The FDMA/TDMA structure of GSM.

In a GSM system, every TDMA frame is assigned a fixed number, which repeats itself in a time period of 3 hours, 28 minutes, 53 seconds, and 760 milliseconds. This time period is referred to as hyperframe. Multiframe and superframe are layers of hierarchy that lie between the basic TDMA frame and the hyperframe. Figure 7.3 presents the various frame types, their periods, and other details, down to the level of a single burst as the smallest unit. Two variants of multiframes, with different lengths, need to be distinguished. There is the 26-multiframe, which contains 26 TDMA frames with a duration of 120 ms and which carries only traffic channels and the associated control channels. The other variant is the 51-multiframe, which contains

51 TDMA frames with a duration of 235.8 ms and which carries signaling data exclusively. Each superframe consists of twenty-six 51-multiframes or fifty-one 26-multiframes. This definition is purely arbitrary and does not reflect any physical constraint. The frame hierarchy is used for synchronization between BTS and MS, channel mapping, and ciphering. Every BTS permanently broadcasts the current frame number over the synchronization channel (SCH) and thereby forms an internal clock of the BTS. There is no coordination between BTSs; all have an independent clock, except for synchronized BTSs (see synchronized handover in the Glossary). An
The Air-Interface of GSM 91

Transmitted power

Frequency f2 f1
time

T 1 TDMA frame
Figure 7.2 Spectral analysis of TDMA versus FDMA.

MS can communicate with a BTS only after the MS has read the SCH data, which informs the MS about the frame number, which in turn indicates the
92 GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation 2044 2045 2046 2047 0 0 01234 1 2 24 25 0 1 2 48 49 50 567 1 2 3 4 47 48 49 50 0 0 1 2 24 25 12345 Hyperframe 2048 Superframes; periodicity 3 h 28 min 53 s 760 ms Superframe 51 26 Multiframe or 26 51-Multiframe periodicity 6 s 120ms 26 Multiframe 26 TDMA frames periodicity 120ms (for TCH's) 51 Multiframe 51 TDMA frames periodicity 235.38 ms (for signaling) TDMA frame 8 TS's periodicity 4.615 ms 26 Multiframes 51 Multiframes t /s Signal level 1 db 1 db 4 db 6 db

30 db 70 db 148 bit 542.8 s 156.25 bit 577 s 1 time slot (TS) periodicity 577 s 8 s 10 s 10 s 8 s 10 s 10 s Figure 7.3 Hierarchy of frames in GSM.

chronologic sequence of the various control channels. That information is very important, particularly during the initial access to a BTS or during handover. Consider this example: an MS sends a channel request to the BTS at a specific moment in time, lets say frame number Y (t FN Y ). The channel request is answered with a channel assignment, after being processed by the BTS and the BSC. The MS finds its own channel assignment among all the other ones, because the channel assignment refers back to frame number Y. The MS and the BTS also need the frame number information for the ciphering process. The hyperframe with its long duration was only defined to support ciphering, since by means of the hyperframe, a frame number is repeated only about every three hours. That makes it more difficult for hackers to intercept a call.

Time-division multiplexing
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a type of digital (or rarely analog) multiplexing in which two or more bit streams or signals are transferred apparently simultaneously as subchannels in one communication channel, but are physically taking turns on the channel. The time domain is divided into several recurrent time slots of fixed length, one for each sub-channel. A sample byte or data block of sub-channel 1 is transmitted during time slot 1, sub-channel 2 during time slot 2, etc. One TDM frame consists of one time slot per subchannel plus a synchronization channel and sometimes error correction channel before the synchronization. After the last sub-channel, error correction, and synchronization, the cycle starts all over again with a new frame, starting with the second sample, byte or data block from sub-channel 1, etc.

Time division multiple access

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This article is about the channel access method. The name "TDMA" is also commonly used in the United States to refer to Digital AMPS, which is an obsolete mobile telephone standard that uses TDMA to control channel access.

Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using its own time slot. This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium (e.g. radio frequency channel) while using only a part of its channel capacity. TDMA is used in the digital 2G cellular systems such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), IS-136, Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and iDEN, and in the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) standard for portable phones. It is also used extensively in satellite systems, combat-net radio systems, and PON networks for upstream traffic from premises to the operator. For usage of Dynamic TDMA packet mode communication, see below.

TDMA frame structure showing a data stream divided into frames and those frames divided into time slots.

TDMA is a type of Time-division multiplexing, with the special point that instead of having one transmitter connected to one receiver, there are multiple transmitters. In the case of the uplink from a mobile phone to a base station this becomes particularly difficult because the mobile phone can move around and vary the timing advance required to make its transmission match the gap in transmission from its peers.

TDMA characteristics

Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users Non-continuous transmission makes handoff simpler Slots can be assigned on demand in dynamic TDMA Less stringent power control than CDMA due to reduced intra cell interference Higher synchronization overhead than CDMA Advanced equalization may be necessary for high data rates if the channel is "frequency selective" and creates Intersymbol interference Cell breathing (borrowing resources from adjacent cells) is more complicated than in CDMA Frequency/slot allocation complexity Pulsating power envelope: Interference with other devices

[edit] TDMA in mobile phone systems

[edit] 2G systems

Most 2G cellular systems, with the notable exception of IS-95, are based on TDMA. GSM, D-AMPS, PDC, iDEN, and PHS are examples of TDMA cellular systems. GSM combines TDMA with Frequency Hopping and wideband transmission to minimize common types of interference. In the GSM system, the synchronization of the mobile phones is achieved by sending timing advance commands from the base station which instructs the mobile phone to transmit earlier and by how much. This compensates for the propagation delay resulting from the light speed velocity of radio waves. The mobile phone is not allowed to transmit for its entire time slot, but there is a guard interval at the end of each time slot. As the transmission moves into the guard period, the mobile network adjusts the timing advance to synchronize the transmission. Initial synchronization of a phone requires even more care. Before a mobile transmits there is no way to actually know the offset required. For this reason, an entire time slot has to be dedicated to mobiles attempting to contact the network (known as the RACH in GSM). The mobile attempts to broadcast at the beginning of the time slot, as received from the network. If the mobile is located next to the base station, there will be no time delay and this will succeed. If, however, the mobile phone is at just less than 35 km from the base station, the time delay will mean the mobile's broadcast arrives at the very end of the time slot. In that case, the mobile will be instructed to broadcast its messages starting nearly a whole time slot earlier than would be expected otherwise. Finally, if the mobile is beyond the 35 km cell range in GSM, then the RACH will arrive in a neighbouring time slot and be ignored. It is this feature, rather than limitations of power, that limits the range of a GSM cell to 35 km when no special extension techniques are used. By changing the

synchronization between the uplink and downlink at the base station, however, this limitation can be overcome.
[edit] 3G systems

Although most major 3G systems are primarily based upon CDMA[citation needed], time division duplexing (TDD), packet scheduling (dynamic TDMA) and packet oriented multiple access schemes are available in 3G form, combined with CDMA to take advantage of the benefits of both technologies. While the most popular form of the UMTS 3G system uses CDMA and frequency division duplexing (FDD) instead of TDMA, TDMA is combined with CDMA and Time Division Duplexing in two standard UMTS UTRA

[edit] TDMA in wired networks

The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables) is based on a TDMA scheme. In G.hn, a "master" device allocates "Contention-Free Transmission Opportunities" (CFTXOP) to other "slave" devices in the network. Only one device can use a CFTXOP at a time, thus avoiding collisions. FlexRay protocol which is also a wired network used for Safety Critical communication in modern cars, uses the TDMA method for data transmission control.

[edit] Comparison with other multiple-access schemes

In radio systems, TDMA is usually used alongside Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) and Frequency division duplex (FDD); the combination is referred to as FDMA/TDMA/FDD. This is the case in both GSM and IS-136 for example. Exceptions to this include the DECT and PHS micro-cellular systems, UMTS-TDD UMTS variant, and China's TD-SCDMA, which use Time Division duplexing, where different time slots are allocated for the base station and handsets on the same frequency. A major advantage of TDMA is that the radio part of the mobile only needs to listen and broadcast for its own time slot. For the rest of the time, the mobile can carry out measurements on the network, detecting surrounding transmitters on different frequencies. This allows safe inter frequency handovers, something which is difficult in CDMA systems, not supported at all in IS-95 and supported through complex system additions in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). This in turn allows for co-existence of microcell layers with macrocell layers. CDMA, by comparison, supports "soft hand-off" which allows a mobile phone to be in communication with up to 6 base stations simultaneously, a type of "same-frequency handover". The incoming packets are compared for quality, and the best one is selected. CDMA's "cell breathing" characteristic, where a terminal on the boundary of two

congested cells will be unable to receive a clear signal, can often negate this advantage during peak periods. A disadvantage of TDMA systems is that they create interference at a frequency which is directly connected to the time slot length. This is the buzz which can sometimes be heard if a TDMA phone is left next to a radio or speakers.[1] Another disadvantage is that the "dead time" between time slots limits the potential bandwidth of a TDMA channel. These are implemented in part because of the difficulty in ensuring that different terminals transmit at exactly the times required. Handsets that are moving will need to constantly adjust their timings to ensure their transmission is received at precisely the right time, because as they move further from the base station, their signal will take longer to arrive. This also means that the major TDMA systems have hard limits on cell sizes in terms of range, though in practice the power levels required to receive and transmit over distances greater than the supported range would be mostly impractical anyway.

TD-CDMA
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Jump to: navigation, search TD-CDMA, an acronym for Time-division - CDMA, is a channel access method based on using spread spectrum across multiple time slots.[1] It is shown that a mixture of TDMA and CDMA provides better quality of service for multimedia communications in terms of data throughput and voice/video quality.[2]

Standardized implementations
TD-CDMA is used in IMT-2000's 3G air interface, defined as IMT-TD Time-Division, and can also be found in use in UMTS air interfaces, as standardized by the 3GPP in UTRATDD HCR. UTRA-TDD HCR is closely related to W-CDMA (UMTS), and provides the same types of channels where possible. UMTS's HSDPA/HSUPA enhancements are also implemented under TD-CDMA.[3]
UTRA-TDD HCR Main article: UTRA-TDD HCR

UMTS-TDD's air interfaces that use the TD-CDMA channel access technique are standardized as UTRA-TDD HCR, which uses increments of 5 MHz of spectrum, each slice divided into 10ms frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second).[6] The time slots (TS) are allocated in fixed percentage for downlink and uplink. TD-CDMA is used to multiplex streams from or to multiple transceivers. Unlike W-CDMA, it does not need separate frequency bands for up- and downstream, allowing deployment in tight frequency bands. UTRA-TDD HCR, an acronym for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access(UTRA)-Time

Division Duplex(TDD) High Chip Rate(HCR), is a 3GPP standardized channel access method(In telecommunications and computer networks, a channel access method or multiple access method allows several terminals connected to the same multi-point transmission medium to transmit over it and to share its capacity. Examples of shared physical media are wireless networks, bus networks, ring networks, hub networks and halfduplex point-to-point links. A channel-access scheme is based on a multiplexing method, that allows several data streams or signals to share the same communication channel or physical medium. Multiplexing is in this context provided by the physical layer. Note that multiplexing also may be used in full-duplex point-to-point communication between nodes in a switched network, which should not be considered as multiple access. A channel-access scheme is also based on a multiple access protocol and control mechanism, also known as media access control (MAC). This protocol deals with issues such as addressing, assigning multiplex channels to different users, and avoiding collisions. The MAC-layer is a sub-layer in Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model and a component of the Link Layer of the TCP/IP model.

Contents
[hide]

) based on a combination of TDMA and CDMA (known as TD-CDMA).[1] TD-CDMA is a part of IMT-2000 as IMT CDMA TDD.
[edit] TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate) Main article: TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method combined with an adaptive synchronous CDMA component[7] on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, allowing deployment in even tighter frequency bands than TD-CDMA. However, the main incentive for development of this Chinese-developed standard was avoiding or reducing the license fees that have to be paid to non-Chinese patent owners. Unlike the other air interfaces, TDSCDMA was not part of UMTS from the beginning but has been added in Release 4 of the specification. Like TD-CDMA, it is known as IMT CDMA TDD within IMT-2000.
China's TD-SCDMA standard is often seen as a competitor, too. TD-SCDMA has been added to UMTS' Release 4 as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (UTRA-TDD LCR). Unlike TD-CDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate, UTRA-TDD HCR) which complements W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD), it is suitable for both micro and macro cells. However, the lack of vendors' support is preventing it from being a real competitor. TD-SCDMA also uses TDMA in addition to the CDMA used in WCDMA. This reduces the

number of users in each timeslot, which reduces the implementation complexity of multiuser detection and beamforming schemes, but the non-continuous transmission also reduces coverage (because of the higher peak power needed), mobility (because of lower power control frequency) and complicates radio resource management algorithms. Time division multiple access (TDMA)

The time division multiple access (TDMA) channel access scheme is based on the time division multiplex (TDM) scheme, which provides different time-slots to different datastreams (in the TDMA case to different transmitters) in a cyclically repetitive frame structure. For example, node 1 may use time slot 1, node 2 time slot 2, etc. until the last transmitter. Then it starts all over again, in a repetitive pattern, until a connection is ended and that slot becomes free or assigned to another node. An advanced form is Dynamic TDMA (DTDMA), where a scheduling may give different timesometimes but some times node 1 may use time slot 1 in first frame and use another time slot in next frame. As an example, 2G cellular systems are based on a combination of TDMA and FDMA. Each frequency channel is devided into eight timeslots, of which seven are used for seven phone calls, and one for signalling data.

Dynamic TDMA
In dynamic time division multiple access, a scheduling algorithm dynamically reserves a variable number of time slots in each frame to variable bit-rate data streams, based on the traffic demand of each data stream. Dynamic TDMA is used in

AirSync Ubiquiti AirMax AirSync HIPERLAN/2 broadband radio access network. IEEE 802.16a WiMax Bluetooth The Packet radio multiple access (PRMA) method for combined circuit switched voice communication and packet data. TD-SCDMA ITU-T G.hn

Multi-frequency time division multiple access

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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Article does not explain the concept. Marketing-like language. Poor examples. Requires general cleanup and attention by an expert.. Please help improve this article if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (November 2010)

MF-TDMA (Multi-Frequency, Time Division Multiple Access) is the leading technology for dynamically sharing bandwidth resources in an over-the-air, two-way communications network. Many variations of MF-TDMA technology (including simple TDMA) exist and are commonly used in multiple types of networks, including:

Most two-way communication satellite networks, The most common cellular telephony networks (e.g., GSM), and Some metro-wireless data access networks (e.g., WiMax)

Some alternatives to MF-TDMA are Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA). It is also possible to combine MF-TDMA technology with these other technologies. For satellite networks MF-TDMA is the dominant technology because it provides the most bandwidth and the greatest overall efficiency and service quality, while also allowing the dynamic sharing of that bandwidth among many (tens of thousands) of transmitters in a two-way communication mode. MF-TDMA networks can have either a star-topology, fully meshed or partially meshed topologies.

[edit] Application
A Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access (MF-TDMA) system has been developed for a thin route satellite communication network which has most of the desirable features of both FDMA and Time division multiple access (TDMA) systems. It is shown that when the network downlink is power limited (with negligible uplink noise) and consists of mixed earth station sizes with different rain margin requirements, the MF-TDMA and FDMA systems can have greater throughput capacity compared to TDMA. This improvement depends on the amount of satellite transponder backoff required to keep the intermodulation effects small, and is the result of the TDMA downlink having been sized for the smallest station and largest rain margin. In the case where the earth station must provide circuits to more than one station simultaneously, MF-TDMA is advantageous over FDMA because fewer modems are required. Use of MFTDMA can lead to lower earth station costs by requiring lower transmitter power compared to TDMA, and fewer modems compared to FDMA. Even though the control algorithm for a MFTDMA network is somewhat more complicated, a high degree of flexibility in channel assignment is retained.

Self-Organized Time Division Multiple Access

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search Self-Organized Time Division Multiple Access (STDMA) is a channel access method which was designed by Hkan Lans,[1] based on time-division multiplexing. The term "Self-Organized" describes the manner in which time slots are assigned to users. Time division multiple access (TDMA) divides a channel into frames, which furthermore are subdivided into a vast number of time slots. Users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using his own time slot. One of the drawbacks of TDMA is that it requires a central station for slot assignment and time synchronisation. STDMA proposes a method for assigning slots without the involvement of a central station. Time synchronisation is usually taken care of using Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). STDMA is in use by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), a standard marine short range coastal tracking system, and is the base of the International Civil Aviation Organization VHF Data Link Mode 4 . While the method was patented,[1] a US patent ex-parte reexamination certificate was issued in 2010 canceling all claims.[2]

G.hn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search ITU-T Home networking Recommendations Common Name Recommendations HomePNA 2.0 G.9951, G.9952, G.9953 HomePNA 3.0 G.9954 (02/05) HomePNA 3.1 G.9954 (01/07) G.hn/HomeGrid G.9960, G.9961 G.hn-mimo G.9963 G.cx G.9972 G.hnta G.9970

G.hn is the common name for a home network technology family of standards developed under the International Telecommunication Union's Standardization arm (ITU) and promoted by the HomeGrid Forum.[1] and several other organizations.[2] The G.hn specification defines networking over power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables with data rates up to 1 Gbit/s.[3] Unified communication G.hn is a specification for existing-wire home networking. It is a complementary counterpart to Wi-Fi.[citation needed] G.hn targets gigabit per second data rates[3] and operation over three types of legacy home wires: telephone wiring, coaxial cables and power lines. A single G.hn semiconductor device is able to network over any of the supported home wire types. Some benefits of a multi-wire standard are lower equipment development costs and lower deployment costs for service providers (by allowing customer self-install).[6] The majority of devices in which G.hn may become embedded (such as televisions, set-top boxes, residential gateways, personal computers or network-attached storage devices) will be AC-powered, so configurations that have at least one power line networking interface are likely to become the most common. This[clarification needed] will also facilitate integration with home control and demand side management applications for AC-powered appliances.

Media access control

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The OSI model

7 Application layer

6 Presentation layer

5 Session layer

4 Transport layer

3 Network layer

2 Data link layer

LLC sublayer MAC sublayer

1 Physical layer This box:

view talk edit

The media access control (MAC) data communication protocol sub-layer, also known as the medium access control, is a sublayer of the data link layer specified in the seven-layer OSI model (layer 2). It provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multiple access network that incorporates a shared medium, e.g. Ethernet. The hardware that implements the MAC is referred to as a medium access controller. The MAC sub-layer acts as an interface between the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the network's physical layer. The MAC layer emulates a full-duplex logical communication channel in a multi-point network. This channel may provide unicast, multicast or broadcast communication service.

HiperLAN/2
HiperLAN/2 functional specification was accomplished February 2000. Version 2 is designed as a fast wireless connection for many kinds of networks. Those are UMTS back bone network, ATM and IP networks. Also it works as a network at home like HiperLAN/1. HiperLAN/2 uses the 5 GHz band and up to 54 Mbit/s data rate. [1] The physical layer of HiperLAN/2 is very similar to IEEE 802.11a wireless local area networks. However, the media access control (the multiple access protocol) is Dynamic TDMA in HiperLAN/2, while CSMA/CA is used in 802.11a. Basic services in HiperLAN/2 are data, sound, and video transmission. The emphasis is in the quality of these services (QoS).[1

The G.hn Media Access Control is based on a time division multiple access (TDMA) architecture, in which a "domain master" schedules Transmission Opportunities (TXOPs) that can be used by one or more devices in the "domain". There are two types of TXOPs:

Contention-Free Transmission Opportunities (CFTXOP), which have a fixed duration and are allocated to a specific pair of transmitter and receiver. CFTXOP are used for implementing TDMA Channel Access for specific applications that require quality of service (QoS) guarantees. Shared Transmission Opportunities (STXOP), which are shared among multiple devices in the network. STXOP are divided into Time Slots (TS). There are two types of TS: o Contention-Free Time Slots (CFTS), which are used for implementing "implicit" token passing Channel Access. In G.hn, a series of consecutive CFTS is allocated to a number of devices. The allocation is performed by the "domain master" and broadcast to all nodes in the network. There are predefined rules that specify which device can transmit after another device has finished using the channel. As all devices know "who is next", there is no need to explicitly send a "token" between devices. The process of "passing the token" is implicit and ensures that there are no collisions during Channel access. o Contention-Based Time Slots (CBTS), which are used for implementing CSMA/CARP Channel Access. In general, CSMA systems cannot completely avoid collisions, so CBTS are only useful for applications that do not have strict Quality of Service requirements.

IS-136: 2G TDMA in the U.S. TDMA is the access method used by Interim Standard 136 (IS-136), 2G standard in the U.S. Using TDMA, a frequency band that is 30 kHz wide is split time-wise into three time slots, each slot is 6.67 ms long. Thus, each conversation gets the radio channel for one-third of the time. Once again, this is possible because voice data that has been converted to digital information is compressed so that it takes up significantly less transmission space North American TDMA System Therefore, TDMA has three times the capacity of an analog system using the same number of channels.

TDMA systems operate in either the 800-MHz or 1900-MHz frequency bands.

 By the time second generation cellular came about, the FCC had allocated another chunk of spectrum (in the 1900 MHz range) for mobile telephony. IS-136

GSM: The Other TDMA System TDMA is also used by Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). However, GSM implements TDMA in a somewhat different and incompatible way from IS-136. GSM operates in the 900-MHz and 1800-MHz bands in Europe and Asia, and in the 1900-MHz band in the United States. GSM is the international standard in Europe, Australia and much of Asia and Africa. It was developed and deployed well before 2G (digital) systems were in the U.S. MULTIPLEXING In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (also known as muxing) is a method by which multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. For example, in telecommunications, several telephone calls may be carried using one wire. Multiplexing originated in telegraphy, and is now widely applied in communications. The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel, which may be a physical transmission medium.

The multiplexing divides the capacity of the low-level communication channel into several higher-level logical channels, one for each message signal or data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known as demultiplexing, can extract the original channels on the receiver side.