KU 3195 Lecture 22 23 - May 17 And19 2010

Materials Engineering (KU 3195) Lecture #22 and #23
Professor Kwok Wai Lem Department of Materials Chemistry and Engineering Konkuk University May 22 and 23, 2010
Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 1
Materials Engineering (KU 3195)- Schedule

Lecture # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Contents Introduction the Need of Materials - Processing Structure Property Relation. Cost Analysis, Supply and Demand /Dr. Lem's Expectations (Lecture #1) Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding/Project Selection Finalize and Team Identify (Lecture #2) The Structure of Crystalline Solids Imperfection in Solids Diffusion Mechanical Properties of Metals Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanism Failure Phase Diagrams Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties Applications of Processing of metal Alloys Structure and Properties of Ceramics Applications of Processing of Ceramics Team Project Interim Report Midterm Polymer Structures Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers Composites Corrosion and Degradation of Materials Electrical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetic Properties Optical Properties Design of Materials Using Design for Six Sigma Life Cycle of Materials - Economics, Environmental, and social Issues in Materials Science and Engineering Project Management and Lean Six Sigma - Applications in Materials engineering Best Practices/Team Project Final Report Presentation Final Examination
Lecture #22 and #23 Slide # 2
Homework Lecture #22 (HW L22-1) (Due Lecture 24) 1. An electrochemical cell is constructed such that on one side a pure nickel electrode is in contact with a solution containing Ni2+ ions at a concentration of 3 10-3 M. The other cell half consists of a pure Fe electrode that is immersed in a solution of Fe2+ ions having a concentration of 0.1 M. At what temperature will the potential between the two electrodes be +0.140 V?
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 3
Homework Lecture #23 (HW L23-1) (Due Lecture 25)
1. The magnetization within a bar of some metal alloy is 3.2 105 A/m at an H field of 50 A/m. Compute the following: (a) the magnetic susceptibility, (b) the permeability, and (c) the magnetic flux density within this material. (d) What type(s) of magnetism would you suggest as being displayed by this material? Why?
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 4
Only 1, 2 , and 3.... He said
Professor Lems Only 3 Expectations from You
1. Stand up !
- to speak English proficiently and effectively
2. Own it ! all the materials become your knowledge capital 3. Have fun! when youre doing it
Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010) Lecture #22 and #23 Slide # 5
Team Project Final Presentation Preparation Resume

Class Rep: Kim Su Jin 1. Project: LED Lighting 2. Team Leader: Park Ji Sung (me), 3. Members: Park Sung Eun, Kim Su Jin, Park Ji Sung (me), Lee Chung Hwan
1:00 PM May 10, 2010 Practice, Practice, Practice

CORROSION AND DEGRADATION OF MATERIALS

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
How does corrosion occur? Which metals are most likely to corrode? What environmental parameters affect corrosion rate? How do we prevent or control corrosion?
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 7
THE COST OF CORROSION

Corrosion:
-- the destructive electrochemical attack of a material. -- Ex: Al Capone's
ship, Sapona, off the coast of Bimini.
Photos courtesy L.M. Maestas, Sandia National Labs. Used with permission.
Cost:
-- 4 to 5% of the Gross National Product (GNP)* -- in the U.S. this amounts to just over $400 billion/yr**
* H.H. Uhlig and W.R. Revie, Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering, 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1985. **Economic Report of the President (1998).
ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION
Ex: consider the corrosion of zinc in an acid solution Two reactions are necessary: Zn Zn2+ + 2e -- oxidation reaction:
-- reduction reaction:
2H+ + 2e H2 (gas)
H+ Oxidation reaction Zn Zn2+ H+
Zinc
flow of e- 2ein the metal
H+ + H H+ H2(gas) H+ reduction reaction
H+
Acid solution
Adapted from Fig. 16.1, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 16.1 is from M.G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, 3rd ed., McGrawHill Book Company, 1986.)
Other reduction reactions in solutions with dissolved oxygen:

-- acidic solution O2 + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O
-- neutral or basic solution O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4(OH)

Example
(a) Briefly explain the difference between oxidation and reduction electrochemical reactions. (b) Which reaction occurs at the anode and which at the cathode?
Solution
(a) Oxidation is the process by which an atom gives up an electron (or electrons) to become a cation. Reduction is the process by which an atom acquires an extra electron (or electrons) and becomes an anion. (b) Oxidation occurs at the anode; reduction at the cathode.
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 10
STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE

Two outcomes:
-- Corrosion
ene metal, M
-- Electrodeposition
eH2(gas) 2e Platinum
ene metal, M
eH+ 2e H+
Mn+ H+ ions H+ 25C
Mn+ ions
1M Mn+ soln 1M H + soln
1M Mn+ soln 1M H+ soln
25C
-- Metal is the anode (-)

o Vmetal < 0 (relative to Pt)
-- Metal is the cathode (+)

o Vmetal > 0 (relative to Pt)
Adapted from Fig. 16.2, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
Standard Electrode Potential

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010) Lecture #22 and #23
Platinum
Slide # 11
STANDARD EMF SERIES

EMF series
metal Au Cu Pb Sn Ni Co Cd Fe Cr Zn Al Mg Na K
o Vmetal
Metal with smaller

o Vmetal corrodes.
+1.420 V Ex: Cd-Ni cell +0.340 o o VCd < VNi Cd corrodes - 0.126 - 0.136 + - 0.250 V o = - 0.277 0.153V - 0.403 - 0.440 Cd Ni 25C - 0.744 - 0.763 - 1.662 1.0 M 1.0 M - 2.363 Cd 2+ solution Ni 2+ solution - 2.714 Adapted from Fig. 16.2, Data based on Table 17.1, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. - 2.924 Callister 7e.
more anodic
more cathodic
CORROSION IN A GRAPEFRUIT
Cu (cathode)
Zn (anode) H+ H+
Zn 2+ oxidation reaction H+
reduction reactions
2e H+ H+
2H+ + 2e H2 (gas) O2 + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Acid H+
H+
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 13
Example
(a) Write the possible oxidation and reduction halfreactions that occur when magnesium is immersed in each of the following solutions: (i) HCl, (ii) an HCl solution containing dissolved oxygen, (iii) an HCl solution containing dissolved oxygen and, in addition, Fe2+ ions. (b) In which of these solutions would you expect the magnesium to oxidize most rapidly? Why?
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 14
Solution (Part a)
(a) This problem asks that we write possible oxidation and reduction half-reactions for magnesium in various solutions. (i) In HCl, possible reactions are
Mg Mg 2+ + 2e - (oxidation)
2H + + 2e- H 2 (reduction)
(ii) In an HCl solution containing dissolved oxygen, possible reactions are

Mg Mg 2+ + 2e - (oxidation)
4H + + O2 + 4e- 2H 2O (reduction)
(iii) In an HCl solution containing dissolved oxygen and Fe2+ ions, possible reactions are
Mg Mg 2+ + 2e - (oxidation) 4H + + O2 + 4e- 2H 2O (reduction)
Fe 2+ + 2e- Fe (reduction)
Solution (Part b)
(b) The magnesium would probably oxidize most rapidly in the HCl solution containing dissolved oxygen and Fe2+ ions because there are two reduction reactions that will consume electrons from the oxidation of magnesium.
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 16
EFFECT OF SOLUTION CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE

Ex: Cd-Ni cell with standard 1 M solutions Ex: Cd-Ni cell with non-standard solutions
V V = 0.153 V
o Ni o Cd
VNi VCd
RT X = V V ln nF Y
o Ni o Cd
Cd
25C
Ni
Cd
Ni
1.0 M 1.0 M Cd 2+ solution Ni 2+ solution
XM YM Cd 2+ solution Ni 2+ solution
Reduce VNi - VCd by -- increasing X -- decreasing Y -- increasing T

n = #eper unit oxid/red reaction (= 2 here) F= Faraday's constant = 96,500 C/mol.
Slide # 17
GALVANIC SERIES
Ranking of the reactivity of metals/alloys in seawater
Platinum Gold Graphite Titanium Silver 316 Stainless Steel (passive) Nickel (passive) Copper Nickel (active) Tin Lead 316 Stainless Steel (active) Iron/Steel Aluminum Alloys Cadmium Zinc Magnesium
more cathodic (inert)
Based on Table 16.2, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Source of Table 16.2 is M.G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, 3rd ed., McGrawHill Book Company, 1986.)
more anodic (active)
Slide # 18
FORMS OF CORROSION
Stress corrosion
Corrosion at crack tips Uniform Attack when a tensile stress Erosion-corrosion Oxidation & reduction Combined chemical attack and is present. reactions occur uniformly mechanical wear (e.g., pipe over surfaces. elbows).
Selective Leaching
Preferred corrosion of one element/constituent [e.g., Zn from brass (Cu-Zn)].
Pitting
Intergranular
Corrosion along grain boundaries, often where precip. particles form.
g.b. prec. attacked zones
Forms of corrosion
Downward propagation of small pits and holes.

Fig. 16.17, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 16.17 from M.G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986.)
Galvanic
Crevice Narrow and
Fig. 16.18, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)
Dissimilar metals are confined spaces. Rivet holes physically joined in the presence of an electrolyte. The Fig. 16.15, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 16.15 more anodic metal is courtesy LaQue Center for Corrosion Technology, Inc.) corrodes.
CORROSION PREVENTION (i)

Materials Selection -- Use metals that are relatively unreactive in the corrosion environment -- e.g., Ni in basic solutions -- Use metals that passivate
- These metals form a thin, adhering oxide layer that slows corrosion.
Metal oxide Metal (e.g., Al, stainless steel)
Lower the temperature (reduces rates of oxidation and reduction) Apply physical barriers -- e.g., films and coatings
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 20
CORROSION PREVENTION (ii)

Add inhibitors (substances added to solution that decrease its reactivity)
-- Slow oxidation/reduction reactions by removing reactants (e.g., remove O2 gas by reacting it w/an inhibitor). -- Slow oxidation reaction by attaching species to the surface.
Cathodic (or sacrificial) protection

-- Attach a more anodic material to the one to be protected.
Galvanized Steel
Using a sacrificial anode
Zn 2+
zinc 2e - 2e steel
zinc
steel pipe
e-
Cu wire Mg Mg 2+ anode Earth
Adapted from Fig. 16.22(a), Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
e.g., zinc-coated nail

e.g., Mg Anode
Example
An electrochemical cell is composed of pure copper and pure lead electrodes immersed in solutions of their respective divalent ions. For a 0.6 M concentration of Cu2+, the lead electrode is oxidized yielding a cell potential of 0.507 V. Calculate the concentration of Pb2+ ions if the temperature is 25C.
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 22
Solution
We are asked to calculate the concentration of Pb2+ ions in a copper-lead electrochemical cell. The electrochemical reaction that occurs within this cell is just
Pb + Cu2+ Pb2+ + Cu
while V = 0.507 V and [Cu2+] = 0.6 M. Thus, Equation 17.20 is written in the form 2+ o V o ) 0.0592 log [Pb ] V = (VCu Pb 2 [Cu2+ ] This equation may be rewritten as
o o [Pb2+ ] V (VCu VPb) = log 0.0296 [Cu2+ ]
Solving this expression for [Pb2+] gives

[Pb2+ ] =
2+ [Cu ]
o o V (VCu VPb) exp(2.303) 0.0296
o The standard potentials from Table are Vo = +0.340 V and VPb = 0.126 V. Therefore, Cu 2+ ] = (0.6M) exp (2.303) 0.507V {0.340V (0.126V)} [Pb 0.0296
= 2.5 10-2 M
Example
A brine solution is used as a cooling medium in a steel heat exchanger. The brine is circulated within the heat exchanger and contains some dissolved oxygen. Suggest three methods, other than cathodic protection, for reducing corrosion of the steel by the brine. Explain the rationale for each suggestion.
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 24
Solution
Possible methods that may be used to reduce corrosion of the heat exchanger by the brine solution are as follows: (1) Reduce the temperature of the brine; normally, the rate of a corrosion reaction increases with increasing temperature. (2) Change the composition of the brine; the corrosion rate is often quite dependent on the composition of the corrosion environment. (3) Remove as much dissolved oxygen as possible. Under some circumstances, the dissolved oxygen may form bubbles, which can lead to erosion-corrosion damage. (4) Minimize the number of bends and/or changes in pipe contours in order to minimize erosion-corrosion. (5) Add inhibitors. (6) Avoid connections between different metal alloys.
SUMMARY
Metallic corrosion involves electrochemical reactions
-- electrons are given up by metals in an oxidation reaction -- these electrons are consumed in a reduction reaction
Metals and alloys are ranked according to their corrosiveness in standard emf and galvanic series. Temperature and solution composition affect corrosion rates. Forms of corrosion are classified according to mechanism Corrosion may be prevented or controlled by:
-- materials selection -- reducing the temperature -- applying physical barriers -- adding inhibitors -- cathodic protection
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 26
Magnetic Properties
What is a conceptual introduction to magnetic particles? What are the definitions and atomic sources What are the important magnetic properties? How do we explain magnetic phenomena? How are magnetic materials classified? How does magnetic memory storage work? What is superconductivity and how do magnetic fields effect the behavior of superconductors? What is effect of size on magnetic properties?
Magnetic Properties
Outline of Lectures
Section 1 Magnetic Moments and Magnetic Fields Magnetic Materials - an Empirical Approach Section 2 Magnetic Materials - the Microscopic Picture Small Particle Magnetism Section 3 Magnetic Particles in Fluids Design of magnetic carriers
Lecture #22 and #23 After St Pierre, 2009
Slide # 29
Section 1
Magnetic Moments and Magnetic Fields
Slide # 30
Magnetic fields are generated by movement of electric charges
A loop of electric current generates a magnetic dipole field
Slide # 31
A magnetic dipole
Field lines run from the North pole to the South pole Field lines indicate the direction of force that would be experienced by a North magnetic monopole
Slide # 32
A bar magnet
A simple bar magnet behaves like a magnetic dipole
Slide # 33
Far field picture
Sometimes the dipoles are very small compared with their spatial field of influence An electron, for example
Slide # 34
Schematic representation
A magnetic dipole is often represented schematically as an arrow. The head of the arrow is the North pole.
Slide # 35
Flux density, B
Density of flux (or field) lines determines forces on magnetic poles Direction of flux indicates direction of force on a North pole
B=
Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010) Lecture #22 and #23 After St Pierre, 2009
A
Slide # 36
Flux density, B
Higher flux density exerts more force on magnetic poles
Slide # 37
Magnetic field gradients
Magnetic field gradients exist when flux lines converge of diverge
Slide # 38
Magnetic Moment
A magnetic dipole in a field B experiences a torque, Magnitude of depends on B and magnetic dipole moment, m.
= mBsin( )
Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010) Lecture #22 and #23 After St Pierre, 2009 Slide # 39
Magnetic dipole in a field
Slide # 40
Magnetic dipole in a field
Slide # 41
Compass needles
A magnetic compass needle has a magnetic moment Needle is oriented in the Earths magnetic field. Note that both magnetic moment and field are vectors
Slide # 42
Magnetic Materials an Empirical Approach
Slide # 43
Magnetization, M
Material with a net magnetic moment is magnetized Magnetization is the magnetic moment per unit volume within the material
Magnetization, M
Magnetization depends on..
Number density of magnetic dipole moments within material
Slide # 45
Magnitude of the magnetic dipole moments within the material
Slide # 46
The arrangement of the magnetic dipoles within the material
Slide # 47
Magnetization in materials arises from.
unpaired electron spins mainly the orbital motion of electrons within the material to a lesser extent
Slide # 48
Generating a uniform magnetic field in the laboratory
An electric current run through a conducting coil (solenoid) generates a uniform flux density within the coil
Flux density in vacuum (or air) within coil..
Increases in proportion to the electric current Increases in proportion to the number of turns per unit length in the coil
Slide # 50
Inserting a specimen into the coil

Generally, the orbital and spin magnetic moments within atoms respond to an applied magnetic field Flux lines are perturbed by specimen
Slide # 51
Specimen in magnetic field
If specimen has no magnetic response, flux lines are not perturbed
Slide # 52
Magnetic materials
magnetic materials tend to concentrate flux lines Examples: materials containing high concentrations of magnetic atoms such as iron, cobalt
Slide # 53
Diamagnetic materials
Diamagnetic materials tend to repel flux lines weakly Examples: water, protein, fat
Slide # 54
Flux density B within material determined by both

Geometry and current in solenoid Magnetic properties of the material Geometry of material
B = 0 (H + M )
Slide # 55
The H Field
H is called the magnetic field strength 0 is a constant called the permeability of free space
The H Field
Slide # 56
In the absence of material in the solenoid
There is no magnetization M So..
B = 0 H
Measuring magnetic moment of specimen

Pass specimen thru small sensing coil Measure voltage generated across coil Voltage proportional to moment on specimen
Slide # 58
Measuring magnetic moment of specimen

Use large coil to apply magnetic field to specimen Use a cryostat or furnace to vary temperature of specimen
Slide # 59
Response of material to applied magnetic field strength H
Magnetization, M
Generally, M changes in magnitude as H is varied. Magnitude of response is called the magnetic susceptibility of the material
The H Field
Slide # 60
Response of material to applied magnetic field strength H
Diamagnetic materials have a very weak negative response i.e. they have a small negative magnetic susceptibility
Slide # 61
Magnetic susceptibility,
Magnetic susceptibility is sometimes written as
= MH
And sometimes as the slope of M vs H
= dM dH
How does M respond to H?

There is a variety of ways that M responds to H Response depends on type of material Response depends on temperature Response can sometimes depend on the previous history of magnetic field strengths and directions applied to the material
Slide # 63
Non-linear responses
Slide # 64
Generally, the response of M to H is non-linear Only at small values of H or high temperatures is response sometimes linear
Slide # 65
M tends to saturate at high fields and low temperatures
Slide # 66
Low field magnetic susceptibility
For some materials, low field magnetic susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature Curies Law
= MH
Magnetic hysteresis
Slide # 68
Magnetic hysteresis
M depends on previous state of magnetization Remnant magnetization Mr remains when applied field is removed Need to apply a field (coercive field*) in opposite direction to reduce M to zero.
*In materials science, the coercivity, also called the coercive field, of a ferromagnetic material is the intensity of the applied magnetic field required to reduce the magnetization of that material to zero after the magnetization of the sample has been driven to saturation. Coercivity is usually measured in oersted or ampere/meter units and is denoted HC. Coercivity measures the resistance of a ferromagnetic material to becoming demagnetized. Coercivity can be measured using a B-H Analyzer. Materials with high coercivity are called hard ferromagnetic materials, and are used to make permanent magnets. Permanent magnets find application in electric motors, magnetic recording media (e.g. hard drives, floppy disks, or magnetic tape) and magnetic separation. A material with a low coercivity is said to be soft and may be used in microwave devices, magnetic shielding, transformers, or recording heads.
Effect of temperature on remnant magnetization

Heating a magnetized material generally decreases its magnetization. Remnant magnetization is reduced to zero above Curie temperature Tc
Slide # 70
Effect of temperature on remnant magnetization

Heating a sample above its Curie temperature is a way of demagnetizing it Thermal demagnetization
Slide # 71
Section 2 The Microscopic Picture of Magnetic Materials

We will now revisit the experimentally observed magnetic behaviours and try to understand them from a microscopic point of view
Slide # 72
Paramagnetic gas
Imagine a classical gas of molecules each with a magnetic dipole moment In zero field the gas would have zero magnetization
Slide # 73
Paramagnetic gas
Applying a magnetic field would tend to orient the dipole moments Gas attains a magnetization
Slide # 74
Paramagnetic gas
Very high fields would saturate magnetization Heating the gas would tend to disorder the moments and hence decrease magnetization
Slide # 75
Paramagnetic gas
Theoretical model Non-interacting moments Boltzmann statistics Dipole interaction with B Yields good model for many materials Examples: ferrous sulfate crystals, ionic solutions of magnetic atoms
Slide # 76
Paramagnetic gas
Classical model yields Langevin function Quantum model yields Brillouin function
Slide # 77
Ferromagnetism
Materials that retain a magnetization in zero field Quantum mechanical exchange interactions favour parallel alignment of moments Examples: iron, cobalt
Slide # 78
Ferromagnetism
Thermal energy can be used to overcome exchange interactions Curie temp is a measure of exchange interaction strength Note: exchange interactions much stronger than dipoledipole interactions
Slide # 79
Magnetic domains
Ferromagnetic materials tend to form magnetic domains Each domain is magnetized in a different direction Domain structure minimizes energy due to stray fields
Slide # 80
Magnetic domains
Applying a field changes domain structure Domains with magnetization in direction of field grow Other domains shrink
Slide # 81
Magnetic domains
Applying very strong fields can saturate magnetization by creating single domain
Slide # 82
Magnetic domains
Removing the field does not necessarily return domain structure to original state Hence results in magnetic hysteresis
Slide # 83
Magnetic domain walls
Wall thickness, t, is typically about 100 nm
Slide # 84
Single domain particles
Particles smaller than t have no domains
<t
Antiferromagnetism
In some materials, exchange interactions favour antiparallel alignment of atomic magnetic moments Materials are magnetically ordered but have zero remnant magnetization and very low Many metal oxides are antiferromagnetic
Slide # 86
Antiferromagnetism
Thermal energy can be used to overcome exchange interactions Magnetic order is broken down at the Nel temperature (c.f. Curie temp)
Slide # 87
Ferrimagnetism
Antiferromagnetic exchange interactions Different sized moments on each sublattice Results in net magnetization Example: magnetite, maghemite
Slide # 88
Small Particle Magnetism
Slide # 89
Stoner-Wohlfarth Particle
Magnetic anisotropy energy favours magnetization along certain axes relative to the crystal lattice
Easy axis of magnetization

Particle volume, V Uniaxial single domain particle Magnetocrystalline magnetic anisotropy energy given by 2 a
E = KV sin ( )
K is a constant for the material
Slide # 91
KV
E a = KV sin ( )
2
Slide # 92
Thermal activation
At low temperature magnetic moment of particle trapped in one of the wells Particle magnetic moment is blocked
Slide # 93
Thermal activation
At higher temps, thermal energy can buffet magnetic moment between the wells Results in rapid fluctuation of moment Particle moment becomes unblocked
Slide # 94
Magnetic blocking temperature

The magnetic blocking temp, Tb, is the temp below which moment is blocked Blocking temperature depends on particle size and timescale of observation Larger particles have higher blocking temperatures The longer the observation time, the more likely it is that the moment will be observed to flip
Slide # 95
Fluctuation timescales,
Observation window
Slope Vol
Slide # 96
Effect of applied field on single domain particles
Increasing field
Applying field along easy axis favours moment aligned with field Above Tb this results in moment spending more time in lower well Particle exhibits time averaged magnetization in direction of field
Slide # 97
Superparamagnetism
Unblocked particles that respond to a field are known as superparamagnetic

Superparamagnetism
Response of superparamagnets to applied field described by Langevin model Qualitatively similar to paramagnets At room temperature superparamagnetic materials have a much greater magnetic susceptibility per atom than paramagnetic materials
Room temp

Slide # 99
Superparamagnetism
Superparamagnets are often ideal for applications where
Room temp
a high magnetic susceptibility is required zero magnetic remanence is required
1.
Applications of superparamagnetism
General Applications: Ferrofluid: tunable viscosity ; Data analysis: superparamagnetic clustering (SPC) & its extension global SPC(gSPC) Imaging: Contrast agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ; Magnetic separation: cell-, DNA-, protein- separation, RNA fishing Treatments: targeted drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, magnetofection
2.
Biomedical applications

Section 3
Magnetic particles in fluids
Slide # 101

Most clinical and biotechnological applications of magnetic carriers involve suspensions of particles in fluids Here we review some of the basic principles governing the behaviour of magnetic particles in fluids
Slide # 102

Several forces involved Force of applied magnetic fields on particles Viscous drag forces Interparticle magnetic forces Interparticle electrostatic forces Interparticle entropic forces
Slide # 103
Single magnetic particle in fluid

A uniform magnetic field tends to orient a magnetic dipole Uniform field does NOT exert translational force on dipole Forces on North and South pole balance
Slide # 104

Slide # 105

Slide # 106

A field gradient is required to exert a translational force on dipole Figure shows a stronger force on the North pole than the South pole Net force causes translation
Slide # 107
Magnetic Field Gradients
A simple bar magnet generates magnetic field gradients Gradients tend to be larger at sharp corners of magnet Fine or sharply pointed magnetized objects generate high field gradients
Disk-shaped magnet
High field gradients used in magnetic separators

Fine wire with high mag susceptibility and low remanence used in a column Magnetic particle bearing fluid passed thru column with applied field Particles attracted to wire Particles can be released by removing applied field to demagnetize wire
Slide # 109
Reynolds Numbers
The Reynolds number of an object in a fluid is the ratio of inertial to viscous forces experienced by the object Micron and sub-micron particles in water have very low Reynolds numbers Velocity externally applied force i.e. objects reach their terminal speed almost instantaneously
Slide # 110
Field gradients applied to small magnetic particles in fluids

Speed of particle field gradient force Field gradient force moment on particle Moment on particle volume of particle Speed volume of particle LARGER PARTICLES MOVE FASTER IN FIELD GRADIENT
Slide # 111
Field gradients applied to small magnetic particles in fluids
Magnetic separation techniques preferentially remove aggregates of particles Magnetic microspheres will move faster than nanospheres
Slide # 112
Interparticle interactions: Aggregation

More likely to occur as magnetic moments on particles increase (due to interparticle magnetic dipole interactions) Very large aggregatesprecipitation (i.e. gravitational forces significant)
Slide # 113
Reversible and irreversible aggregation

Reversible Particles aggregate under applied field. Removing field lowers moments on particles sufficiently that repulsive forces dominate Irreversible Applying field causes aggregation. Proximity of particles to each other results in mutual induction of dipole moments even in zero applied field. Attractive magnetic interactions within aggregate dominate
Slide # 114
Demagnetizing interactions in clusters

Particles in close proximity with each other Moments tend to arrange themselves such as to minimize magnetization of aggregate Clusters of particles may show reduced susceptibility in low fields
Slide # 115
Design of magnetic carriers

High generally desirable Low Mr desirable so that magnetic moments can be switched off High interparticle repulsion to reduce aggregation Electrostatic repulsion forces Entropic repulsion forces These forces are needed to overcome interparticle attractive magnetic forces. Determined by chemistry of particle coatings.
Slide # 116
Design of magnetic microspheres
Make microsphere from aggregate of superparamagnetic nanoparticles SP particles give high and zero Mr Aggregate micron size yields faster movement in fluid
Slide # 117
Particles for Special Applications
Slide # 118
Particles for hyperthermia therapy

Magnetic hyperthermia therapy involves application of ac field to heat particles Heat generated per field cycle area within hysteresis loop
Slide # 119
Particles for hyperthermia therapy

Therapeutic ac field amplitudes are limited (to avoid nerve stimulation) Particles with low coercivity but high Ms are preferred
Slide # 120
Particles for Brownian rotation studies

Magnetically blocked particles required Must stay in suspension Observe time dependent magnetic behaviour of fluid due to physical Brownian rotation of blocked dipoles
Slide # 121
Particles for Brownian rotation studies

Magnetically blocked particles required Must stay in suspension Observe time dependent magnetic behaviour of fluid due to physical Brownian rotation of blocked dipoles
Slide # 122
Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers Magnetic separation applications Magnetically targeted drug delivery Magnetic labelling Magnetic hyperthermia therapy
Slide # 123
Magnetic Properties
Definitions and Atomic Sources
Lecture #22 and #23 Source: Reilly, College of William and Mary Slide # 125
After reviewing this lecture, you should be familiar with:

Material from this lecture is taken from Physics of Magnetism by Chikazumi and Solid State Physics by Ashcroft and Mermin (Chp. 31)
1. Definitions of M, H and B 2. Magnetic units 3. Atomic sources of magnetism 4. Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic responses
Fundamental Definitions Magnets have two poles (north and south) Poles exert a force on each other
N S
+m1
-m1
+m2 -m2
Definition: magnetic pole m (SI units:Weber, Wb=m2kg/s2A) Magnetic force (N):
m1m2 F= 2 40 r
0=4 x 10-7 H/m
Fundamental Definitions Electric current in wire exerts a force on a magnetic pole

I
H
N S
+m
-m
Definition: magnetic field H (SI units: A/m) Magnetic force (N): Field from Solenoid:
F = mH H = nI
n = # turns/m, I = current
Fundamental Definitions What happens to a magnet in a magnetic field? +mH N +mH -mH l
S N S
-mH Magnetic torque:
= mlH sin
H Fx = ml x
Translational force ONLY if there is non-uniform H (gradient):
Fundamental Definitions l
S N
+mH
-mH Definition: magnetic moment M = ml (SI units: Wb m)

(dipole moment)
Magnetic torque: Magnetic Energy:
r r = M H
r r U = M H
Fundamental Definitions Magnetic materials have a density of magnetic moments Definition: Magnetization M=NM (SI units: Wb/m2 or Tesla T)
N=moments per unit volume
Fundamental Definitions
To measure magnetization, use induction (vibrating sample magnetometry)
H M B
V
Induced Voltage
dB V = NA dt
Definition: magnetic flux density B (SI units: Tesla T)
r r r B = M + 0 H
Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010) Lecture #22 and #23 Source: Reilly, College of William and Mary Slide # 132
Fundamental Definitions
Magnetization in materials is proportional to applied field H
r r r B = M + 0 H
r r M = H
Definition: magnetic susceptibility (SI units: H/m)
r r B = ( + 0 )H = H
Definition: magnetic permeability (SI units: H/m)
Fundamental Definitions:Review H
(externally applied)
M B
r r r B = M + 0 H
M = magnetization (T) H = magnetic field strength (A/m) B = magnetic flux density (also called field) (T)
Fundamental Definitions:Review
Note that sometimes magnetic flux density is defined as:
r r r B = 0 M + 0 H
In this case, the units of M are A/m
Gaussian System of Units:

Common system prior to 1980s. Defined by magnetic poles.
r r r B = 4M + H
Oersted (Oe) CGS unit of magnetic field (H). The Oersted is defined to be the field strength in a vacuum at a distance 1 cm from a unit magnetic pole. Gauss (G) CGS unit of magnetic flux density (B). A field of one Gauss exerts a force on a conductor of 0.1 dyne/A cm. Electromagnetic Unit (emu) CGS unit of magnetic dipole moment (M) equal to 1.256637 x 10-5 Oe. emu/cm3 or emu/cc CGS unit of magnetization (M) In SI units, one emu/cm3 can be interpreted either as 1.256637 mT as a unit of excess magnetic induction, or as 1000 A/m as a unit of magnetic dipole moment per unit volume.
Unit Conversion:
Gaussian unit (cgs-emu) B H M Gauss (G) Oersted (Oe) emu/cm3 Conversion (SI/cgs) x 10-4 = x 103/4 = x 103 = x 4/10 = SI unit
T or Wb/m2 A/m A/m mT
Note: In free space (M=0), 1 G = 1 Oe
Source of Magnetic Moment: Moving Electric Charge (Current) Atomic Magnetism arises from electron angular momentum and spin ML I
r
ML= orbital magnetic moment = IA=1/2 eL/me
e-
Source of Magnetic Moment: Moving Electric Charge (Current) Atomic Magnetism arises from electron angular momentum and spin ML I
r
ML= orbital magnetic moment = IA=1/2 eL/me
L
Atomic magnetic moment:
e-
r r r M = B L ge B S
Angular momentum vector Spin vector
Bohr magneton
eh B = 2m
Gyromagnetic ratio ge~ 2

Source of Magnetic Moment: Moving Electric Charge (Current) Multi-electron atoms: total magnetic moment determined by total J, L and S
Hunds rules: electrons fill shells such that 1. Largest total S is achieved 2. Largest total L is achieved 3. J=|L-S| (minimum) in shells less than half full and J=|L+S| (maximum) in shells more than half full.
Example: m = -2 -1 0 n =4 Iron (Fe) 26 n =3 4s 3s 2p 2s n =1 1s

Maximum values: L=2+2+1+0-1-2=2 S=4/2 = 2 J=4
2 (lz) 3d
3p
n =2
Electronic Configurations
Fe - atomic # =
26
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 6 4s2
4d 4p 3d 4s Energy 3p 3s 2p 2s 1s
N-shell n = 4 valence electrons
M-shell n = 3
Adapted from Fig. 2.4, Callister 7e.
L-shell n = 2 K-shell n = 1
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 142
Source of Magnetic Moment: Quantum Derivation (for multi-atom systems) Magnetization Defined to be:
1 E ( H ) (at T=0) M (H ) = V H M n ( H )e E n / k BT (at T>0) M (H ,T ) = n e E n / k BT

where
n
1 En ( H ) M n (H ) = V H
Source of Magnetic Moment: Quantum Derivation (for multi-atom systems) In terms of Helmholtz free energy F:
1 F M (H ) = V H N 2F M = = H V H 2
To calculate magnetic properites, consider Hamiltonian in magnetic field and find energy
Source of Magnetic Moment: Quantum Derivation

Write Hamiltonian for atomic electrons in a Magnetic Field (ignore Vatom)
r r r e r r 2 1 H= ( pi + c A(ri )) + ge B H S 2m i r 1r r A = ri H = Vector potential 2

Consider first term:
r r 2 r 2 e r r r r e 2 2 r e pi + A(ri ) = pi + pi A + A pi + A c c c
Source of Magnetic Moment: Quantum Derivation

Consider first term: With
r H = Hz
r r 2 r 2 e r r r r e 2 2 r e pi + A(ri ) = pi + pi A + A pi + A c c c e r r r e2 r r 2 (ri p ) H r H Using these relationships: c 2 i r r r r c A B = B A r r r r r r e2 2 A ( B C ) = ( A B) C xi + yi2 H r r 4c 2 r r hL = ri pi eh i LH c
r r 2 r r e2 1 1 r e pi + A(ri ) = pi2 + B L H + H 2 xi2 + yi2 c 2m 2m i 8mc 2 i i
Hamiltonian in a Magnetic Field
r r r r r 1 e2 2 2 2 H= pi + B L H + 8mc 2 H xi + yi + ge B H S 2m i i
H0
Magnetic field dependent terms considered as perturbation:
r r r e2 H' = B ( L + g e S ) H + H 2 ( xi2 + yi2 ) 8mc 2 i
Magnetic field as a perturbation:
E = En + En
En = n H' n +
Energy (En is ground state energy)
n H' n' En En '
n ' n
Magnetic field as a perturbation:
E = En + En
En = n H' n +
Energy (En is ground state energy)
n H' n' En En '
n ' n
paramagnetism
r r r En = B H n L + g e S n + e2 H 2 n ( xi2 + yi2 ) n 8mc 2 i

diamagnetism
r r r n B H L + g e S n' En En '
n ' n
In ground state atoms or ions with closed (filled) shells:
J 0 =L0 =S 0 =0
r r r En = B H n L + g e S n + e2 H 2 n ( xi2 + yi2 ) n 8mc 2 i
r r r n B H L + g e S n' En En '
n ' n
Larmor Diamagnetism is only response:
e2 E0 = H 2 0 ri 2 0 12mc 2 i
let x = y = z =
N 2 E0 e2 N = = 0 ri 2 0 V H 2 6mc 2 V i
r 3
Slide # 150
Summary of magnetic responses:
Diamagnetic (by Lenzs Law, opposes H) paramagnetic (aligns with H)
H B
<<1, negative
BB H
<<1, positive
M=magnetization
from http://www.geo.umn.edu
Summary of magnetic responses: diamagnetic (opposes H) <<1, negative
H B
paramagnetic (aligns with H)
BB H
<<1, positive
ferromagnetic (even without H!)
BB
>1, positive
Magnetic Properties
Generation of a Magnetic Field -Vacuum

Created by current through a coil:
B0
H I N = total number of turns l = length of each turn (m) I = current (ampere) H = applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) B0 = magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Computation of the applied magnetic field, H:
NI H= l
Computation of the magnetic flux density in a vacuum, B0: B0 = 0H
permeability of a vacuum (1.257 x 10-6 Henry/m)
155
Slide # 155
Generation of a Magnetic Field -within a Solid Material

A magnetic field is induced in the material
B applied magnetic field H current I B = Magnetic Induction (tesla) inside the material
B = H
permeability of a solid
Relative permeability (dimensionless) r = 0
156
Generation of a Magnetic Field -within a Solid Material (cont.)

Magnetization M = mH
Magnetic susceptibility (dimensionless)
B in terms of H and M
B = 0H + 0M B = 0H + 0 mH
Combining the above two equations:
m > 0 vacuum m = 0 m < 0
= (1 + m)0H
permeability of a vacuum: (1.26 x 10-6 Henry/m)
H
m is a measure of a materials magnetic response relative to a vacuum

Origins of Magnetic Moments

Magnetic moments arise from electron motions and the spins on electrons.
magnetic moments
electron nucleus electron spin
electron orbital motion
electron spin
Net atomic magnetic moment:

-- sum of moments from all electrons.
Four types of response...

158
Example
(a) Explain the two sources of magnetic moments for electrons. (b) Do all electrons have a net magnetic moment? Why or why not? (c) Do all atoms have a net magnetic moment? Why or why not?
Solution
(a) The two sources of magnetic moments for electrons are the electron's orbital motion around the nucleus, and also, its spin. (b) Each electron will have a net magnetic moment from spin, and possibly, orbital contributions, which do not cancel for an isolated atom. (c) All atoms do not have a net magnetic moment. If an atom has completely filled electron shells or subshells, there will be a cancellation of both orbital and spin magnetic moments.
Example
The magnetic flux density within a bar of some material is 0.435 tesla at an H field of 3.44 105 A/m. Compute the following for this material: (a) the magnetic permeability, and (b) the magnetic susceptibility. (c) What type(s) of magnetism would you suggest is(are) being displayed by this material? Why?
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 160
Solution
(a) The magnetic permeability of this material may be determined according to Equation as
= B 0.435 tesla = = 1.2645 10 -6 H/m 5 A /m H 3.44 10
(b) The magnetic susceptibility is calculated using a combined form of Equations as

m = r 1 = 1 0
1.2645 106 H / m = 1 = 6.0 10 -3 6 H / m 1.257 10
(c) This material would display both diamagnetic and paramagnetic behavior. All materials are diamagnetic, and since m is positive and on the order of 10-3, there would also be a paramagnetic contribution.
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 161
Magnetic Properties
Types of Magnetism
(3) ferromagnetic e.g. Fe3O4, NiFe2O4 (4) ferrimagnetic e.g. ferrite(), Co, Ni, Gd ( m as large as 106 !) (2) paramagnetic ( m ~ 10-4)
e.g., Al, Cr, Mo, Na, Ti, Zr
B (tesla)
vacuum (m = 0) (1) diamagnetic (m ~ -10-5)

e.g., Al2O3, Cu, Au, Si, Ag, Zn
H (ampere-turns/m)
Plot adapted from Fig. 18.6, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. Values and materials from Table 18.2 and discussion in Section 18.4, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. 163
Magnetic Responses for 4 Types

No Applied Magnetic Field (H = 0) (1) diamagnetic
none
Applied Magnetic Field (H)

opposing aligned aligned
Adapted from Fig. 18.5(a), Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
(2) paramagnetic
random
Adapted from Fig. 18.5(b), Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
(3) ferromagnetic (4) ferrimagnetic
aligned
164
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials

As the applied field (H) increases the magnetic domains change shape and size by movement of domain boundaries.
B sat H H H H H
Magnetic induction (B)
Domains with aligned magnetic moment grow at expense of poorly aligned ones!
Adapted from Fig. 18.13, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 18.13 adapted from O.H. Wyatt and D. Dew-Hughes, Metals, Ceramics, and Polymers, Cambridge University Press, 1974.)
0
H=0
Applied Magnetic Field (H)

165
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization

The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon B
Stage 3. Remove H, alignment remains! => permanent magnet!
Stage 2. Apply H, align domains

H
Stage 4. Coercivity, HC Negative H needed to demagnitize!
Stage 1. Initial (unmagnetized state)
Stage 5. Apply -H, align domains
Stage 6. Close the hysteresis loop
166
Hard and Soft Magnetic Materials

Hard magnetic materials:
-- large coercivities -- used for permanent magnets -- add particles/voids to inhibit domain wall motion -- example: tungsten steel -Hc = 5900 amp-turn/m) B
Soft
Hard
Soft magnetic materials:

-- small coercivities -- used for electric motors -- example: commercial iron 99.95 Fe
Adapted from Fig. 18.19, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 18.19 from K.M. Ralls, T.H. Courtney, and J. Wulff, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1976.) 167
Example
There is associated with each atom in paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials a net magnetic moment. Explain why ferromagnetic materials can be permanently magnetized whereas paramagnetic ones cannot.
Solution
Ferromagnetic materials may be permanently magnetized (whereas paramagnetic ones may not) because of the ability of net spin magnetic moments of adjacent atoms to align with one another. This mutual magnetic moment alignment in the same direction exists within small volume regions--domains. When a magnetic field is applied, favorably oriented domains grow at the expense of unfavorably oriented ones, by the motion of domain walls. When the magnetic field is removed, there remains a net magnetization by virtue of the resistance to movement of domain walls; even after total removal of the magnetic field, the magnetization of some net domain volume will be aligned near the direction that the external field was oriented. For paramagnetic materials, there is no magnetic dipole coupling, and, consequently, domains do not form. When a magnetic field is removed, the atomic dipoles assume random orientations, and no magnetic moment remains.
Magnetic Properties
The develop of the magnetic recording

Before 1985: Fe2O3 medium, Ferrite ring head (10Mbin-2) 1980: 1st thin film read head, continuous magnetic thin film with high Hc, small (25% CGR); 1990: 1st MR read head, decreasing thickness and, in turn, the transition distance (80% CGR); 1997: 1st GMR read head (100% CGR); 2000: 1st AFM medium, increasing the effective volume. 2006: 1st TMR head for 80-100 Gbit in-2 longitudinal recording
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 170
Magnetic Storage
Information can be stored using magnetic materials. Recording head can... recording medium
-- write - i.e., apply a magnetic field and align domains in small regions of the recording medium -- read - i.e., detect a change in the magnetization in small regions of the recording medium
recording head
Adapted from Fig. 18.23, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 18.23 from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
Two media types:

-- Particulate: needle-shaped -Fe2O3. magnetic moment aligned with axis (e.g., tape).
Adapted from Fig. 18.24, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 18.24 courtesy P. Rayner and N.L. Head, IBM Corporation.)
--Thin film: CoPtCr or CoCrTa alloy. Domains are ~ 10-30 nm wide (e.g., hard drive). from Fig. 18.25(a), Adapted
Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 18.25(a) from M.R. Kim, S. Guruswamy, and K.E. Johnson, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 74 (7), p. 4646, 1993. ) 171
~2.5 m ~120 nm
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 171
Magnetic Data Storage

(1) Magnetic recording (a) General (longitudinal recording) (b) Thermal stability (c) Advantage Media Oriented longitudinal media Anti-ferromagnetic coupling media Perpendicular recording Pattern media and nano-particle media High Ku medium (HAMR) (2) Magneto-optical recording (3) MRAM (STT RAM) and Flash disc (4) RRAM and PRAM (Random Access Memory) (5) Optical storage and other memory
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 172
1Tbits/in2
100Gbit in-2
Areal density progress in magnetic recording since its invention (Moser et al. J.Phys D: Phys. 35(2002)R157-167)
Magnetic recording areal density growth along with transistor count per integrated circuit device (McDaniel J. Phys: Condens. Matt. 17(2005)R315).
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 174
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 175
Areal density trends in HDD magnetic recording (Fujitsu Sci. Tech. J., 42(2006)122).
Industry first 120 GB 2.5-in Seagate Momentus high capacity mobile drive using TMR reading element (IEEE on Mag. 42(2006)97).
Schematic Drawing of Longitudinal Recording System.
1. 2. 3. 4.
B is the Bit Length, W is the Track Width T is the Medium Thickness. D is Flying Height of the Head above the Medium.
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 178
Schematic Representation of Longitudinal, Digital Magnetic Recording Write Process.
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 179
Transition width (depends on Mrt / Hc)
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 180
(a) magnetization of two transition at x=0 and 200nm. (b) magnetic field detected by read head, solid line is for longitudinal. pw50 is shown for a read head with zero gap.
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 181
SNR0.31PW50BWread / 2d(1+2) B2Wread / 2 d3 (1+2)
B is bit length, Wread is read width of head, is transition parameter, d grain diameter, normalized grain size distribution width
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 182
Recording Media Requirements

(1) for few particles per bit, the transition becomes less sharp and pickup signal decreases. About 400 isolated particles are required. (2) Noise is due primarily to the formation of zigzag transition between bits and this sawtooth pattern scales roughly as Ms2/Ku1/2, (3) the signal is proportional to the number of measured events or particles per bit, N. Hence SNR ~ N1/2. (4) the heads must approach to the hard disc surface.
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 183
PtCoCrB films
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 184
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 185
Write head : having a sufficient high Ms so that the fringe field exceeds the Hc of the medium (500-3000Oe); an adequate magnetic permeability (easy saturated). Read head: low Hc, low noise and extremely high permeability in order to respond with a substantial change in flux to the weak fringe field above the medium
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 186
Schematic M-H loop for ideal magnetic recording medium and head material. For write head: For read head: >>1, Ms large and Br=0; >>1 , Hc = 0
Thin film recording head
Film thickness 2-3 micrometer; Gap 200 nm.
Thin film recording head. Left, layout of pole pieces and windings; right, enlarged, cross-sectional view of magnetic pole pieces
Magnetoresistive read head (1980-90 from 10 -100 Mbit in-2)
h=1-2 m, w=2-4 m t=10-20 nm / =2.0% Ni81Fe19
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 189
Spin-Valve Read head
h=2-6 m and w=10 m
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 190
Summary
(1) SNR0.31PW50BWread /2d(1+2) B2 Wread / 2 d3 (1+2), (2) Transition width (depends on Mrt / Hc) (3) Signal: small Mrt, large Hc, small distance between head and disc, large GMR or TMR (4) Areal density: decreasing the dimensions: B, WRead, diameter of grain.
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 191
The develop of the magnetic recording

Before 1985: Fe2O3 medium, Ferrite ring head (10Mbin-2) 1980: 1st thin film read head, continuous magnetic thin film with high Hc, small (25% CGR); 1990: 1st MR read head, decreasing thickness and, in turn, the transition distance (80% CGR); 1997: 1st GMR read head (100% CGR); 2000: 1st AFM medium, increasing the effective volume. 2006: 1st TMR head for 80-100 Gbit in-2 longitudinal recording
Lecture #22 and #23
Slide # 192
Materials Engineering (KU 3195)- Next Class

Lecture # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Contents Introduction the Need of Materials - Processing Structure Property Relation. Cost Analysis, Supply and Demand /Dr. Lem's Expectations (Lecture #1) Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding/Project Selection Finalize and Team Identify (Lecture #2) The Structure of Crystalline Solids Imperfection in Solids Diffusion Mechanical Properties of Metals Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanism Failure Phase Diagrams Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties Applications of Processing of metal Alloys Structure and Properties of Ceramics Applications of Processing of Ceramics Team Project Interim Report Midterm Polymer Structures Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers Composites Corrosion and Degradation of Materials Electrical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetic Properties Optical Properties Design of Materials Using Design for Six Sigma Life Cycle of Materials - Economics, Environmental, and social Issues in Materials Science and Engineering Project Management and Lean Six Sigma - Applications in Materials engineering Best Practices/Team Project Final Report Presentation Final Examination

KU 3195 Lecture 22 23 - May 17 And19 2010

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

KU 3195 Lecture 22 23 - May 17 And19 2010

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Materials Engineering (KU 3195) Lecture #22 and #23

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Lecture #22 and #23

Materials Engineering (KU 3195)- Schedule

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Lecture #22 and #23

Homework Lecture #23 (HW L23-1) (Due Lecture 25)

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Lecture #22 and #23

Only 1, 2 , and 3.... He said

Professor Lems Only 3 Expectations from You

- to speak English proficiently and effectively

Team Project Final Presentation Preparation Resume

1:00 PM May 10, 2010 Practice, Practice, Practice

CORROSION AND DEGRADATION OF MATERIALS

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Lecture #22 and #23

THE COST OF CORROSION

H+ Oxidation reaction Zn Zn2+ H+

flow of e- 2ein the metal

H+ + H H+ H2(gas) H+ reduction reaction

Other reduction reactions in solutions with dissolved oxygen:

-- neutral or basic solution O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4(OH)

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Lecture #22 and #23

STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE

Mn+ H+ ions H+ 25C

1M Mn+ soln 1M H + soln

1M Mn+ soln 1M H+ soln

-- Metal is the anode (-)

-- Metal is the cathode (+)

Standard Electrode Potential

STANDARD EMF SERIES

Metal with smaller

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

2H+ + 2e H2 (gas) O2 + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Lecture #22 and #23

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Lecture #22 and #23

(ii) In an HCl solution containing dissolved oxygen, possible reactions are

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Lecture #22 and #23

EFFECT OF SOLUTION CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE

1.0 M 1.0 M Cd 2+ solution Ni 2+ solution

Reduce VNi - VCd by -- increasing X -- decreasing Y -- increasing T

n = #eper unit oxid/red reaction (= 2 here) F= Faraday's constant = 96,500 C/mol.

more cathodic (inert)

more anodic (active)

Downward propagation of small pits and holes.

Crevice Narrow and

CORROSION PREVENTION (i)

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Lecture #22 and #23

CORROSION PREVENTION (ii)

Cathodic (or sacrificial) protection

Using a sacrificial anode

Cu wire Mg Mg 2+ anode Earth

Adapted from Fig. 16.22(a), Callister & Rethwisch 3e.

e.g., zinc-coated nail

Kwok Wai Lem (KU 3195, Spring 2010)

Lecture #22 and #23