Emily Smith Pd.

8 Honors 4-3-12 Chapter 13 Section 1

Section 1: Presidential Reconstruction The Wars Aftermath The Physical Toll 2/3 of southern shipping and 9,000 miles of rails; devoured farmland, fasrm buildings and farm machinery; work animals and one third of livestock; bridges, canals, and levees; miles of roads; Value of farm property dropped 70%

The Human Toll North lost 364,000 soldiers (38,000 African Americans) and South lost about 290,000 soldiers(1/5 of its adult white men); 1 of 3 South were killed or wounded North decision to destory southern homes and property resulted in civilian deaths

Southerners Hardships Made of 3 major groups of people o o 1. Black southerners-4 million freed, poor, slow economic activity; home/jobless; hungry 2. Plantation owners-lost slave labor worth about $3 billion; Captured and Abandoned Property Act of 1863 allowed govt to seize $100 mill in south. Plantations and cotton

3. Poor white southerners-no work, new job competitionfrom freedmen; began migrating to Miss and Tex to find new opportunities

The Changing Planation In 1824, Richard Arnold bought rice planation near Savannah, called White Hall Opposed secession; sold plantation to Confed supporter son Thomas so Con would not seize it; 1856, bought back from son and put him in charge of rebuilding effort Attitude of freed slaves, unreliable, refused to speak to him Tom brought in Union colonel, wise to trust; Amos Morel and wife stayed

Two Reconstruction Plans Lincolns Plan 1. Offered a pardon(official forgiveness of a crime) to any Con soldier who would take an oath of alligence to the Union and accept federal policy on slavery 2. Denied pardons to all Con military and govt officials and to South who killed AA war prisoners 3. Permitted each state to hold a Con. Conventiononly after 10% of voters in the state had sworn alligence to the Union 4. States could then hold elections and resume full participation in the Union Saw as threat to congressional authority Lincolns opposition came from group of his own party, Radical Republicans, believed Civil War had been fought over the issue of slavery, insisted that the main goal of recon should be a total restructuring of socirty to guarantee black people true equality Viewed Lincolns plan as too lenient; July 1864 Congress passed its own Recon plan, the Wade Davis Act

Required ex-Con men to take an oath of past and future loyalty and to swear that they had never willingly borne arms against the US; bill died in pocket veto by Linc

Lincoln murdered on April 14th, 1865

Johnsons Plan 1. Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Union 2. Permitted each state to have a con. Convention 3. States required to void secession, abolish slavery, and ratify the 13th amendment 4. States could then hold elections and resume participation in the Union Reflected Lincolns 10% Plan, more generous to South

The Taste of Freedom Freedom of Movement Many freed people took to the roads with families; reunions; could get legally married

Freedom to Own Land Freed urged the fed govt to redistribute southern land; argued that they were entitled to the land that slaves had cleared and farmed for generations; proposals to give white-owned land to freedmen got little political support; small scale unofficial land distributing took place Freedom to Worship New black organizations arose in South, most visible were churches; AA withdrew from radically mixed congregations to form their own churches; also started voluntary groups(mutual aid societies, debating clubs, drama societies, and trade associations

Freedom to Learn 1860, 90% of black adults were illiterate, because many southern states has banned the education of slaves; supporter=Charlotte Forten (wealthy black from Philly), 1862 went to teach in Port Royal, SC; between 1865 and 1870 black educators founded 30 AA colleges The Freedmens Bureau Created by Congress in March 1865, first major federal relief agency in the US, dismantled in 1869, gave out clothing, medical supplies, and meals to war refugees