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NAME: COURSE: SUPERVISOR: OGLETHROPE TITLE:

emitting

PRATHMESH GARG MBA Prof. DAVID

Investigation on role of SME(s) in UK carbon emission and explaining how

important is to reduce Carbon footprint by using the technique of life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM)

DATE:

7TH OCT 2010

DATE: 23RD SEPT. 2010 Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the CAMPUS: MBA(FT) NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY at the University of Northumbria at Newcastle

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Declaration I declare the following: (1) that the material contained in this dissertation is the end result of my own work and that due acknowledgement has been in the bibliography and references too ALL sources be printed, electronic or personal (2) the Word Count of this Dissertation is 16500. (3) That unless this dissertation has been confirmed as confidential, I agree to an entire electronic copy or sections of the dissertation to being placed on the e-Learning Portal, if deemed appropriate, to allow future students the opportunity to see examples of past dissertation. I understand that if displayed on the e-Learning Portal it would be made available for no longer than five years and that student would be able to print off copies or download. The authorship would remain anonymous. (4) I agree to my dissertation being submitted to a plagiarism detection service, where it will be stored in a database and compared against work submitted from this or any other school or from other institution using the service. In the event of the service detecting a high degree of similarity between content within the service this will be reported back to my supervisor and secong marker, who decide to undertake further investigation that may ultimately lead to disciplinary actions, should instances of plagiarism be detected. (5) I have read the Northumbria/Newcastle Business School Policy Statement on Ethics in Research and Consultancy as detailed on page 46-51 of The Newcastle Business School Masters Dissertation Guidelines and Supervision logbook for 2009-2010 and I declare that ethical issue have been considered, evaluated and appropriately addressed in this research. SIGNED:

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Abstract
Over the last decade, There is major concern of climate change issue. Hence, In a recent report by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) states that that there is explicit demand for the organization to improve their environmental performance from the Stakeholders, Government Commission , , NGO(Non Government organization ), customers, and Financial Community. Nevertheless, in spite of high regulators demands and strong pressure from the external and Internal factors but the contemporary revises shows the concern that most of the organization which adopts Environmental Management System are the large organization by implementing upbeat (proactive) environmental strategy. On the other hand, SME(s) adopting the imprudent (reactive) strategy, still lean to act according to external pressure. As, SMEs account for 99.8% of European enterprises, 66% of total employment and half of the total value added in the EU (European Commission, 2003). It has been estimated that SMEs have a greater environmental impact per unit than large firms and are the largest contributors to pollution, carbon dioxide emissions and commercial waste (Environment Agency, 2003). Thus, highlighting the issue awareness is created to motivate the SME(s) to implement Carbon Reduction Commitment and make them understand the corporate social responsibility. Thus, the literature review is focused on major role played by SME(s) in UK economy and reviewing the prompts and barriers faced by the SME(s) while implementing EMS . Moreover, the paper discussed about the importance of GrSCM and whole product life cycle assessment(LCA) benefits the organization to increase profitability . On the other hand , the paper even reveals about the limitation of LCA modeling in context in sustainable supply chain management . Finally, the paper classified about the adopted research methodology , analysis and findings from the research, In addition, to that

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timeline figure is presented by giving the implication and scope for further research.

Keywords: Green Supply Chain Management, Supply Chain Management, Environmental Management System, International Standard Organization

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Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgement ........................................................................................... 9 Glossary ........................................................................................................ 10 1. Chapter One- Introduction ...................................................................... 11 1.1 Background .......................................................................................... 11 1.2 Research focuses area and problems................................................. 13 1.3 Research Scope................................................................................... 14 1.4 Use of research .................................................................................... 14 1.5 Aim and Objective of the Research ...................................................... 15 1.6 Report Structure ................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2 - Literature review ......................................................................... 18 2.1: The global issue of GHGs ................................................................... 18 2. 2egislation law and regulatory demands ................................................ 22 2.2.1 AGENDA 21 ................................................................................. 22 2.2.2 GOVERNANCE IN SUSTAINBILITY ............................................. 22 2.3. International Organisation for Standardisation ISO ...................... 26 2.4 ISO- EMS REQUIREMENTS............................................................ 27 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 1) 2.7.1 2.7.2 Sustainable Supply Chain Management ........................................... 29 Green Supply chain ....................................................................... 33 SUSTAINABLE PROCUREMENT TASK FORCE (SPTE) ............ 34 Major role played by SME(s) in emitting carbon emission. ............ 36 Motivation and Drivers behind EMS implementation for SME(s) ... 39 Motivation and Drivers behind EMS implementation for SME(s) 39 Barriers to EMS implementation for SMEs ................................ 41

2.7.2.1 Size and resulting resource constraints ...................................... 43 2.7.2.2 Industrial sector ......................................................................... 43 2.7.2.3 Lack of Training and Awareness ................................................ 43 2.8 Tool and Techniques ..................................................................... 45

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2.8.1 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSSMENT AND ISO ......................................... 45 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 Inherent problems of LCA modeling ........................................... 47 Dispose or reuse and recycle: ....................................................... 48 Life cycle thinking....................................................................... 50

Chapter 3- Methodology ............................................................................... 52 3.1 Research Philosophy ........................................................................... 52 3.1.1 Interpretism.................................................................................... 53 3.1.2 Positivism: ..................................................................................... 53 3.1.3 Justification of Research Philosophy ............................................. 53 3.2 Research Methodology ........................................................................ 54 3.2.1 Deduction: ..................................................................................... 55 3.2.2 Induction: ....................................................................................... 55 3.2.3 Justification of research methodology ........................................... 56 3.4 Research Strategy ............................................................................ 56 3.4.1 Survey ........................................................................................... 59 3.5 Research Method ................................................................................. 60 3.6 Research Strategy ............................................................................... 61 3.6.1 Primary Sources Data ................................................................... 61 3.6.2 Secondary Sources Data ............................................................... 62 3.7 Hypothesis ........................................................................................... 63 3.8 Population and Sampling ..................................................................... 64 3.9 Questionnaire design and Piloting ....................................................... 65 3.9.1 Piloting ........................................................................................... 66 3.9.2 Interpretation of questionnaire ....................................................... 67 3.10 Validity test ......................................................................................... 68 3.11 Reliability test ..................................................................................... 68 3.12 Data analysis method......................................................................... 68 3.13 Ethical issue ....................................................................................... 69 3.14 Summary ............................................................................................ 69

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Chapter 4- Data analysis and Findings .......................................................... 71 4.1 Total Greenhouse Gas emission By economic sector.......................... 71 4.2 Total C02 emission by Economic Sector.............................................. 73 4.3 Enterprises, Employment and Turnover by size of Enterprises of UK private Sector, 2008 ................................................................................... 74 4.5 Distribution of Employees in SME's all over UK by percentage ........... 77 4.6 Distribution of UK Private Sector basis on years .................................. 80 4.7 Carbon Emission by Year .................................................................... 82 4.8 Trend of Private Sector and Carbon emission by Year ............................ 4.9 COORELATION/ASSOCIATION:......................................................... 88 4.8.1 Industry Sector by Co2 Emission................................................... 89 4.9 LINEAR REGRESSION: ...................................................................... 90 4.8.1 Analyses Summary of Co2 emission from Linear Regression in a Scatter graph .......................................................................................... 91 4.8.2 Forecasting Of Co2 Emission ........................................................ 92 4.9 One-Sample Statistics.......................................................................... 97 4.10 Factors preventing the SME(s) from improving its Management ....... 98 4.11 Respondents opinions of the Prompts for the SME(s) in reducing carbon emission?, under the following headings ....................................... 99 4.12 Respondent opinions of the Barrier for the SME(s) in reducing carbon emission? ................................................................................................. 100 4.13 Summary of Findings from the above analysis ................................ 101 5 Chapter 5- Conclusion and Recommendation Chapter ............................ 103 5.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 103 5.2 RESEARCH CONCLUSION .............................................................. 103 5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS: On the basis of Literature review and analysis ................................................................................................................. 106 5.3.1 GREEN DEVELOPMENT ............................................................ 107 5.3.2 GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN: ........................................................... 108 5.4.3 JIT AND TQM .............................................................................. 109 5.4.4 Awareness among the entities..................................................... 109

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5.4.5 Understanding Rules ................................................................... 111 5.5 Further Research Scope .................................................................... 111 5.6 Research Limitation: .......................................................................... 114 5.7 SUMMARY: ........................................................................................ 115 6. References. ............................................................................................. 116 7 Bibliography .............................................................................................. 137 Appendix- 1 ................................................................................................. 139 Reflective Statement ................................................................................... 139 Appendix 2................................................................................................ 142 Cover Page.................................................................................................. 142 Appendix 3................................................................................................ 144 Questionnaire- Piloting ................................................................................ 144 Appendix 4................................................................................................ 154 Final Questionnaire ..................................................................................... 154 Appendix 5................................................................................................... 164

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Acknowledgement

I would thank my family for supporting me throughout my life and especially for the last year as they provided extra support both emotionally and financial. I would like to thank them also for guiding me throughout my life.

Im grateful and would like to thank my tutor Prof. David Oglethorpe, he always provided me with correct guidance throughout the year. I would like to thank him for always being available to give me both direction and support in completing my dissertation.

I would like to thank my friends and my class mates to support and encourage me endlessly throughout the year. Thank you.

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Glossary

EMS- ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SME- SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ISO- INTERNATIONAL STANDARND ORGANISATION SCM- SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT GrSCM GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT SSCM- Sustainable Supply Chain Management

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1. Chapter One- Introduction

1.1 Background
Supply chain management (SCM) is considerable the significant facilitator of globalization towards the world economy. On the other hand, because of fast pace life the world is paying a soaring cost for the lucrative economy advantages of globalization in stipulation of ecological imbalance. It has been review by conditions such as global warming, climate change or carbon footprint. This means there is increase of earth temperature which effects in rise of sea level due to the melting of ice and reduce the overall land area of Earth. As the report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) accomplished that there is now unquestionable facts that climate change is caused due to the burning of fossil fuels by human action. Hence. In today environment climate change is the major concerned that needs special attention and stern steps needs to be taken to prevent environmental collapse. Moreover, the UK government commission and the Stern Review (2006) reveals that the dreadful economic even though the environmental consequence of ongoing to implement a business as usual approach towards environmental concern. As, this inventive information about the economics of environment transform create a awareness among the people, to assert them to take Stern steps to tackle the climate change issue to increase profitability and to get sustainability strategy for long term growth (Stern, 2006, pp. 12). As the concern of climate change issue is conceptualized beneath the corporate social responsibility (CSR) as it social responsibility for every human being to protect the environment in the best possible way .As the corporate social responsibility has common mission statements in all the reports from global firm. As CSR relates to transparency in economic exposure, sustainability coverage, and prospect for stakeholder discourse. Hence, in the CSR the most important concept is sustainability, which is define as Elkington(1998, p-20) the principle of ensuring that our

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actions today do not limit the range of economic, social and environmental options open to future generations and called this attitude as the triple bottom line approach. The economic, social and environmental dimensions are also recognized as three pillars of sustainability (Hutchins and Sutherland, 2008, p-1688). As many research has been conducted and concluded that larger companies are progressively more integrating environmental management into their corporate strategies(Groenewegen, 1996). Whereas , some research has shown that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lag behind as compare to large companies(Hillary, 2000). Research conducted on the environmental practices of SMEs (Hillary, 2000) has describe small firm owner-managers as unaware of the ecological impact of their enterprise, Deficient of tools and resources constraint to overcome environmental issues, Challenging to voluntary act due to the superficial cost, occasion(time) and resources necessary to shrink environmental impacts, Incredulous about the business benefits of sustainability and difficult to engage in everything to do with reducing their environmental impact. The growing importance of GrSCM is motivated mostly by the escalating deterioration of the environment, e.g. retreating raw material resources, overflowing waste sites and increasing levels of pollution. However, it is not just about being environment friendly; it is about good business wisdom and gaining higher profit. In fact, it motivate the business value and not a cost to the centre (Wilkerson 2005). In addition, the regulatory requirements and consumer pressures are driving GrSCM. Hence, the scope of GrSCM ranges from immediate examining of the wide-ranging of environment management programmes to have additional proactive practices and that be implemented through various Rs (Reduce, Re-use, Rework, Refurbish, Reclaim, Recycle,

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Remanufacture, Reverse logistics, etc.). Hence, the purpose of this paper is to discussed about the importance of GrSCM which is defined as integrating environmental thinking into supply-chain management which also include product design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing processes, delivery of the final product to the consumers as well as end-of-life management of the product after its useful life. As this process is known as life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which includes product life which start from buying of raw material and ends at product consumption and disposal. We specifically focus on RL and mathematical modeling aspects in order to facilitate further study and research.

1.2 Research focuses area and problems

The prime area of this Research is provide the importance of Benchmarking to reduce Carbon footprint and to investigate the role played by Small and Medium Sized Enterprises(SMEs) of UK emitting carbon emission, and the techniques that can be implemented to shrink and reduce Carbon emission by adopting sustainable supply chain management . Furthermore, research will analyses cause and effect relationship of human activity in the industrial sector influencing climate change and Drivers and barrier for SME(s) while adopting Environmental Management System. It is likely that SMEs have more environmental impact as per component as compare to large firms and are the major contributors to pollution, carbon dioxide emissions and commercial waste (Environment Agency, 2003). Hence, it is very essential to adopt Green supply-chain management (GrSCM) which is growing curiosity among researchers and practitioners of operations and supply chain management.

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1.3 Research Scope

There is much of the argument about the climate change , which cause due to human activity. Despite a huge literature revive on the economic implication on global warming by discussing the role of government regulations and demands to control Green house Gases(GHGs) . As there is devastating issues and effect of climate change. Hence, to overcome this issue there is major debate by many researchers and authors to take stern steps to achieve a swift evolution towards a low carbon economy. As it will have sustainable economy and more resources. The intend of this paper is to create the awareness among the SME(s) to implement Green supply chain Management by achieving sustainable supply chain to have profitable business without disturbing the ecological balance and make them understand that implementing Environmental management system(EMS) is their corporate social responsibility which will benefit their business. Moreover, the paper review and discuss about the prompts and barriers that affect Small and Medium- Sized Enterprises SME(s) while operating the business towards low carbon economy.

1.4 Use of research

The relevant literature review is carried out to develop in-depth understanding of the problems adjoining the research topic. The main purpose of the research is to investigate and identify the characteristics of an organizations carbon procedure and strategy implement to tackled while originate the anticipated benchmarking. This Research will specifically target to know about how the green supply chain management can facitate the SMEs to benchmark Carbon footprint, so that they can best represent themselves to get a more global perspective. As it includes what steps can be taken to involve assembly environmentally wise preference in supply chain strategy, design and implementation, while managing the reverse supply

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chain efficiently and reduce waste. As they play an significant role in decarbonization through its operations by expanding supply chain, optimism as it impart through benefit as cost is reduced as it helps to manage risk result into profitable business (http://www.greenscn.com/). This will result them to gain Sustainable supply chain management as essential to delivering longterm profitability and tend to achieve the level when they assess their impact across a global range of operations.

1.5 Aim and Objective of the Research

Aim of this Research is provide the importance of Benchmarking Carbon footprint and techniques that can be implement to shrink and reduce Carbon emission in sustainable supply chain management of UK SME(s) Objectives: Issue of Greenhouse Gas(GHG) effecting ecological system

Carbon usage, including the effects of climate change and related legislation/regulation. As Green supply chain management has recognized the significance of carbon emission monitoring.

Benefit of benchmarking for supply chain management , can be used to influence green procurement. SME(s) Importance to reduce Carbon emission and implementing carbon footprint

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SME(s) Drivers and Barriers in implementing Environmental management system Importance of recycling and disposal of products, that include the opportunity of group composing proposal in combination with general Suppliers. This concept of material cycles is gradually replacing a `one way' perception of economy

How to tackle the problem of rising concentrations of greenhouse gases by improving supply chain management and better use material cycles.

1.6 Report Structure

Chapter One This chapter endeavor to give a background reflection regarding the study. It also includes research aims and objective. The focal point and problems are also measured and follow by a relation to subsequently chapter.

Chapter Two The chapter include the Literature review on effects of climate change and government legislation for decarbonizes carbon emission from industry sector. As Green supply chain management has recognized the significance of carbon emission monitoring. Major role played by SME(s) of UK in growth as well emitting carbon emission and waste product and the techniques such as LCA that can help them reduce carbon footprint. Literature reviews attempts to show a the cause(human activity) and effects(Climate change) relationship of UK SME(s) that has adverse effect on climate change and the Drivers or Motivation and Barriers while implementing Environmental management system for low carbon emission. A linkage to next chapter is also being provided.

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Chapter Three This chapter attempt to deem and give details about the research method and methodology undertaken for the research. In this chapter a argument has been shown concerning the method choose for the research. Advantages and Limitation regarding the methods and methodology is also considered with their effectiveness for research

Chapter Four This chapter involves an analytic approach as it analyses the data which is been collected for the research. Further the collected data would be compared with the literature review and an analysis of strength and weakness would be concluded

Chapter Five This chapter is where the conclusion of the finding and literature review would be considered. In this conclusion chapter an attempt is made to link the derived conclusion to the objectives and aims of the research. This chapter will also involve an approach to identify the limitation to research and recommendation if any future research is taking place.

References and Appendix. This section includes all the references which have been used for the research. A bibliography list has been also included, this list includes other references which were been used to gain an overall idea of the relative subject. Appendix section includes other relative material regarding the research topic. An email proof is also been attached stating a proof form company which allowed for the interview taken place.

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Chapter 2 - Literature review

2.1: The global issue of GHGs

Climate Change identified in the sustainable development strategy is among the severe pressing problems for the European union(Brady, 2005 p-69). The concentration of many greenhouse gases in which Carbon dioxide(CO2) plays an important role in making the planet habitable. Climate change is a very important political factor in many countries (Stern, 2006; IPCC, 2007). The scientific study suggest that climate warming is mainly because of the extreme Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from the industrial action (IPCC, 2007; Oreskes, 2004). (Digest word for my reference). From the year 1950, global emission of CO2 from fossil fuel burning has reached 1.6 billion tons per year. Since Climatic changes have taken place regularly, as modern climatic are occurring at an unprecedented rate and directly links to the increased level of pollution in the atmosphere. There is increasing concern over the carbon emissions which is caused by humans that has an adverse environmental effect with the help of Global warming and are causing climate change (IPCC, 2009). As this raises the concern to the government environment authority about rises in temperature that result to Global warming. The life cycle assessment has become significant in reducing carbon emission potential with the help of various waste resource (McDougall et al., 2001). Hence, various researchers have worked hard to find out the root cause of increase in temperature. As lot of Research is done by United Nations, Environments programme estimates that, by 2025, average world temperature will have risen by 1.50C with a consequent rise of 20cm in Sea level. Hence greenhouse gases(GHGs) emission must be reduced as it has been commonly acknowledged, as it has direct influence on the global carbon cycle (Friedlingstein et al., 2003). Hence, there is increasing concern about the

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emission caused by Human activity, have an unpleasant influence not only on the ecological system but also causes change in climate (IPCC, 2007). Hence, the governance of United Kingdom has put Challenging objective to cut down greenhouse gases(GHGs) concentration by 80% by assessing the life cycle of GHG emission with the help of Publicly Available Specification(PAS) 2050 (IPCC, 2007; Stern, 2008). PAS 2050 has been developed by British Standard Institute(sponsored by Defra and Carbon trust) in Conjunction with extensive consultation from Industry(Carbon trust, 2007). PAS 2050 is a measurement tool/protocol for organisations to make credible reduction commitments and achievements on life cycle GHG emission(Sarkis, 2006). Presently UK, is concentrating to reduce (GHGs) emissions from Business activity(IPCC, 2007; Oreskes, 2004). GHGs are mainly targeted as they come into greenhouse effect, with a natural observable fact, wherein some of the gases are capable to catch environmental heat and trigger in raise the Earth's temperature. Therefore, majority of the nations are dedicated to reduce the GHG emissions under the Kyoto protocol. Whereas , UK has setup Carbon Budget to reduce carbon emission for the following years as shown below Fig 2.1 Summary of Carbon Budgets for GHGs , 2008-2022

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Keeping in mind a major international policy focusing on carbon pricing and trading (Stern, 2008). Moreover, the Government of UK sees climate change as the major issue faced by the world today and plan to take steps by implementing the Carbon Reduction Commitment(CRC) in dropping carbon emissions(HM Government, 2006a). On the basis of Kyoto protocol Stern(2008) stated that the UK targeted to reduce 12.5% of carbon emission by 2012 from the baseline year 1990. Figure: 2.2 UK GHG Emission Baseline 1990 2020 Prediction

Source: (DTI, 2007)

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As the reduction by now surpass as shown in the above figure for 2008 reported by DEFRA(Baggott et al., 2007). There is reduction of carbon emission by 15.3% from the baseline year, with target of achieving 19.3% of reduction by 2010(Baggott et al., 2007). Figure 2 shows the predicted change from 2010 to 2020 as mentioned for GHGs within the Kyoto Protocol. From the above diagram we can easily understand from the total no GHGs. CO2 contribute 85 percent caused due to the burning of fossil fuels(DEFRA, 2006c). But the British Government is trying to target ahead from Kyoto targets with the help of Carbon reduction Commitment(CRC) reducing carbon emissions by 30% till 2020 year comparing from the baseline year 1990(HM Government, 2006a). on the other hand, In spite of small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) contributing half of the revenue and employment (BERR, 2007), little is known about their emissions. Increase in the number of SMEs will automatically increase their cumulative effect on climate change (Moss et.al., 2010). The Commission of the European Union (2006), in its latest report on action forecast for energy efficiency, identified the impact of SMEs in environmental decision making and the non availability of proper information regarding their involvement in pollution of the environment. Moreover, their integration within global value chains(Will, 2008) exposing them indirectly to the impacts of growing public scrutiny of their larger customers by a variety of Stakeholders, including non-government organization(NGOs), the media and other public and community groups(Will, 2008). As there is increasing concerned about the climate change Issue which give rise to global warming. Hence, Government has implied certain policy and regulatory demands to reduce Carbon emission and to achieve better performance from the Industrial Sector that has been mentioned in Section 2.

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2. 2egislation law and regulatory demands

2.2.1 AGENDA 21

A complete plan of action which is to be taken worldwide, nationwide and even at a local level by all associations of United Nations, Governance, and Major Groups in each and every region where environment have impact on human(Spangenberg, Pfahl and Deller, 2002; Langeweg, 1998; www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21, 2010). Moreover, because of agenda 21 firms can enhance their productivity in an efficient and effective manner. But Selman and Knight (2006) suggest that to attain sustainable development concepts of agenda 21 should be followed. Agenda 21 deals with scrupulous environmental issues like disappearance of various species and pollution and deals with economic progress which meets our needs without affecting the currently existing resources in future. Organization also known as Triple bottom line(Elkington, 1998) because the term Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) revolved around it(Widemann and Lenzen, 2006)(Taken from low carbon and green supply Chain Wilco Book). For sustainability according to Carter and Roger (2008) a perfect combination of strategy, organizational culture, risk management and transparency is essential. 2.2.2 GOVERNANCE IN SUSTAINBILITY Sustainability is essential in 21st century for any business to have a balance between technological, economic development and protection of the natural environment. According to Daily and Huang (2001) many organizations considers the aim of environmental improvement and are developing environmental management systems (EMS). It is also agreed by Darnell, Henriques and Sadorsky (2008) who imply that business performance can be improved by adoption of EMS and could be an important tool in business development. EMS consists of internal policies, assessments plans

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and implementation actions which has an effect on entire organizational unit and its relationship with the natural environment. Establishing of EMS or getting ISO 14001 certification(See Section 2.3) brings business an ability to minimize and avoid environmental problems. Moreover according to Daily and Huang (2001) as we reduce the environmental issues and problems related with that efficiency and productivity of the business also improves which is supported by Nawrocka , Brorson and Lindhqvist (2009) . Also the rules and regulations which force the companies to comply with the legal requirement has been the driving forces for the company to implement ISO 14001 and EMS. Furthermore it is also asserted by Carter and Rogers (2008) who adds that other advantages like reduced costs, shorter lead times and better quality of the manufactured products comes from the implementation of the ISO standards

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The EMS-HR factors model (Source: Daily and Huang, 2001) . As a result of checking site by third party audit, questionnaire to workers lead organisation towards few benefits such as (Curkovic and Sroufe, 2010; Nawrocka, Brorson and Lindhqvist, 2009). i) ii) iii) iv) Performance of cost could be improved Performance of quality could be improved Performance in flexibility could be improved and Environment performance could improve.

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However, Blake (2009) argues about EMSs barriers in internally and externally; Internal barriers are like; lack of sources, financial condition, lack of technology devices, and lack of understanding and perception of common goal, struggling in implement of EMS, organisations culture and negative attitude of workers towards work for e.g. lack of interest from top management level (Agenda 21, Chapter 33). Moreover, coaching and assessment of worker in terms of environment perspective and audit system (Eco-management and Audit scheme) EMAS on regular basis they need to achieve for better performances (Nawrocka, Brorson and Lindhqvist, 2009; Slack, Chambers and Johnson, 2007; Agenda 21, Chapter 29). Whilst external barriers such as; cost regarding to certification of ISO 14000 standards and EMS, problem facing in verification for certificate, uncertain market from customers and lack of effective support for products. To overcome above barriers organisation should do more concentrate on some skills like, R&D investments, Information Technology, Engineering equipment, Customer service, Investment in human abilities and knowledge abilities of employee (Crowe and Brennan, 2007; Siebenhuner and Arnold, 2007).

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2.3. International Organisation for Standardisation ISO

International Organisation for Standardisation - ISO is a network of national standards of 161 countries, it plays as a role of a bridge between private sectors and public. Most of the members of ISO are part of government or mandated by the government bodies of their countries (ISO, 2010). Good Governance is an essential factor in every sector of society whether it would be political environment, corporate environment or general society (Aras and Crowther, 2008).

Fig 6. ISO 14001 Frameworks (Bringas, Carrillo and Peralta, 2008)

ISO 14001 standards determine the requirements for an environmental management system as a part of the company or even as a whole organisation based on the continuous development plan as shown in the above figure 6 (Bringas, Carrillo and Peralta, 2008).

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2.4 ISO- EMS REQUIREMENTS ISO 14001 has been designed to help organizations to help them make a continuous improvement in environmental performance.

Continuous source reduction (Source: Kitazawa and Sarkis, 2000) ISO-14001 EMS requirements can be utilized as a self appraisal apparatus by the firm (Kitazawa and Sarkis, 2000; Macdonald, 2004). Critical EMS fundamentals for implementing a uninterrupted source reduction, change in cultures and operational actions lead to continuous source decline. JIT and TQM are few manufacturing practices which have an influence on environment management and sustainability within organization. The major benefit of implementing JIT and TQM is that they result in tremendous waste

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reduction. The wastes like over- production, wastes due to extra waiting time, transportation wastes, inventory wastes, wastes in processing and wastes from product defects are minimized by JIT and TQM (Sarkis, 2001). Manufacturing organizations functions and environmental influences are as in the figure below.

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Manufacturing Organizations functions and environmental influences (Source: Sarkis, 2001) In addition few standards of ISO such as ISO 14031 concentrates on environmental performance and changes in it over time. (Hervani, Helms and Sarkis, 2005).

2.5

Sustainable Supply Chain Management

Sustainable Supply chain Management is also known as Green supply Chain management and Logistics in Supply chain Management(Sarkis, 2006). Sustainable supply chain means a well managed material and data flow among companies in a cooperative way keeping in mind the three dimensions of sustainable development (Seuring et al., 2008). The three dimensions of sustainable development are economy, environment and society, in accordance with the stake holders. For sustainable supply chain, management of social and environmental issues is not the responsibility of organization alone but all elements of the supply chain must participate. Sustainability of supply chain can be enhanced by concentrating on effective reuse of the product returns and minimizing wastes. French (2008) suggests that sustainability can be increased by creating awareness on the impact of industrialization on the environment. According to French (2008) the main factors which are responsible for the wastes and emissions are manufacturing of products, transportation, utilization and disposition. Tsoulfas and Pappis (2006) agree with French (2008) and state that every product which is manufactured, transported, utilized in the supply chain leaves behind their environmental influence. Tsoulfas and Pappis (2006) also suggest that recyclability and reusability depends on the factors like product design, packaging used, waste or used product collection and transportation technique and recycling techniques. To achieve sustainable supply chain

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Tsoulfas and Pappis (2006) put forth an interesting concept of material flow management in accordance with environment. The impact of the any products on the environment depends on the type of material used, energy consumed and waste release during the products whole life cycle.

The material flow (Source: Tsoulfas and Pappis (2006)

According to Tsoulfas and Pappis (2006) the supply chain comprises four stages which begin with material selection followed by manufacturing as per the product design. Pollutants and emissions depend on product design and manufacturing methods used. The product is actually manufactured is packed in the process of packing. The next stage is the distribution either to end user or to the shop. The moment end user decides not to use the product, reverse supply chain starts. This is the complete material flow. The product then should send to get recycled which also supported by Linton, Klassen and Jayaraman (2007) saying to attain sustainability at lower cost recycling is important. Tsoulfas and

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Pappis (2006) He also suggested that sustainability might have chances of short term investments but it results in improvement of sustainability. At each stage there are various wastes and emissions formed depending upon the product. The focus should be given on both disposal and manufacturing process as environment gets affected strongly during these two stages and thus policies are prepared to save the environment. Therefore complete material flow should be studied and junctions are evaluated where maximum impact on environment takes place which results in sustainable supply chain. Moreover for sustainable supply chain strategies like green purchasing reverse logistics, lifecycle assessment and ISO 14000 certification should be implemented (Svensson, 2007

Fig 2.2. Sustainable Supply Chain Management SSCM (Carter and Rogers, 2008)

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In todays environment sustainability seeks to make a balance within the improvement which defines the class of human life and other components included are economics, social and environmental (Morris and Vasileiou, 2006) and the concerns regarding sustainability are constantly changing as the condition change, the condition changes, the changes are strongly depended on factors such as population growth and increase in people earning power (Arnott, Lacy and Lowitt, 2009). Moreover, Morris and Vasileiou (2006) added to this by commenting that Sustainability is a dynamic concept as the perception of sustainability has changed extremely with the changes in knowledge, market preferences and technology and government policy. The basic structure of sustainability in supply chain show in fig 8

SUPPLY CHAIN REDESIGN

PROMOTING SCALE EFFICIENCY FIG 8 SUSTAINABILITY IN SUPPLY CHAIN

ENHANCING

(Mangan, Lalwani and Butcher, 2008) Moreover, sustainable provide legal frame work for stakeholder in supply chain, which implies that each stake holder has responsibility and commitment towards protect environment with their legislation (Svensson, 2007).

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2.6

Green Supply chain

Green supply chain is a procedure where inputs which are use are environmental friendly and transformation of this inputs into outputs that can be claimed and used again at the end of the life cycle which results in a sustainable supply chain (Cognizant, 2008) as green supply chain have a major influence on the environment (MollenKopf, Stolze and Tate, 2010). The focus of green supply chain for an organisation or industries requires a working with suppliers and their customers, analysing the internal organisation and process, considering environment in the process of product development, extended stewardship across the whole product life-cycle (MollenKopf, Stolze and Tate, 2010). Agenda Chapter 8 also consists about the Green supply chain.

Fig 9. Environmental Impact at each stage of the supply chain (Cognizant, 2008).

Information Technology (IT) could be use to make the supply chain green by optimising the resources required to support the business as IT facilitates more effective supply chain planning, execution and collaboration hence results in reducing the resource requirement (Cognizant, 2008). Innovation

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and development of energy efficient solution that have more favourable effect on the environment are undertaken by technology providers. The complexities and length of supply chain are increasing day by day which is the main concern for lean practices undertaken by industries as Carbon Reduction Commitment(CRC) (Mollenkopf, Stolze and Tate, 2010). 2.7 SUSTAINABLE PROCUREMENT TASK FORCE (SPTE)

Sustainable procurement is nothing but a constant procurement and is in the accordance of sustainable development, like guaranteeing a strong, healthy and just society surrounded by environmental limits and by encouraging good governance (Walker and Brammer, 2009). By sustainable purchases organization gets benefited which in turn helps society, boost economy and supports the natural environment. 1. MAJOR SUPPLY CHAIN FUNCTIONS AND THEIR ABILITY TO IMPROVE SUSTAINABILITY IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS:

Maintenanc e

Purchasing/ procuremen t

Production/ manufacturi ng

Distribution / warehousin g Reuse/ Recycle

Use

Source: Waters (2007) p. 240

Disposal and Waste manageme nt

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In Green purchasing the effect of the purchase on the environment is considered. Furthermore, government and firms have started understanding the importance of green purchasing, they have realized that every single purchase has impact on environment and with careful sourcing finances can be saved. Michelsen and Boer (2009) maintain the views of Walker and Brammer (2009) and adds that green procurement is all about producing products which are environmentally sound. He claims that by following correct practices helps to minimize the environmental influence throughout the product life-cycle. Also collecting, transporting, manufacturing the product needs fuel which can result into pollution so the selection of fuels should be wise. Moreover even mode of transportation makes the difference i.e. sea and rail transport is comparatively cheaper than air transport and results in less emissions. Also selection of supplier from a large distance i.e. outsourcing might have additional effect on the environment. As Procurement function plays an important role in initiative such as Six Sigma and DFE(Design for Environment), which works on the improvement of the entire system and identify the significance of the design phase in minimizing cost and environmental effects (Sarkis, 2006, p-49) Procurement Role and value prospects in the product life cycle Value prospects in Product life Cycle Redesign of Companys product or service and process improvement Deciding subcontract process Streamline material management ( integrated

Procurement Role Describe available Supply options, facilitate collaboration with expert suppliers, and help craft accurate purchasing specifications. Conduct a make or buy analysis Facilitate collaboration with other department and suppliers to optimize wholesystem supply chain performance

procurement or inventory

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minimization) Attain better products and services Identify and purpose superior alternatives. Select new suppliers or work with current suppliers to improve supplier quality and process. Perform quality assurance checks. Improve in-coming transportation and logistics Improve supplier processes Assess total cost of logistics system and develop appropriate control mechanism Monitor process, provide education and suggestion, and facilitate expert-to expert collaboration Improve supplier organizational strengths(financial soundness, reliability) Source: (Sarkis, 2006, p-49) 2.7 Major role played by SME(s) in emitting carbon emission. Evaluate supplier management system, screen out weak organization, and help suppliers improve management systems.

Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are, nationally and locally, a verysignificant component on the business scenes meanwhile they also account for a largeshare of growing environmental concerns(Hillary, 2004). SMEs play an important role in the British economy with the help of their contributing role in gross domestic product, employment generation, modernization and the encouragement of entrepreneurship, using them as important drivers while moving towards low carbon future (IPCC, 2007). According to the report of The BERR (2007), in UK, 4.71 million private sector activities were involved in trading; SMEs constituted about 99.9% of total businesses. SMEs can be explained clearly by the number of workers, annual earnings, annual balance sheet, or by the self-sufficiency (Rao, 2007) as seen in Table 1. SMEs are uncontrollable by a bigger firm and sometimes

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might have a 25% power over of another firm (Europa 2009). Nevertheless, the amount of workers is the frequently considered while defining SMEs(Europa 2009) as size is significant in distinguishing them from bigger firms. For example 250> employees. However, the SMEs sector is varied: all firms having a smaller size are put together without considering their industrial sector, the conditions of their activities and size. Therefore, Hillary (2004, p568) implied that studies which try to examine the sector and conclude regarding it, are to some extent, comparing not just apples and pears, but the whole fruit bowl. Jobanson (2000) found the firm conducting their business in a similar sector do not improve in a similar manner because of the variety of procedures that come across different SMEs.

In 2007, in UK, SMEs contributed about 59.2% of jobs (13.5 million jobs), and, 51.55% of annual income of private sector 1882 billion(BERR, 2007). Therefore, SMEs are necessary for a strong economy, making it flexible, modernization, competition, and a significant cause in generating employment.(Gerstenfeld & Roberts 2000). On the other hand, SMEs results to about 50-70% pollution caused by the industries(Hillary 1995; Pimenova & Vorst 2004; Revell & Blackburn 2007) and results to around 80% or roughly 5400 pollution activities(Netregs 2007; Revell & Blackburn 2007). It is even said that SMEs are the main reason for 43 per cent of grave industrial pollution accidents and produce about 60 per cent of commercial waste in

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England and Wales (Environment Agency, 2006, p. 11). Commercial waste, is presently a matter of great concern(House of Lords, 2008). It is an imperative source of implanted emissions of greenhouse gases. However, despite their increasing impact) surveys conducted by Netregs (2007) on SMEs discovered that only they made only 15% of the critical environmental impacts, however it augmented to 49% once impelled. However, the most of the SMEs, and their shareholders, think that their individual effects are too minimal (Hillary 2004; Gerstenfeld & Roberts 2000; Price 2007; Smith, Kemp & Duff 2000). EMSs play a significant role in enhancing SMEs legislative fulfillment (Tanaka 2008) and minimizing their environmental influence. Because of SMEs large combined environmental influence, it is necessary to recognize the reason of low up-take of EMS by SMEs. Despite having a substantial global uptake of EMSs such as ISO 14001 their uptake and execution in the SME sector still a major issue (Hillary, 2004). After studying SMEs and CSR in UK discovered that omission from supply chains is one of the important risks of not engaging in CSR (Roberts et al., 2006), as most of the bigger firms have started to consider social and environmental criteria in their procurement policies. A report by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) on business and society asserted that, CSR can turn into gradually more significant business concern for many SMEs in future(Baden et.al., 2009) Supply chain pressure was discovered to be the most important cause for environmental change in a study of SMEs in HongKong (Studer et al., 2008). It has been recommended that a solution for such an issue would be for bigger firms to offer incentives and give a supporting hand to SMEs so as to make compliance economically feasible (Raynard and Forstater, 2002). As Spence (2007) identifies the following issues relating to business ethics and CSR:

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Looking for assurance that the object SME is according to CSR standards;

Equality of treatment of the supplier when discussing various terms such as terms and conditions, and utilization of power in supplier relationships;

Scepticism regarding the perceived benefits to SMEs, even when a partnership approach is taken;

The assumption by large firms that formal standards are applicable in measuring CSR in SMEs; and that

(Large company) social responsibility and ethics policies should seek an open and honest partnership with SMEs and not by attempting misuse or short-term profit.

However, it has been suggested that smaller companies also have a valuable role to play even if it is accepted that large businesses and primary suppliers need to help the SME community (HM Revenue & Customs, 2006, p-21). Interestingly, however, Williamson et al. (2006a:4) found scant evidence of suppliers working collaboratively to solve environmental problems with the help of Drivers and motivation provided to them. However, even they face many barriers while implementing EMS as been discussed below as 1) Motivation and Drivers behind EMS implementation for SME(s) 2) Barriers behind EMS implementation for SMEs 2.7.1 Motivation and Drivers behind EMS implementation for SME(s) Motivations which are frequently recognized behind the implementation of EMS for SMEs are pressure from shareholders or supply chain, legislative obedience, possible cost savings, consciousness of the environmental or sustainability issues, business competitiveness, enhancing the morale of the

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workers , accessibility of government funding and investors first choice for organizations with EMSs because of less environmental risks(Hertin et al. 2008, NetRegs 2007, Price 2007, Tanaka 2008). The reason for amalgamating an EMS is very significant in understanding QMS(Quality Management System). The Anton, Deltas & Khanna (2004) discovered that EMSs quality plays an important role than the presence of the firm as it examines its effectiveness: the pressure of the shareholders influence the quality of EMS. If there is more pressure from shareholders the quality of EMS also increases. For example the Manufacturing Industry. A deep study by Hillary (2004) assessed 33 different studies that examined the practical execution effect of EMSs on SMEs and the outlook of smaller organizations towards environment, also showcases various advantages of EMS. As Hillary (2004) reported that the external environmental advantages were the enhancement in the environmental performance, guaranteed legal fulfillment, increase in the process of recycling, and decrease in pollution. The implementation of EMS in SME also helps them in communication. It helps in developing a positive image in the mindsets of the consumers, maintaining good customer relationship, and also building a good association or connection with regulators. (Hillary, 2004). However, to handle the firms image in a particular market, Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) is the most significant element to be taken into consideration.(Muller, Santos and Seuring, 2009; Labuschagne, Brent and Erck, 2005; Vachon and Mao, 2008). They have defined CSR (pg. 510) as categories or level of economic, legal, ethical and discretionary activities of a business entity as adapted to the values and expectation of society. Gradually, co-operate strategy mainly concentrates on improving the environmental performance but, if they increase in rights among the stake holder could lead them to reduction in risk mechanism (Brito, Carbone and Blanquart, 2008).

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2.7.2 Barriers to EMS implementation for SMEs

The organizational problems are the problem that would negatively impact on EMSs quality. As the implementation of EMSs are voluntary and would therefore need assurance from the management and other key entities in order to implement and sustain (Gerstenfeld & Roberts 2000; Hertin et al. 2008). The possibility of many EMSs regularly draw the limits at the factory gate that results to the environmental effects from the supply chain and also the indirect impact and the disposal of products are being ignored (Hillary, 2004). Finally, EMSs faces problems in capturing the subtle elements of environmental problems, such as bio-diversity or indirect effects (Christmann & Taylor, 2006). ISO14001 and EMAS are one size fits all standards as these policies were designed in order that every business uses it (Starkey, 2000). The major internal and external difficulties faced by organization in order to implement EMS in SMEs have been summarized by Hillary (2004) (Table 2). It is been also said by authors that small businesses usually experience greater problems which deals in engaging their business in socially responsible behavior due to lesser resources available in terms of time, money and expertise (Lepoutre and Heene, 2006). As the author concludes that the major barrier or problem faced by SMEs is less number of human resources available.

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In response to these problems faced Gerstenfeld & Roberts (2000) suggested that programs and EMSs should be responsive to the requirements of SMEs, considering the tight cash flow, time limitation and human resources, local programs, cooperation between SMEs such as being friendly user and responsive for various organizations(Hillary, 2004). Hillary (2004) states that SMEs gain real benefits despite of the problems they face. Moreover Gerstenfeld & Roberts (2000) and NetRegs (2007) discuss the geographical persuade on the quality level of EMS. The cultural commitment is been determined by the location in regards to EMSs. In the UK, NetRegs (2007) establish that the number of SMEs believed that they were a cause of environmental harm which varied from geographically location such as 44% in Northern Ireland to 53% in Wales. The variation in the environmental harm could be mostly because of the distribution of industry types between the countries of even due to various cultural differences in environmental beliefs.

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2.7.2.1 Size and resulting resource constraints

SMEs encompass organizations of multiple sizes (Table 1). Resources such human, financial and time are considered to be main determinants of EMS effectiveness and the size of the organization concludes their availability: SMEs usually experience resource constraints mostly in regards to Micro organizations (Hillary 2004, Gerstenfeld & Roberts 2000). SMEs mostly have reactionary management; they usually divert their available resources to core business activities (Smith, Kemp & Duff 2000). Price (2007) survey revealed that 40% of SMEs found the cost incurred on implementation and certification is mostly outweighed the benefits. While (Pimenova & Vorst 2004) survey on SMEs has reported that the major problems to environmental enhancement are time (55%), cost (45%) and technology (32%). In addition to this they may also faces problems in regards to rapid staff turnover which results in leaving of environmental Managers (Hillary 2000: Revell & Rutherfoord 2003). 2.7.2.2 Industrial sector The EMS quality and the EMS effectiveness could be affected even within the same sectors of various operational conditions and consumers pressures (Hertin et al. 2008). In addition, EMS accreditation is mainly attracted by the manufacturing and chemical industries due to the sectors familiarity with ISO9001 quality management system (QMS) or because these sectors are usually under pressure to show their environmental credentials (Price, 2007). 2.7.2.3 Lack of Training and Awareness

NetRegs (2007) revels that only 15% of SMEs considered they had environmental effects, however when the effects are acknowledged the available staff tend to exhibit low levels of eco-literacy (Revell & Blackburn

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2007). Eco-literacy, in the form of environmental qualifications and previous skills of environmental management as this may influence the EMSs success, because inadequate of knowledge in regards to the benefits and also the details regarding the implementation process for EMSs as this may be discouraging. In addition to this Stakey (2000) argued whether smaller organizations with informal management systems finds ISO14001 too bureaucratic and crucial. The disadvantage of implementing EMS has not been widely explored. However in the SME sector, Hillary (2004) states the main three disadvantages such as: less number of resources such as money, time and skills. However, recently it is been mainly focused on encouraging large corporations to under take responsibility for the environmental actions they are responsible and a little attention is given to a significant part that SMEs usually have to play. The corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda has been assist for a long time in regards to larger enterprises, but recognition of this also needs to assist so SMEs would be able to take more responsibility for their actions they undertake (Moss et.al., 2010). It is focused to assist SMEs in order to act more responsibly and also to give recognition to various SMEs that are already working (European Commission 2007). As EMS identifies the non-conformities toward legislation that are costly or even difficult to rectify, and also less of market reward (Hamschmidt 2000). The obvious disadvantages such as dissuading SMEs from implementing an EMS. Moreover as stated above Price (2007) states that 40% of SMEs are considered of the implementing EMS cost in regards to their advantages.

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2.8 Tool and Techniques

2.8.1 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSSMENT AND ISO

Life cycle assessment (Source: Rebitzer et al., 2003) Sustainable development requires some methods and tools to evaluate, measure and compare the impacts on environment through procurement of goods and services practiced by humans. The environmental impacts are due to the emissions which take place during manufacturing, extraction and other processes. Thus Life cycle assessment according to Rebitzer et al., (2003) is essential which helps in estimating and assessing the environmental effects attributable towards the life cycle of a product. On the other hand, LCA is key think to considered in supply chain because it provide information related to production service which have impact on environment and customer (Hutchins and Sutherland, 2008) for e.g raw material, manufacturing, distribution usage, waste and disposal option. The LCA working can show in fig ( )below;

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FIGURE ADAPTED LCA FOR ENVIRONMENT (Hutchins and Sutherland, 2008) Life Cycle assessment is recycling assessment of products to reduce waste, air pollution and water pollution (Montaben et al., 2006; Agenda 21, Chapter 18). Moreover, re-cycle is reuse of products to upgrade their quality and sometimes this quality become better than original quality which lead them to reduces cost, waste reduction and can get benefit for economy. To overcome of LCA problems organisation should obey the governance of specific countries with good strategically relationship, having basic knowledge for adoption of governance policy. As result of above solution organisation could get better development of industries, better profit, and better image in market (Siebenhuner and Arnold, 2007). Moreover, total quality environment management involved workers from organisation to improve product and process under ISO 14000 standards from ISO 14040 to ISO 14043 standards to qualify their process (Walton, Handfield and Melynk, 1998).

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Inherent problems of LCA modeling Ekvall et al., (2007) has came across different types of problems and restrictions which can be essential in waste management strategies for LCA modeling application, for example, impact of a waste management system can be dominated by indirect impacts. The problems and restrictions are capable of summarizing the problems which are due in model distinctiveness or in the methodology restrictions (Ekvallet al., 2007). Problems due for LCA models distinctiveness are, for example, incapability to deal with spatial data such as effects on the design and quantity of GHG emissions because of the corporeal range of the landfill location (Buttol et al., 2007). An additional would be that model can be un favorable to the location, for example a MRF location because of which the transportation emissions of MRF cannot be properly assessed or wherever leach ate chemicals are been collected in the effect other than there are exclusion in some location (Ekvall et al., 2007). Moreover, recycling turning out to be additional energy demanding because the speed enhancement although linear modelling techniques is a base of the model thus it cannot be utilized for recognizing the most advantageous rates of recycling (Ekvall et al., 2007). Furthermore, frequently information input in model is standard information whereas in contrast to particular location information the conclusion can be imprecise and a lot of LCA models do not contain sufficient economic modeling which wrongly assess economic anxieties (Finnveden, 1999). The methodology restrictions utilized in the model of LCA means that data which produces is not full, purpose and correct due to the selections completed in the modeling (Ayres, 1995). Full time perspective is required in the model and a lot of hypotheses are completed, and resources of contribution information are inconsistent. Also distribution of proper environmental burdens can be improper or inaccurate (Ekvall et al., 2007). The model selected can be inappropriate for the study particularly or there can be inadequate assessment of worries

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(Finnveden et al., 2005). On the other hand, LCA modelling is helpful when it is utilized for recognizing improved waste management situations and options, such as: Energy from Waste (EfW) that decreases the requirement for additional energy sources; recycling in putting back the virgin objects; biological treatment discharging fuels; remains from ignition utilized as fill-in for construction of road; and, the similarity of diverse opportunities for waste management of particular material (Ekvall et al., 2007; Thorneloeet al., 2007). Generally, permitting the problems and restrictions it is silently a influential tool when worries are accounted for with superior conclusions, and LCA modeling is utilized for assisting the decision making, not as a method of putting back decision creators (Ekvall et al., 2007; McDougall, 2005). Presently there are intrinsic complicatedness in LCA modeling such as reasonable allowance of environmental burdens to particular product and problems taking place from the partiality in total environmental impacts (Russell et al., 2005), life cycle beliefs is necessary to consideration for carbon footprint inference of waste management system. Additional, LCA provides a precious approaching in effects external of waste management systems instant site and limitations due to emission linked gases are mobile and influence location huge distances missing from the main source (Koneczny and Pennington, 2007)

2.8.2 Dispose or reuse and recycle:

As Organizations have focussed on the other side of the supply chain operations with recycling issues. According to Pagell, Wu and Murthy (2007) say that when the equipment is returned from the customers of companies, the company either recondition the old equipment or reclaim the materials they are made from, reprocessing them into raw materials. The life cycle of product includes their whole start to end processes. They include production, sales, end of life, reuse and recycling shown in figure given below: The author

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explains that it is essential for reduction in environmental effects could be acquired by product remanufacture and also reusing the product. Moreover the author discussed the following benefits of reuse: Organizations monetary expenditure could be reduced by proper utilization of the components in producing or acquiring new components. Reduction of energy and material consumption during manufacturing because the existing components are utilized.

Source: Matsumoto (2009) p. 1548 Furthermore according to Horvath et al., (2005) the recovered products faced more competition from new products; the investment on product recovery becomes a risky venture. Adding to the author Prallinski and Kocabasoglu (2006) suggest that the cost of recovered products can be reduced by optimal locations and allocations of facilities on reverse logistics. The diagram shown

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below shows the content categories for a reverse logistics system. (Issues from section 1 of Agenda 21)

Source: Pokharel and Akshay (2009) p. 177 They say that reverse logistics may be the answer to improving the environmental impact of the supply chain by improving material use. 2.8.3 Life cycle thinking Life cycle thinking is important to consider the implication of different waste management systems beyond their traditional regional boundaries, and adoption on this perspective of life cycle thinking is important for sustainable management of waste (Ries, Thabrew and Wiek, 2009).

Fig 9. Life Cycle Thinking in Procter and Gamble (2009)

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The strategy of Life cycle thinking helps and organisation to reduce its local pressure and waste management cost and at the same time reduces the trade off felt in the society, this approach ranges from raw material to the production raw material to the production and then distribution, use and post use product management and other related activities (Ries, Thabrew and Wiek, 2009). Through engineering, tools and concepts Life cycle thinking aims at a higher sustainability of the overall economy (Ries, Thabrew and Wiek, 2009).

Summary This chapter includes the Literature review on the effects of climate change and the government legislation to decarbonizes carbon emission from industry sector. As Green supply chain management has established the importance of carbon emission monitoring. Major role played by SME(s) of UK in growth as well emitting carbon emission and waste product and the techniques such as LCA that can help them reduce carbon footprint. Literature reviews attempts to show a the cause(human activity) and effects(Climate change) relationship of UK SME(s) that has adverse effect on climate change and the Drivers or Motivation and Barriers while implementing Environmental management system for low carbon emission. A link to next chapter is also being provided.

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Chapter 3- Methodology

This methodology section explains the methods and methodology adopted to fulfill the research objectives and aims mentioned in the Chapter 1 and finds the solution for appropriate research topics (Polonsky and Waller, 2010) and research questions followed by Deductive or Inductive approach that we can further see in research Methodology. It begins by directing the justification for research along with the Research Philosophy, Research Methodology, Research Strategy, Research Approach, Tools and analysis technique, Ethics of the Research, Research Limitation, Reliability and Validity of the Research by giving justification to each and every section for the choice of result has been selected for the quantitative approach. Saunders et al., (2009, P. 90) implies that the rational of the research strategy is supposed to be reliable on the research objectives and questions. Hence, derivative from the research objectives and questions, identify the various sources to gather data and reflect on the problems that will certainly have for example location and money, time, access to data, ethical issues.

3.1 Research Philosophy

It is significant to identify and realize your individual pattern as these establish the whole duration of the research development (Hussey and Hussey, 2000). Philosophy is applied to argument and reason in looking for information and fact which deals with crucial actuality or of common causes (Collis and Hussey, 2009). There are two main research philosophies that are positivism and phenomenology or Interpretivism (Hussey and Hussey, 2000). As Hussey and Collis (2009) states that research methodology could be applied with two different approaches, phenomenological and positivistic approach. To avoid the chaos at the later stages between Poitivisim (Positivist) and Interpretivist (Phenomenological) table below shows the difference between two

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philosophies. As both the philosophies have their specific strength and weakness which shown in the table below 3.1.1 Interpretism Interpretism is developed by the common fact which is not objective but very subjective therefore it is shaped by human observations (Collins and Hussey, 2009). The research communicates with the being researched because it is not possible to divide what exist in real and social world from what is going in the researchers mind (Saunders et.al, 2009). Through this process express its own experience in order to understand those of the informants. 3.1.2 Positivism: Positivism is developed by the principle that social actuality and the global detection of various theories based on observed research (Collins and Hussey, 2009). Addition to above, facts are gain from positive information cause every logically reasonable declaration can be systematically identified or is accomplished of rational or mathematical evidence (Walliman, 2001, p.15). As the research guiding business research under a philosophy that arises from positivism is focused on various theories to describe social circumstances. Kent (1993) states that with this action, human achievement has seen to be a consequence of outside stimulus that can be analyzed into effect and cause relationship. 3.1.3 Justification of Research Philosophy As per the material of the Chapter 2(Literature) the issue of climate Change that result into global warming caused by Anthropogenic (effect of human being on the natural world ) has been discussed. Hence, Positivism Philosophy has been taken, as we can easily find out caused and effect relationship from the above discussion in Chapter 2. As, SMEs are expected to cause 50-70% of all industrialized pollution(Hillary 1995; Pimenova and

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Vorst 2004; Revell and Blackburn 2007) and cause annually, 80% or just about 5400 pollution incidences(Netregs 2007; Revell & Blackburn 2007).

3.2 Research Methodology

There are two different ways of building what is right or wrong to make Conclusion; Induction and deduction. Induction is depending on experimental proof, while deduction is all based on logic (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2010). In common it includes the complete design, which can bring to the option of Research Methods. As Bailey (2007) defined methodology as How should the researcher go about finding the social actuality? (Bailey, 2007, p.51). Important differences between deductive and inductive approaches to research Deduction Emphasizes Scientific Principles Induction Emphasizes Gaining an understand of the meanings human attach to events Moving from theory to data. The need to explain casual relationship between variables The collection of quantitative data The application of controls to ensure validity of data The operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definition A more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progress A highly structured approach Research independence of what is being A realization that the research is part of the research process The collection of qualitative data A close understanding of the research context

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researched The necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalize conclusion Source: (Saunders et.al., 2010, p-127) 3.2.1 Deduction: Deduction is a method by which we turn up with logical conclusion by rational simplification of recognized fact (SEKARAN and BOUGIE, 2010). As it require not be truth in actuality, but it is rational as we appear at the penalty of a theory (GHAURI & GRNHAUG, 2010). As Deduction involves gather of actual facts to make sure or challenge the assumptions relationship among variables that have been deduced from propositions (GHAURI and GRNHAUG, 2010). The Deductive Methodology involves quantitative research whereas we build hypothesis from the obtainable Knowledge (Literature), which can be focus to practical analysis and thus can be approved or rejected (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The main goal of the researcher is not just to make assumptions from existing literature but also to define them in functioning conditions (Bryman and Bell, 2007) 3.2.2 Induction: Inductive research is a lesson in which theory is derived from the observation of experimental reality (Hussey & Hussey, 2000) which is opposite of deductive method. It gives conclusion from the practical knowledge or user experience from particular subject area (Collis and Hussey, 2009). As it involves drawing from individuals observation to detailed view of general methods or laws, and even it is also described as a drawing from specific to the general (Collis and Hussey, 2009). According to Saunders et al., (2009) Less concern with the need to generalize

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the inductive Methodology involves qualitative research which is troubled with the context in which events take place. According to the content of the Chapter 2(Literature) the issue of climate Change that result into global warming caused by Anthropogenic (effect of human being on the natural world) has been discussed. Hence, Positivism Philosophy has been taken, as we can easily find out caused and effect relationship from the above discussion in Chapter 2. 3.2.3 Justification of research methodology The deductive research is moves from the broad to the particular (Collis and Hussey, 2009). As in Chapter 2 the general issue of climate change has been discussed which goes further towards the small scale industry sector to point out role played by SME(s) in emitting carbon. Hence deductive approach is adopted. 3.4 Research Strategy The research strategy is mostly used to resolve the questions of the Issue raised in review of literature (Saunders et al., 2009). Research Strategy is the most important aspect and extensive activity from which we can find results, in order to fulfil the aims and objective of the research (Hussey and Collis, 2009), as Mentioned in Chapter 1(Introduction). Even research strategy is totally based on philosophy the researcher has adopted, as both the philosophy has different type of research strategy (Saunders et al., 2009) as shown below. Therefore, it is stated that the research strategy is the practical framework of the research which is connected to theoretical knowledge(Literature) (Hallebrone and Priest, 2009).In the table below () in which first two strategy are quantitative and rest are qualitative research from the above figure that has been describe on dividing each strategy into Merits and Deficiencies .

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Table 2: Evaluating Different Research Strategy Research Method Merits Deficiencies Not in-depth, hence not Generalizability of findings from large samples Especially useful for hypothesis testing Survey Easy and inexpensive to administer Offers anonymity Statistical validity and reliability concerns Problems with low-response rates useful for studying complex or conceptual issues Responses may be biased by the questions

High cost in terms of time and money Robust control of variables possible Experiment Causality can be established Recruiting subjects is not easy Artificial Legal and ethical constraints

Systematic generation of new theory from data (interaction between data Grounded Theory collection and analysis)

Perspective-based methodology (perceptions vary) Difficult when

Analyze experiences from the standpoint of those who live

conceptualizing complex phenomena, requires strong

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it Context-based and processoriented

research capabilities Not recommended for description Subject to researcher bias Generalizability questionable

Limited generalizability; not representative of entire Provides in-depth and holistic perspective Multi-faceted; can show different perspectives Can show how processes work over time and give Case Study insights into cause and effect Can serve both exploratory, descriptive and explanatory purposes Can supplement statistics or survey results populations Time-consuming and expensive to administer Bias of both the recipient (researcher) and supplier of information Data can be too rich, broad and complex to be analyzed Data analysis depends strongly on the analytical skills of the researcher Particularly difficult when dealing with rich and complex data

Ethnography

In-depth and holistic

Bias of the researcher

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description Can identify causalities

Requires strong research capabilities Time-demanding

Requires full access to the organization Findings have strong practical implications Action Research Provides unique insights Perceived as improving mainly practitioner and not academic knowledge Time consuming

Sources: Remenyi et al. (1998)

3.4.1 Survey The Survey Strategy is generally linked with the deductive methodology. It is admired and ordinary strategy used in business research. Surveys are wellliked as they permit the collection of huge amount of data from a significant population in a highly inexpensive way. Moreover, the survey strategy is

supposed as a reliable by people in common, fairly easy to clarify and to understand. The Survey Strategy gives us chance to gather quantitative data which can examine quantitatively using expressive and inferential statistics. Hence, while adopting this strategy few things should be believe as it is important for this research that the researcher needs to use time when ensuring that the sample is diplomat , conniving, and piloting the data

collection methods as it the most important part of the research for getting good response rate. Similarly, a lower than normal response rate does not necessarily means that responses are biased (Rogelberg & Stanton, 2007).

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As, the BERR (2007) stated in report that, in the UK, 4.71 million private sector enterprises were trading; 99.9% of businesses were SMEs. In spite of their huge accumulative impact Netregs (2007) surveys of SMEs originated that only 15% consideration they had very important environmental impacts, though this number greater than before to 49% once provoked. Hence Researcher has adopted Survey method as SME(s) in UK are widely spread and are very large in number and to investigate the percentage of the number have increased or decreased.

3.5 Research Method

Curran and Blackburn (2001) stated that it is critical to comprehend and make distinguish between two kinds of proof that perhaps gathered in business and also management researches: qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative research is to attempt the present accuracy to a set of remarks by using various statistics in the form of number or other counts (Remenyi et al., 1998). Robson (1997, P.11) dispute that quantitative research method is depend on assumption which are resulting from theory. The Hypothesis of the study has been done by the researcher in next section. Moreover, the objective of this research is to collect the data and findings of those data which can be reject or confirm the theory. Karami (2007) argued that quantitative research has been selected by the various authors to collect and analysis of data that can be measured at interval level. Addition to this, Hart (1987) pointed out that the measured data can be also shown in simple level but it can be also result of two different numerical form which is standard, agreeable, and fact for the statistic survey. In contrast, qualitative research is being likely to description of situation by human perception or words or such as a company report (Remenyi et al., 1998). Additionally, Bryman (1988) and Robson (1997) argued that qualitative research is based on case study or interview attempted by the author for

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particular subject. Moreover, this research is come out in the forms of themes rather than relationships as in quantitative research. Therefore, from the findings in research are often theorized and generalized from the collected data to confirm or disconfirm a given theory (Robson, 1997). Supportively, Van Maanen (1983) described qualitative methods as a technique which describe, decode or translate the data that frequency of particular naturally phenomena in the social world. As the research involves in count and measurement and survey statistics to know about the SME(s) awareness about Environmental impact. As, SMEs are still not familiar of their impacts. About 15% of the 4489 companies in touch with the SME Environment 2007 Survey measured that they undertook activities that could harm the environment (NetRegs 2007). Hence the researcher as adopted quantitative data to present the data in the statistical format. To Investigate about the current state of the SME(s).

3.6 Research Strategy

The research strategy is based on sources of data collection. As there are two kinds of Primary Sources Data and Secondary Sources Data as discussed below; 3.6.1 Primary Sources Data The primary data is undertaken by the any author for specific research for further development. Primary data refers to utilization of information collected by the other authors on a particular subject by addressing specific problem in research (Sekaran 2003). There are various ways through which primary data can be collected such as focus groups, case studies, survey and interviews (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). In this learning, the survey research has been adopted by the researcher as a primary research for gathering the primary data by sending feedback forms to SME(s) in UK. However, observation,

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(questionnaire) and interviews are used to collect the data normally (Ghauri et al., 1995). As per Sekaran (2003), the main benefit of interview is that interview is to be flexible in conditions of adopting, adjusting, and altering the particular theme as researcher carries on with interviewees. Moreover, questionnaires have the benefit of having efficiency and saves researchers energy, time and costs. On the other hand, personal interviews are collecting meaningful data in person situation. The researcher may conduct at the respondents home or a particular location, like a research office or any other place (Donald and Del, 1993). Nevertheless, the number of SME(s) in UK, is to large and widely spread to carry out personal interview in particular research and even to get an access to managers is quite a difficult task because of the money and time constraints, the questionnaires were e-mail attached in the form of word document with the supporting letter of supervisor and the cover letter mentioned about the research objective under the supervisor guidance send to the SME(s). As the quick growth of the internet the author has chose to send emails rather than conventional mail surveys. 100 questionnaire was sent through email , the email add of the SME(s) was find out from the Website www.sundaytimes.com . From the 100 questionnaire. The researcher received only 10 respondent, as based on the research topic the percentage of response rate was acceptable as it was 10% as it is supported by (Revell et.al, 2008) stating that Whilst an 8.8% response rate presents good opportunities for analysis of the sample as a single group, its small size does present some issues of representation. 3.6.2 Secondary Sources Data Secondary data are essential for most of the organization research. Secondary data pass on to information collected by anyone else rather than the research take in to place in the current study. As this data can be inside information or outside to the research organization and used through the internet or perusal of recorded or published information (SEKARAN &

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BOUGIE, 2010, p-184). There various sources of secondary data such as government publications of economic indicators, books and journals, Statistical abstracts and database, census data, (SEKARAN & BOUGIE, 2010, p-184). The importance of looking for sources is economy in time and costs of accuquiring data. However, Secondary data as the only source of information has the disadvantage of becoming outdated and not meeting the actual needs of the particular circumstances as this data might have collected for different research problems. As the researcher does have very small sample of primary data to analyze this cannot be representative for this research. Hence, to analyze the data the researcher have selected Ad hoc survey as secondary data. Ad hoc surveys are generally one-off Survey and are far more exact in their subject matter (Saunders et al., 2009, p.262). The data included from the questionnaire that been taken into consideration by independent researchers as well as interviews undertaken by organization and government. Hover ever, Because of Ad hoc nature; sometimes it is difficult to discover relevant Survey. Whereas, it may be that sector in which the research is undertaken research has guided its own questionnaire, on an issue may be regarding to your research topic or objective. Hence the data collected as secondary data which was found on the organization website as they conduct research on the particular subject matter or on government website such as the UK governments Directgov and the European Unions Europe, Environmental agency, Carbon trust, Netregs, BERR as they supply useful gateway to a large range of statistical data, legislative documents, and reports.

3.7 Hypothesis
As we identify the important variable in a situation and establish the relationship among them through logical reasoning in the theoretical framework by adopting positivism philosophy and deduction methodology

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(SEKARAN & BOUGIE, 2010). Hence we are in the position to test whether the relationship scientifically through appropriate statistical analyses with the help of quantitative research, so that we can obtain reliable information to find out the existence of relationship among the variables operating in the problem situation (SEKARAN & BOUGIE, 2010).

3.8 Population and Sampling

As Malhotra and Birks (2006:732) explained that a population is the sum of each and every important fundamental that uses few general set of distinctiveness and that contains creation of the principle of the marketing research constraint. In this research, the sample population will be defined as: SME(s) in UK. The technique of sample collection can be separated into two groups: probability sampling and second is non-probability sampling (Blumberg et al., 2005; Malhotra and Birks, 2006). Probability sampling is recommended to be a higher dependability, superior level of both representative and generalization (Sarantakos, 1998; Bryman, 2004), this research is preparing to use second sampling method as the population used for the research is large. The nature of population identifies that it is not possible to adapt probability method. Even Bryman (2004) stated that profitability sampling engaged with preparation will lead to more

complicatedness and costs. Sampling technique gives wide range of methods that enables you to decrease the amount of information the researcher need to gather and taking into account only data from a sub-group rather than all possible situations or elements (Saunders el.al., 2009). As some research questions need sample data to make generalize view about all cases from which sample has been choosen. Hence the researcher has adopted Snowball Sampling as it is generally used when it is very difficult to recognize members of the preferred population. The

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main problem is building initial contact. In some cases samples problems of partiality are huge, as respondent are expected to identify other respondent who are similar to themselves, ensuing homogenous sample (Lee, 1993). As the Researcher has attended Climate Change Seminar to make the Initial Contact with Some of the SME(s) representative from Federation of Small Business and even used the The Sunday Times website to find out the top 100 SME(s) in UK for Survey. The sampling criteria for insertion were based on recognized EU definitions, whereby SMEs employees than 250 employees with a turnover of up to 50 million Euros(Baden et.al., 2007)

3.9 Questionnaire design and Piloting

As suggested by Robson, Pemberton and McGrane (2008, p.56), this questionnaire also has a Research objective a Researchers Reference part to track the respondents completing the questionnaire and therefore help to understand about the representativeness of the sample to the population, and an Official Use column to help coding the questionnaire. Then it assures the confidentiality and anonymity of respondents, which complies with the data protection act (2002). However, having to cover wide range of information makes the letter long and may discourage the respondents to read it. Questionnaires are an appropriate method to collect huge amount of data from a large sample at comparatively low cost (Kumar, 1999). As per Sekaran (2003), Likert-type scale is preference among well accepted way of measuring

scales and widely used in research particularly in the social

sciences for identifying individuals opinions, attitudes and viewpoint. In the fourth part respondent opinion and overall rating, most of the questions developed consist of five point Likert-type scales. Likert scale items procedures more than one dimension at a time is measured increasing cognitive complication, thus enriching measurement error (Hodge & Gillespie, 2003). As sometimes difficulty is also observed in odd number of responses

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where midpoint neutral statement of neither agree nor disagree is confused with dont know or not available (Raaijmakers et. al., 2000). And the questionnaire design process is conducted by the following steps: indicate the information required; establish the content of individual questions; prevail over the respondents incapacity and unwillingness to answer; choose question structure; choose question phrasing; arrangement of the questions in the correct order; recognize the form and layout; Reproduce the questionnaire (Malhotra and Birks, 2006).

It ends by thanking all the respective respondents and make sure them once again about private confidentiality of the data given by the respondent, as suggested by Robson, Pemberton and McGrane (2008). 3.9.1 Piloting Whereas conducting the survey technique it is very essential parameter to carry out the Piloting a questionnaire for testing the potential usefulness and recognizing limitation of the questionnaire (Robson, Pemberton and McGrane, 2008, p52). Sekaran (2003) implies that as the pilot study observes the questionnaire from various sides including wording, sequence, question content, questionnaire difficulty, form and layout, and instructions, it is beneficial to rectify insufficiency of the questions and get better. However, since no one to explain the exact idea of the questions to respondent, it is compulsory that the questions are effortless and simple to understand (kumar, 1999). The use of the pilot testing in the study is to increase the soundness and dependability of the questionnaire in order to classify and reduce

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problems to look up the questionnaire. Hence, the researcher has pilot study of the questionnaire by distribution to their class mates, to local shops, to find do they understand the language or else it has more simply. As per outcome of pilot study, some questions were drastically altered while others were kept same as before. And the minimum sample size will also be planned after pilot testing. 3.9.2 Interpretation of questionnaire This questionnaire has a clear structure, containing the questions asking about quantitative and qualitative data following with the beginning with an introduction part in the form of a cover letter explaining about research aims and objective. The questionnaire is dividing into Three parts:1) Organization Details 2) Organization Background Details related to environmental Policy 3) Respondent opinion and overall rating for Environment management System The Six questions, includes organization profiles. Whereas, the fifth question is to Known about the organization as per the EU Definition on SME(s). The question Seven and eight is known about the organization sector and Classification. The second part is used to gather the information about Organization background details related to Environmental policy to know about the current situation or state of the organization related to environment policy. The third Part is used to collect the respondent opinions and overall ratings for environment Management system and to rate the prompts and barrier that the organization face in day to day work with the help of liker scale.

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3.10 Validity test

The validity test explains that the extent to which it measures the data what it is actually going to be measure (Pallant, 2005:6). Kirk and Miller (1986) stated that validity test as the purity of robust between technique of observation and the foundation on which it is going to be made. The validity of research can be simply destabilized when the author adopt the incorrect research techniques or very poor samples for research. In this learning, the questionnaire survey technique will be used upon the supervisors leadership, in order to identify the rational meaning of the questions are recognized by the different respondents. And the wordings, sequence question, content, form of layout have been improved by Pilot testing. So the new or revised

questionnaire can offer higher level of validity for the research.

3.11 Reliability test

It is significant to discover different scales that are dependable when researchers are choosing scales to comprise in the learning. Before gather the data, a pilot study was applied to test the consistency of the questionnaire. Reliability of tool is used in a study that means the truthfulness and exactness in determining what it is designing to measure in the first place. As explained by Pallant (2005:6), Cornbachs alpha coefficient is one among the most commonly used guideline of reliability. Also, according to Sekaran (2003), dependency of less than 0.6 is poor, whiles those in the range 0.7 and above is good.

3.12 Data analysis method

In this research, the data which gathered from the questionnaire are examined by using the Excel or SPSS. Usually, there are two types of tests: parametric statistic and non parametric statistic. The parametric tests build hypothesis about the data population that the sample has been pinched from. Nonparametric techniques, on the other side, do not make appropriation about the

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causal population allotment (Pallant, 2005). According to Pallant (2005:286) non-parametric techniques are perfect for use when you have data that are calculated on nominal and ordinal scales, and they are also helpful when the research have very small sample.

3.13 Ethical issue

This research has been performed in concurrent with the ethical rules of the University of Northumbria at Newcastle. (http://northumbria.ac.uk/static/worddocuments/ethicspolicy.doc). The respondent firms respective managers and all partakers were mentioned about research in a sufficient manner and permission was accomplished to carry out the research. The desire of the organization and anonymity of all partakers was kept in mind. It is approved and mentioned in the Appendix that all meaningful data collected will be considered as private and confidential and used for educational purpose only (see Cover letter and questionnaire in the Appendix1). No other ethical issues have mounted.

3.14 Summary
In this chapter, the methodology section is recognized to produce the research method that is appropriate to tackle the research questions. Firstly, research principle and objectives were initiated. Secondly, primary data collection, particularly of prepared questionnaire, which was further divided in two parts, is assumed. Thirdly, the sample population has defined as: SME(s) in UK. And non-probability sampling was taken into consideration for sampling method. After that, questionnaire was planned according to principles, and some interpretation of it has presented. Fifthly, the paper described the pilot testing to verify validity and reliability for the research. Sixthly, the excel and statistical software package SPSS were used to analyze the statistics in this research. lastly, ethical issues were presented.

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Just to simplify the things figure below shows the two routes in which Route 1 is chosen for the research purpose that would be discussed and justified in this Chapter 3

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Chapter 4- Data analysis and Findings

This chapter will present the main findings resulted from the Questionnaire survey and the Secondary data. The statistics will be calculated through the different software such as Microsoft excel and SPSS. Firstly, the chapter starts with total no of green house gases and carbon emission emitted by the various industry sector that effects climate change application of research technique. And then, the test will be used to test the hypotheses. Lastly, the research will discuss whether the benefit of Implementing Green supply chain in SME(s) of UK to reduce carbon footprint.

4.1 Total Greenhouse Gas emission By economic sector

Total Greenhouse gas emission by economic sector of UK

Education, health Other and social work services 1% 4% Public administration 1% Other business services 1% Transport and communication 13% Wholesale and retail trade 3% Construction 2% Agriculture Mining and 7% quarrying 4% Domestic 21% Manufacturing 15% Electricity, gas and water supply 28%

Source: (DFT, 2009) http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/energyenvironment/

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Investigating on the climate change because of GHG emission. Hence we have show the pie-chart to find out Economic Sector which plays the major role in emission. It is total no of GHG emission of 2008 emitted by the economic sector of UK. As it is further divided on the basis of the Industry type and classification. As we can clearly see from the chart that Electricity, gas and water supply(28%) and domestic(21%) emit higher percentage of GHG emission which is mixture of various gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen. Following with it Manufacturing sector(15%) and transport(13%) emits higher percentage of GHG emission. The agriculture(7%) , Mining and quarrying(4%) and other services(4%) the average sector in emitting GHG emission. As these show low presence in emitting GHG emission as compared to Domestic , Electricity, gas and water supply and Manufacturing show very high influence on GHG emission and this result into major concerned. As these industry sectors are the most important sectors for the growth of the country but due the contribution of high percentage of GHG emission these sectors have become major concerned at the present time.

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4.2 Total C02 emission by Economic Sector

Total C02 emission by Economic Sector

Agriculture 1% Other services 1% Domestic 24% Education, health and social work 1% Public administration 1% Other business services 1% Manufacturing 17% Mining and quarrying 3%

Transport and communication 15%

Electricity, gas and water supply 31%

Wholesale and retail trade 3%

Construction 2%

Source: (DFT, 2009) http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/energyenvironment/ The above pie chart shows the total no of percentage of Co2 gas emission by the all sectors of UK of the year 2008. As it was necessary to know the percentage of Co2 gas emission because in GHG gases Co2 gas has the highest priority. It has been also proved by many scientific study Co2 is the major concerned of Climatic change and Global Warming. In this case also electricity, gas and water supply(31%) and Domestic(24%) are the sectors which emits high percentage of Co2 emission. Closely, Followed by

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Manufacturing(17%) and Transport(15%). The Mining and quarrying(3%), Wholesale and retail trade(3%) and Construction(2%) shared small percentage of Co2 emission.

4.3 Enterprises, Employment and Turnover by size of Enterprises of UK private Sector, 2008
Enterprises, Employment and Turnover by size of Enterprises of UK private Sector, 2008
90.00
80.00 70.00 60.00 Percentage 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.05 20.00 10.00 15.21 13.90 17.32 16.01 2.16 Micro Enterprises Small Employment Medium Turnover 48.78 54.07 83.45

13.85 14.71
0.49 Large

Source: (BIS, 2009) http://stats.bis.gov.uk/ed/sme In Bar graph the distribution of Enterprises, Employment and Turnover is shown of UK and it is been separated by SME(s) category define by European Commission in the Literature review according to Head count: annual work unit in the enterprises SME(s) Category

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1) Micro Enterprises are defined when the Enterprises has less than10 Headcount or employees 2) Small Enterprises are defined when the Enterprises has less than 50 Headcount or employees 3) Medium Enterprises are defined when the Enterprises has less than 250 headcount or employees 4) If the headcount or employees are more than 250 then it does not comes under SME(s) it is been define as large Enterprises(European Commission, 2005) As we can analyse from the bar graph the percentage of Micro Enterprises(83.45 %) is very large as compared to Small(13.90 %) and Medium Enterprises(2.16 %). Moreover, the percentage of Large Enterprises(0.49 %) is comparatively very low as compared to Micro, Small, Medium Category of SME(s). Hence, we can find out the major role by SME(s) in UK economy. As we add up Micro, Small and Medium by enterprises employment and turnover as shown below. SME(s) Enterprises: Micro(86.45) + Small(13.90) + Medium(2.16) = 99.51%. Employment: Micro(20.05%) + Small(17.32%) + Medium(13.85%) = 51.22% Turnover: Micro(15.21%) + Small(16.01%) + Medium(14.71%) = 45.93%

Moreover, as compared employment in SME(s) and Large enterprises. The SME(s) account 51.22% of employment in comparison with Large Enterprises which account 48.78%, which again less than the SME(s) of UK and with Turnover SME(s) account 45.93% and Large Enterprises account 54.07%, which is moderately high. Hence we can justified from the literature in Chapter 2 Section 4 that the approx 99.9% are SME(s) from the total private sector of

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UK. Whereas, as compared to the Large Enterprises they account only 0.49 % of enterprises from the total private sector of UK. Whereas, Employment account more than 50% that creates more job opportunity and the Turnover is close to 46% which moderately less than large Enterprises but then also plays the important role in UK economy.

4.4 Distribution of Employees in SME's all over UK by percentage

Distribution of Employees in SME's all over UK by percentage

25.8 29.1 28.7 27.8 27.2 27.1 25.9 25.4 24.3 29.9

26.8 26.7 25.4

21.1

SME(s)

Source: (BIS, 2009) http://stats.bis.gov.uk/ed/sme As we have seen from the Bar Chart the Distribution of SME(s) all over UK by percentage. Hence, Now we have provided Distribution of Employees working in SME of UK by Region. As United Kingdom is group of Four countries all together in which England is largest country from all the other three countries Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland. Hence, England further divided into 9 different region. To know which region acquire more percentage of Employees working in SME(s). Analysing the region, the highest percentage of employees working in SME(s) is from West Midlands with 29.1% following with it North

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West provide (28.7%) and East Midlands provide (27.8%) employment to people. Hence, looking to the UK economy West Midlands is Top region to provide employment to the employees in SME(s) as basic land cost in this region is at low rate. Whereas, South East has only (24.3%) and London has only (21.1%) of Employees working in SME(s) because the percentage of SME(s) are less than in this place because of High land rate

4.5 Distribution of Employees in SME's all over UK by percentage

Distributions of SME(s) of UK by Industries sector

UK Industries 1,205,298 1,008,715

582,697 502,127 324,006 174,141 15,529 A Mi Ma C W H T 163,941 74,086 294,505 168,137 265,319

Source: (BIS, 2009) http://stats.bis.gov.uk/ed/sme Code

A

Industry Sector
Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry; Fishing

Mi

Mining and Quarrying; Electricity, Gas and Water Supply

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Ma C W H T F R E H

Manufacturing Construction Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repairs Hotels and Restaurants Transport, Storage and Communication Financial Intermediation Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities Education Health and Social work

Other Community, Social and Personal Service Activities

As from the above Bar Chart we can see the Distribution of SME(s) of UK by industries sector and we can analyze the number of SME(s) in the various industry sector. Hence, we can find out the distribution and the contribution and in which sector there are number of SME(s) are there. This Bar chart is present to show the cause and effect relationship between the SME(s) and the Climate change which has been discussed in the literature review in Section 1 and 4 . As we the Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities Sector with 1.21 million has highest no of SME(s) as compared to all other sectors. Where the usage of Electricity, Gas and Water is used on the large scale. Following with it Construction industry has 1.01 million of SME(s). In the third and fourth place is Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repairs Industry with 0.58 million of SME(s) and Other Community, Social and Personal Service Activities Industry with 0.50 million of SME(s). Following with it Manufacturing Industry has 0.32

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million of SME(s) but while analysing the first two pie-chart its the third Industrial Sector emitting GHG emission and Co2 Emission which is the part of Greenhouse Gases(GHGs). Hence we can see from the Bar chart the in most of Industry sector there are more than 0.5 million of SME(s) widely spread and only in two industry sector it is less than 0.5 million that is Financial Intermediation(which is also referred as Financial Institution) and Mining and Quarrying. In these sector the percentage of SME(s) is low because some sector are handled by government and some sector needs high investment which SME(s) cant afford to invest because of less Turnover as seen above in the bar chart(Enterprises, Employment and Turnover by size of Enterprises of UK private Sector, 2008). The bar chart below shows the Total no of SME(s) in UK industries which has increased with respect to year 2007 as seen in the BERR(2007) report which is mention in the Chapter 2 Section 4 there are approx 4.71 million private sector in which 99.9% is acquired by SME(s) and in the year 2008 there are 4.78 million of private sector (s) as we add all the industrial sector figures as shown below.

As we see there is the increase in number of private sectors in UK from the 2007 to 2008 year. Hence it is very much necessary to show time series trend for the private sectors from 1994 to 2008 year to find growth rate of increasing or decreasing of private sectors as it plays major role in UK economy

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4.6 Distribution of UK Private Sector basis on years

Distribution of UK Private Sector basis on years

No of Enterprises in millions

3.58

3.71

3.72

3.71

3.66

3.58

3.72

3.75

3.80

4.02

4.28

4.34

4.47

4.68

4.78

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: (BIS, 2009) http://stats.bis.gov.uk/ed/sme

As we can see from the above bar chart from the year 1994 there is the increase 1.20 million of private sector in UK till the year 2008. As private sector plays the major role in UK economy by creating jobs or employment which is very much essential to build a healthy economy, providing flexibility, innovation and competition(Gerstenfeld & Roberts 2000) as discussed in the Chapter 2 literature review Section 4. It has also discussed that from the overall private sector approximately 99.9 percent are SME(s). As the percentage is very high. Hence, we can say that SME(s) plays an important role in UK economy which is the most important and essential part. Along with it we have shown the Bar chart showing the percentage of increase or decrease of private sector as per years and we can analyses that except 1995 we see percentage of decrease in no of private sector but from the 2000 year

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we see constant rise in no of private sector till 2008 as it shows positive trend in contributing to UK economy

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In this case the variables for Co2 are taken from the year 1990 to 2008 and are weight in megatons

4.7 Carbon Emission by Year

620 600 580 560 540 520 500 480 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Co2 Emission 592.8 600.2 582.9

Carbon Emission by Year

567.9
575.3 561.8 553.1 562.6

551.5 553.6

543.1

551.2

556.7 556.3 553.9

545

551.4

543.6 532.8

Source: (DECC, 2008) http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/climate_change/gg_emissions/uk_emi ssions/2008_final/2008_final.aspx As we see from the above Bar Chart there was a rise in Carbon emission from the following year 1990 and 1991. As from year 1990 the UK government started taking steps to reduce carbon emission. Hence the year 1990 is also known as Baseline years. The carbon emission measured in the year 1990 and 1991 was more as compare to others following years. Hence, we can also stated that the year 1990 was the initial period when the climate change issue came under consideration and the UK government started taking steps to cut down carbon emission by implementing Carbon Reduction Commitment by 13.5 percent by 2008 and 30 percent by 2020(HM Government, 2006a; Stern, 2008). As certain steps were taken to reduce carbon emission that shows positive effects as we see declined in the carbon emission from the year 1992 to 2008, but this declined rate of the carbon emission was not up to the mark

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as the percentage of decrease of carbon till the year 2008 compare from the baseline year is 10.1 percent. Hence, the target set by the UK government has not been achieved till the year 2008.

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Extreme Values Case Number Co2 Highest 1 2 3 4 5 Lowest 1 2 3 4 5 2 1 3 7 4 19 10 18 13 11 Value 600.20 592.80 582.90 575.30 567.90 532.80 543.10 543.60 545.00 551.20

( In the above table Case Number Section; 1 = 1990 year and so on to 19 = 2008 year) As we see from the above table the highest and lowest value of Co2 emission by case number which is been taken instead of year starting from 1990 to 2008. Looking at the highest value still we can find that case number 2 and 1( 1991 and 1990 year) are the first and second highest year in emitting carbon emission and looking at the lowest table of Co2 gas emission we find out that still there are no recent years with the lowest carbon emission leaving the case number 19 and 17 (2008 and 2007 year) which are the 1st lowest and 3 lowest year emitting carbon emission. Hence, this table derived towards the fact that there is improvement in to achieve low carbon economy but still need to do lot improvement and action needs to be taken to reduce carbon emission from the baseline of 1990 to achieve the goal of Kyoto protocol 2020 which has been discussed above in Chapter 2 Section 1.

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As it is been Discussed in the Literature Review(Chapter 2) that increase in number of SMEs are likely to produce 50-70% carbon emission(Hillary 1995; Pimenova & Vorst 2004; Revell & Blackburn 2007) and produce annually, 80 percent (Netregs 2007; Revell & Blackburn 2007). It is even stated that SMEs cause about 43 per cent of carbon emission and generate 60 per cent of commercial waste in England and Wales (Environment Agency, 2006, p. 11). Hence, to verify that we drawn the bar Chart on the basis of annual growth in percentage. We have compare Private Sector of UK as 99.9 percent are SME(BERR, 2007) and Carbon emission by years.

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4.8 Trend of Private Sector and Carbon emission by Year

Trend of Private Sector and Carbon emission by Year

8.00% 6.00%

4.00% Percentage

2.00%

0.00%

-2.00%

-4.00%

-6.00%
Growth rate of private Sector Private sector

1995 3.48% -1.55%

1996 0.49% 4.01%

1997 -0.45% -4.14%

1998 -1.34% 0.38%

1999 -2.09% -1.90%

2000 3.94% 1.49%

2001 0.64% 2.07%

2002 1.37% -3.13%

2003 5.89% 2.15%

2004 6.50% -0.07%

2005 1.38% -0.43%

2006 2.87% -0.45%

2007 4.75% -1.41%

2008 2.23% -1.99%

Co2 Emission

Source (DECC, 2008; BIS, 2009)

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As presented in the above Bar chart Growth Trend of Private Sector and Carbon Emission by years to analyses increase in number of Private sector has effect in increased of Carbon emission for the following years. As we see there is a continuous growth in Private Sector from the year 1999 to 2008 year, But at the same time we analyse downfall of carbon emission by some percentage annually. Hence we can say that Increase in number might have some effect in increased in carbon emission, but Private sectors are not only the cause in emitting carbon emission. Moreover, the result above in pie chart (Total Co2 emission by Economic Sector of 2008 )suggest that from the economic sector there are major economic sector which contribute more in emitting carbon emission. Hence, to find the association between various economic sector in UK emitting carbon emission exist or not we would be performing correlation analysis as shown

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Hence to perform this test we have breakdown the SME of UK on the basis of Industry Sector emitting carbon emission as shown in the Bar chart(Distribution of SME`s of UK by Industries sector) above

4.9 COORELATION/ASSOCIATION:

i)

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN The number of SME(s) in different INDUSTRY SECTOR with CARBON EMISSION of 2008 YEAR:

Correlations Industry Sector Industry Sector Sig. (2-tailed) N Co2 Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 12 .390 .211 12 12 .211 12 1 Pearson Correlation 1 Co2 .390

The hypothesis will be: HO: =0 (No linear association between Co2 and no of enterprises) H1: 0 (Correlation exists between Co2 and no of enterprises) In the above figure the correlation value (r) = 0.390 indicates a positive control impact that Industry sector has on C02. The sig. (2-tailed) value is 0.211 which is greater than 0.05. Hence, Ho will be accepted at 5% significance level. This would suggest a component of error management is perhaps as yet unexplained to consider Industry sector variable as a hopeful factor for Co2

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4.8.1 Industry Sector by Co2 Emission The diagram below shows the random scatter i.e. r= 0.3 positive gradient which is close to zero that indicates there is no linear relationship exist. Hence, we can say that there is no linear relationship between Co2 emission (Y axis) & Industry Sector (X axis).

No of Enterprises As we have Seen Random Scattering of the Co2 and Industry Sector(Enterprises )in the scatter graph. Hence, we can say that the contribution of the various industry sector differs according to the classification of Industry. Moreover, we can see the bilateral scale. Hence, we can also say that there is joint between the Industry sector emitting Carbon emission. As some of Industry sector emits more carbon emission and some are less in numbers. Moreover, we cannot denied from the fact that there is increasing concern about the emission caused by Human activity, have an unpleasant effect on the ecological system and even causes climate change (IPCC, 2007). Hence,

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analysing current circumstances the UK government have targeted to reduce 30% of carbon emission by 2020 from the baseline year 1990 mentioned in Kyoto protocol(Stern, 2008). Hence with the help of above chart ( Trend of Co2 emission from 1990 to 2008 ). We will be performing the forecasting of Co2 emission from 2009 to 2020 to find out will the government will be able to achieve or not the target projection through Kyoto Protocol of 2020 for Co2 emission. Hence, we have perform Linear Regression as shown below:

4.9 LINEAR REGRESSION:

In the below (coefficient table), the constant Standardized coefficient is -0.786, Year of unstandardized coefficients is -2.424. Where, sig value is 0.000 and sig(2 tailed) =0.000<0.01. Hence , it is significant at the 1% level very strong, positive highly significant. Hence it is appropriate to predict the C02 emission for upcoming years based on the simple regression model
Model Summary Adjusted R Model 1 R .786
a

Std. Error of the Estimate 11.02648

R Square .618

Square .596

a. Predictors: (Constant), Year

Coefficients

Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients Model 1 (Constant) Year B 5404.718 -2.424 Std. Error 923.239 .462 -.786 Coefficients Beta t 5.854 -5.248 Sig. .000 .000

a. Dependent Variable: Co2

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In the above table(Model Summary), R-square is 0.618 or 61.8% as it indicates 61.8% of the variation in Co2 (y) that can be explain by variation in Years. Hence from the above justification we will be Analyse Regression linear to get the value of equation y=bx + a R2 = 61.8% Moderately high, Therefore suggesting a good fitting model From the above table (Model summary) R is 0.786, positive , close to 1 Forecasting of Co2 emission for the year 2009 to 2020. Can be get by using the equation below where x = no of years and y = predicted carbon emission Where B = Slope, The Increase in Year will decrease the Co2 emission by -2.437 and A= Intercept, that is Constant from Unstandardized Coefficient By putting the following values we get derived the equation shown below Y=-2.4237x+ 5404.7 4.8.1 Analyses Summary of Co2 emission from Linear Regression in a Scatter graph

Co2 Emission from year 1990 to 2008

610 600 590 580 570 560 550 540 530 520
1985 1990 1995 Co2 Emission in megatonnes

Co2 Emission y = -2.4237x + 5404.7 R = 0.6183 2000 2005 2010 Linear (Co2 Emission)

Years

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Source: (DECC, 2008) http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/climate_change/gg_emissions/uk_emi ssions/2008_final/2008_final.aspx 4.8.2 Forecasting Of Co2 Emission

Forecast Model Co2Model_1 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Foreca 535.54 533.11 530.69 528.27 525.84 523.42 520.99 518.57 516.15 513.72 511.30 508.88 st UCL LCL 558.80 556.38 553.95 551.53 549.11 546.68 544.26 541.83 539.41 536.99 534.56 532.14 512.27 509.85 507.43 505.00 502.58 500.15 497.73 495.31 492.88 490.46 488.04 485.61

From the above table we can find out that predicted forecast on the basis of 95% confidence level but the percentage of probability is 61.8 % as per the R-squared derived in the above table (Model Summary), is for the year 2020 is approx 508.88 megatons on the basis of the current trend of the carbon emission and the Upper Control Limit(UCL ) Shows approx 532.14 megatons of carbon emission, if the situation is not in control and in Lower Control Limit(LCL) Shows approx 485.61 megatons of carbon emission if the same implementation is carried out but when we compare the lower control limit carbon emission of the year 2020 from the baseline year 1990 which was approx 592.8 megatons of carbons the reduction in percentage is 18.1% approx. Formula to calculate percentage change from the baseline year Percentage change from the Baseline year = 2020/ 1990-1 = - 0.181 * 100 = 18.1% As Stated by Stern(2008 ) that UK government has Targeted to reduce carbon emission by 30% by 2020 from the Baseline year 1990 reveal in Kyoto protocol, But on the basis

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above the figure, we can state that UK government will miss the target by 11.9%, as this figure shows that there is lot of gap or difference from the set target.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IMPACT

CARBON EMISSION

WASTE MANAGEMENT

WATER USAGE

OTHERS

Frequency

Percent

Cumulative Percent

Frequency

Percent

Cumulative Percent

Frequency

Percent

Cumulative Percent

Frequency

Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid NO Yes NO

4 6 10

40.0 60.0 100.0

40.0 100.0

2 8 10

20.0 80.0 100.0

20.0 100.0

7 3 10

70.0 30.0 100.0

70.0 100.0

8 2 10

80.0 20.0 100.0

80.0 100.0

Source: (Current Researcher, 2010)

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First we analyses from the questionnaire response from the SME(s) point of view what are the environmental issues have any impact on the way of the organisation to conducts its business. Hence, we have prepared the frequency table to respondent response. As we can see from the above table from total of 10 responses 80% of respondent have selected Waste Management as the environmental issue that has impact on their business. Following that 60% of respondent have selected Carbon emission as the environmental issue that has impact on their business and Some of the respondent has selected water usage and other impacts but with low percentage with 30% for water usage and 20% for others as shown above

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In the previous Discussion we analyse the percentage of responses about environmental Issues impact on the way of the organisation to conducts its business. Hence, organisation takes steps to overcome from this issues. As the respondent responded that the organisation are trying to improve their management to overcome environmental impacts to its business but there are various factors that prevents the organisation to improve. As responded by the respondent.

Lack of appropriately trained staff Not seen as core business issue Little awareness / understanding of environmental issues Lack of time Dont know Other Please specify

Hence, we need to find out the factors are basically responsible for preventing SME(s) from Improving or not

We would be performing One sample t-test to know the role of factors that prevents the SME(s) from improving or not improving the management of the environment impacts of its business. One sample t-test is a statistical procedure that is used to know the mean difference between the sample and the known value of the population mean. The given data is quantitative and the size of the sample is more than 10 , Therefore CLT theorem will not be applied and be we will be doing non-parametric test. Where, t = one sample t-test, = population mean, n= number of observation in sample, X= Sample mean, S= Standard deviation for one sample t test

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Hypothesis will be HO: ( ) ( Factors prevents the SME(s) from improving its Management ) H1: ( ) (Factors do not prevents the SME(s) from improving its Management) (Two sided) The level of significance is 5%

4.9 One-Sample Statistics

Std. Error N FACTOR PREVENTING IN IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 10 Mean 2.90 Std. Deviation Mean 1.370 .433

One-Sample Test Test Value = 6 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Sig. (2t FACTOR PREVENTING IN IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS -7.154 df 9 tailed) .000 Mean Difference -3.100 Lower -4.08 Upper -2.12

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From the table One- Sample Statistics Mean is 2.90 and Std. Deviation is 1.370. In the above table our t value is -7.154, 9 degree of freedom and Sig.(2-tailed ) value is 0.000 which is less than 0.05 at 5% significance level. Therefore we reject HO and H1 is accepted . Hence, we can say that factors are not preventing SME(s) in improving the management of the environmental impacts for its business. Moreover, we drawn below the Bar Chart to show the respondent response.

4.10 Factors preventing the SME(s) from improving its Management

Factors preventing the SME(s) from improving its Management

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Lack of Not seen as Little Lack of time appropriately core business awareness / trained staff issue understanding of environmental issues Dont know Poor Infrastructure to Support Facility

Responses

Hence, we can analyse that Response of the respondent about the common factor in preventing SME(s) in improving the management of the environmental impacts for its business. From the overall 10 Respondent, Lack of Time is 30% that means 3 out of 10 SME(s) face the Barrier Lack of Time, Which is most important Barrier. Following it, Lack of appropriately trained Staff (20%) and Not Seen as Core Business Issue shares the same percentage of responses but in this case 20% of SME(s) still does not sees

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any kind of effectiveness in improving the management. Hence, there is concern to such SME(s) where they have no awareness about the Environmental Management System as it is very essential for day to day business, which is also supported Darnell, Henriques and Sadorsky (2008) who state that business performance can be improved by adoption of EMS and could be an important tool in business development.

4.11 Respondents opinions of the Prompts for the SME(s) in reducing carbon emission?, under the following headings
Very Ineffective Regulatory Demands Cost Savings Stakeholder Requirements Competitive Requirements Ineffective Neither Effective nor Ineffective Effective Very Effective

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 10%

20% 30% 40% 50%

40% 50% 40% 20%

40% 20% 20% 20%

Source: (Current Researcher, 2010) In the above table we see the respondents opinions for the prompts or drivers for the SME(s) in reducing carbon emission. As we see Respondent has selected three column that is their response is neural(Neither effective nor Ineffective ), Effective and Very effective but as we see in depth we see the higher percentage in Neutral column and effective column but in the very effective column we see tend to see lower percentage. This result into there are Prompts for the SME(s) in various ways but these prompts does not influence in SME(s) up to the extend. These Prompts in some case motivates SME(s) but majority of them have neutral effect on them.

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4.12 Respondent opinions of the Barrier for the SME(s) in reducing carbon emission?
Very Ineffective Resource Constraints Lack of Support Lack of Training and Awareness No perceived advantages Social & Political Issues Ineffective Neither Effective nor Ineffective Effective Very Effective

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 30% 30% 30% 50%

30% 50% 60% 60% 40%

70% 20% 10% 10% 10%

Source: (Current Researcher, 2010)

In the above table we see the respondents opinions for the Barriers for the SME(s) in reducing carbon emission. As we see Respondent has selected three column that is their response is neural(Neither effective nor Ineffective ), Effective and Very effective but as we see in depth we see the higher percentage in effective column and in Very effective column as in both the column we tend to see higher percentage. This result into that the Barriers influence in SME(s) up to the major extend. As we 70% respondent have selected they face the problem of resource constraint these is because as SME(s) has less turnover and financial capital as Compare to large companies as mentioned in the above Bar chart the distribution of Enterprises, Employment and Turnover is shown of UK

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4.13 Summary of Findings from the above analysis

Analyses and Justification To find out the Total GHG Emission by Economic Sector Of UK There are four Major Economic Sector in emitting GHGs As Co2 is top priority gas in GHG. Hence, we need to find out Co2 emission by economic sector The Percentage Contribution of SME(s) In UK Economic Percentage Distribution of employment in SME(s) all over UK By region and country Electricity, gas and water supply with 28 % Domestic with 21% Manufacturing with 15% Transport and Communication with 13% Findings

As from the findings there are four Major Economic Sector Involved In emitting carbon emission Electricity, gas and water supply with 31 % Domestic with 24% Manufacturing with 17% Transport and Communication with 15%

The researcher has find out there are approx 99.51% of SME(s) in UK Which provide 51.22% creates employment and also contribute 45.93% of Turnover as compare to Large companies with 54.07%. Hence, suggest that SME(s) have less financial capital as compare to large Companies Country Northern Ireland contribute with 29.9% of Employment Wales Contribute with 26.8 % of Employment Scotland Contribute with 26.7% of Employment England Contribute with 25.4 of Employment

Regions West Midlands contribute with 29.1% of employment North west Contribute with 28.7 % of employment Whereas, London contribute with 21.1% of employment

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To find out the Number of SME(s) by Industry Sector

The researcher has find out that the Highest number of SME(s) are in Real estate, Renting and Business activities. Following with it Construction is Second and after that the SME(s) are high in numbers in Wholesale: Retail trade: Repairs and Social and Personal Services but Gas and water supply , Manufacturing and transportation have less no of SME(s)

Trend Of UK private sector basis on Years Trend of Carbon Emission by Years

The researcher has find out that from the except the year 1998 and 1999 might be because of economic slowdown has see positive growth from the year 1990(3.58 millions) to year 2008 (4.78 millions) The researcher has find out from the year 1991(600.2 megatons of carbon) there is reduction in carbon emission till the year 2008 (532.8 megatons of carbons) but the reduction is always less than targeted reduction projected by UK government HO: =0 (No linear association between y and x) H1: 0 (Correlation exists between y and x) Where y= Carbon Emission(Co2) and x= Industry Sector As the value of r= 0.390 that indicates positive control impact but we have find out Bilateral scale ,random Scatter Graph. Hence, the researcher has find out there is joint between Industry sector and Co2 emission Lack of Time is 30% Lack of appropriately trained Staff (20%) and Not Seen as Core Business Issue shares the same percentage of responses but in this case 20% of SME(s)

To find out Correlation/ Association between Industry Sector with carbon emission

Forecasting of Carbon Emission on Basis Carbon emission trend from 1990 to 2008

As the UK government has Targeted 30 percent by 2020 of the reduction of Carbon emission from the baseline year 1990 mentioned in the Kyoto protocol(Stern 2008) but the researcher has find out if the reduction of carbon emission flow in the same manner then UK government will miss the target by 11.9% as the percentage of difference is very high in number. Hence, The UK government has to take stern Steps to achieve the goals to control the issue of climate change

Hence, from the above finding we have provided the conclusion and Recommendation in following Chapter 5 to Overcome the issue of Climate change by Implementing Green supply chain Management.

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5 Chapter 5- Conclusion and Recommendation Chapter

5.1 INTRODUCTION:
This chapter is enclosure of conclusion from the above findings and analysis that taken by the researcher with relate researchers literature review, aims and objectives. The research conducted on Major role played by UK SME(s) in emitting carbon emission, with the help of secondary and primary research by the researcher. Hence, conclusion from the above findings(Primary data) and literature review(Secondary data) has been confer following by future implication and limitation of research. In order to answer the research question, the relevant literature was screened, a topical review developed, and theoretical findings on how the literature discusses the issue at hand was assessed.

5.2 RESEARCH CONCLUSION:

The conclusion of research findings will be discuss by giving conclusion of the test done in the previous chapter with the help of secondary and primary data by defining hypothesis from the aims and objectives of research topic. The overall argument and result on low carbon economy by UK SME(s) as they depend on several key characteristic such as; Co2 emission which is priority gas of Greenhouse gas cause climate change, Role played by SME(s) in UK economy(Enterprises, Employment and Turnover), prompts and barriers for UK SME(s) while implementing Environmental management System which will describe next in terms of summary and conclusion based on research objectives and aims and their findings that is explained below. As above from the first two pie- chart we have seen the Industry sector contribution in emitting the GHG emission and CO2 emission which is part of

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Greenhouse Gases in which and from the above Bar chart(Distributions of SME(s) of UK by Industries sector) we can see contribution of SME(s) in various Industry sector of UK. Hence, we can conclude that SME(s) are important in UK economy considering the factor of Employment and Turnover which is related to economy and but their some authors even say that the percentage contribution of carbon emission. However, from the above Bar chart(Enterprises, Employment and Turnover by size of Enterprises of UK private Sector, 2008) we can prove that there are around 99% of SME(s) in UK as Compare to Large Companies in UK but with respect to turnover then large companies has higher percentage of financial capital the SME(s). From the Percentage Distribution of employment in SME(s) all over UK by region and country we can conclude that the percentage of employment created by SME(s) is more over 25% as compare Region wise and Country wise within UK except South east and London region. Moreover when we distributed SME(s) by Industry Sector the Retail and Construction are high in numbers but the Industry sector which are responsible for emitting carbon emission that is electricity and gas, manufacturing sector are very low in numbers but high in percentage of carbon emission as compare to other industries sector. Hence, the government needs to focus more over this particular sector so that they can reduce carbon emission. As they are low in numbers but high in Carbon emission. Moreover, by looking at the trend Bar chart of Private Sector growth and Carbon emission reduction on the basis of years we can easily find out that there is constant increase in number of private sector and dropped in carbon reduction. Hence, growing in numbers of private sector might have some effect in carbon emission but they are not the only responsible for emitting carbon emission as even they major part in building the UK economy. It also states that most of the private sector has adopted Carbon reduction programmed implemented by the government, as we can easily analyze from the trend bar chart of private and Carbon emission by year. It has been even proved by the Correlation between the

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number of SME(s) in different industry sector with carbon emission as we see bilateral scatter graph means there is mutual joint between industry sector and carbon emission. On the other side from the primary research we have find out from the table(Responses from question 11) that even SME accepted that the because of waste management issues 80 percent of SME(s) are influence to conduct their business. Whereas, Carbon emission influence 60 percent of SME(s). As it is supported by Stern(2006) that Carbon emission are major concerned affecting Industrial business in UK economy. Whereas, it even responded by respondent that that are several factor affecting them to improve their management preventing such as Lack of time and Lack of appropriate staff are the factors preventing SME(s) to improve their management. Hence, we can conclude that SME(s) face barriers because they have less financial capital to invest on training to their staff as we have conclude low turnover as discussed above. Hence, it was necessary to investigate the prompts and barriers faced by SME(s) in reducing carbon footprint we have find out their percentage response from SME(s) that percentage of barriers are high in number as compared as responded has 70% has opinion because of resources constraint as very effective, they are not able to reduce carbon emission. Whereas, 40% respondent has opinion regulatory demands as very effective in motivating SME(s) to reduce carbon emission. Following with it, on basis of Trend Bar chart of Carbon emission by year we have find out that the UK government wont be able to achieve the goal of 2020 to cut down emission by 30 percent because on the basis of the recent reduction of carbon emission the UK government be missing the target by 11.9%. As there is lot of difference between the set target and predicted target. Hence, UK should take certain steps to achieve the targeted goal by implementing policy particularly designed for SME(s) so that they can some success in one particular field. Moreover, as in the Chapter 4 Analyses and Findings of the Research tends to analyze the situation of the SME(s) and Climate change which is caused by carbon emission due to human activity

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(Industrial Pollution) and analyze some key findings which would be useful for if the Government Measures to take stern steps to achieve the goal of Kyoto Protocol of 2020 and along with it SME(s) try to build better and Green Supply chain management to fight against the issue of Climate change to increase their profitability and development and Benchmarking their Business activity by implementing Sustainable supply chain Management. Hence, we can conclude without hesitation that social and environmental topic are becoming major part of concern in the business agenda. As there is obvious indication of global warming and the overwhelming effects on climate and ecological system that cannot be denied. Hence, it is necessary to take safety measures against emission of greenhouse gases and other environmentally harmful measures. Organization need to re-engineer their supply chain strategy by keeping the terms of environmental concerns. On the basis of the Research conclusion certain recommendation are made to improve supply chain strategy by adapting Green Business policy.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS: On the basis of Literature review and analysis

As their several motivation factors and strategy for organization to implement sustainable supply chain management or Green supply chain management. The recommendation are made by keeping in mind the government policy and consumer, as both are concerned about the carbon footprint measures with respect to products process from raw material to disposal the whole life cycle assessment. As sustainability In supply chain helps in reduce the operating cost and benchmarking the products. It evens satisfy the stakeholders and investors against their demands that organization should be socially responsible, as it helps in increasing market shares.

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5.3.1 GREEN DEVELOPMENT Green supply chain management includes strategies like reverse logistics which deals with reuse, remanufacturing, recycling of the materials and other products. The intension behind the green development is to minimize wastes. Additionally, green supply chain includes every aspect which will lead to reduction in waste such as green design, green procurement practices, total environmental management and eco-friendly packing and transportation (Srivastava, 2007).

Green supply chain management (Source: Srivastav, 2007) These views are also supported by Mollenkopf (2009) who suggest that green supply chain management makes an effort to reduce the ill effects of organization and supply chain on environment. Like Srivastava (2007), Mollenkopf (2009) also suggested that focus should be on suppliers and customers, products and the processes for their manufacturing and their effects on the environment.

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Hence, It is Beneficial for SME(s) to implement Environmental Management System and make an approach in using Green supply chain strategy that will help then in benchmarking their supply chain and helps to increase their profitability and low investment cost. As overall turnover of SME(s) has low financial capital. As Green Supply chain Management plays the major role right from the material selection, procurement of material, manufacturing and dispatch and end of life of products everywhere wastes are formed and minimizing those wastes is the ultimate task of green supply chain. 5.3.2 GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN: On the one hand, the supply chain consists of all players like warehousing, distribution, retailer, logistics, manufacturer and procurement. The most important factors from global supply chain players is environment measures which required environment policy because of which they can improve their performance and create opportunity for their organization (Darnall, Jolley and Handfield, 2008). Moreover, SME(s) wants their supplier and customer should aware about environmental problem by giving them training or awareness programme to improve environment performances and reduce the impact on environment better. Each of these actions could use to reduce direct and indirect environment impact from organizations. Direct environment include all process from manufacturing plant such as; waste increase during product storage, transportation, use of disposal. Secondly, indirect environment impact come from first tier and second tier suppliers in upstream of supply chain. These impacts come in terms of products waste, quality of products, and CO2 emission from transportation during improper selection of route. For example, IBM, XEROX, HP already adopted greening their supply chain by integrating their supplier, distributor and their facilities with increase in acceptance of ISO 14001 environment standards (Sarkis, 2003). On the other

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hand, supply chain generates organisations practice, life cycle assessment, operation life cycle and environmentally business practice (Sarkis, 2003). 5.4.3 JIT AND TQM Just in time and total quality management also provides an opportunity to attain sustainability. JIT deals with in time manufacturing as per requirement which adds in benefits of waste minimization and cost saving. JIT techniques also adds in the advantage of less holding of inventory which saves transportation cost and avoid the impacts of emission on the environment which helps in reducing carbon emission. Additionally, quick response to the market needs is possible which create an opportunity for sustainability (Kannan and Tan, 2005). JIT techniques also help to improve organizational efficiency which also is a positive aspect and helps to attain sustainability. To give JIT delivery, we need to use KANBAN as tool which helps in process development and reduces inventory costs and wastes related to them (Wang and Sarker,2004) Whereas another important thing to sustain in the market is maintenance of quality of the product manufactured. This is achieved by TQM as in TQM its everybodys responsibility to maintain quality right from the employees, leading to customer satisfaction and continuous improvement. Satisfied customers provide business and profit thus TQM can be considered as a tool by which opportunities can be found to attain sustainability (Curry and Kadasah, 2002). 5.4.4 Awareness among the entities. Business should consider that any decision on business development or resource allocation in regards to sustainability requires a mix of social, environmental and economic factors which would provide the business with a real picture.

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Inter Organisational governance is essential as it increases the competitive advantage of the supply chain entities as it is concerned with the management of the resources in the supply chain (Morris and Vasileiou, 2006; Agenda 21 Chapter 36, 2008).

Governance in sustainability helps to elevate the welfare of society when the resources are limited to meet the minimum needs of the people (Aras and Crowther, 2008). Sustainability requires that all the partners in the supply Fig 6. Aligning Governance with Sustainability (Cartwright and Craig, 2006) chain entities should be aware and ready to implement sustainable practices so that the resources are used in such a manner that environment is conserved (Mollenkopf, Stolze and Tate, 2010). In addition to the figure 6 above Governance proves to be efficient mechanism for integrative planning and timely, actively and involving public and stakeholders in policy process and decision making process for the improvement of the environment and organisation (Enserink and Koppenjan, 2007). Governance in sustainability increases the respond level to public awareness and concerns which likely have a relationship with an increase in shareholder interest (Cartwright and Craig, 2006). Governance for any industries for instance for Fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) industries governance is a process of controlling societies in such a manner that it bypasses the danger of the problems related to unethical social relationship and collective action

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and also enables to remove the barriers to the improvement of social welfare (Sobol, 2008). Leadership and performance on sustainability can motive employees to go beyond what is expected of them, as this result in enhancing the productivity and also provide with competitive advantage such as increases in the sales and customer satisfaction level (Arnott, Lacy and Lowitt, 2009). 5.4.5 Understanding Rules Sobol (2008) also suggested that governance also enhances the understanding of common goods, both in public action as well as everyday life. Governance in an organisation or an industry is a practice to reach towards the common goal by maintaining corporation between various factors such as governmental and non-governmental, corporate, social and individual (Sobol, 2008). Agenda 21 Chapter 5 also says about the dynamics of sustainability. Sobol (2008) also commented that establishment and operation of set of rules for an organisation or industry and decision making measures that would serve towards a define social practice and guide the action of other supply chain entities according the practices is all involved in governance of an organisation or an industry, moreover author also mentioned that the role of local authorities also is a essential part in sustainable control through governance.

5.5 Further Research Scope

As we have we have discussed the three different strategy for benchmarking the sustainability by from the supply chain perception as : an integrated strategy, an alignment strategy, and a replacement strategy. As the sustainability is either going to be a vibrant part of SCM, or will give have an advantage to SCM or can be re-define of SCM that is Reverse logistics, GSCM and product is directing towards the integrated strategy. Triple bottom line and CSR are largely linked to the alignment strategy, and lastly the

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carbon footprint is linked to the replacement strategy. It is likely that sustainability might be an external aspect impacting the propose of supply chains and operations. It is also possible that a contingency approach is the most abounding way, assuming that there might be differences between business, products, and countries with respect to suitable way to handle sustainability in a supply chain. Thus for the reason further research is necessary to resolve the appropriate aspects for a sustainable supply chain strategies. Hence we have timeline figures as it is interesting area of research from the year 1989 to 2005 many authors have done their research in the particular field.

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Source: (Srivastava, 2007)

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5.6 Research Limitation:

While conducting the research several limitation of research was identified in different ways. As this limitation must be addressed for future study. Researcher finds that the knowledge gain from secondary and primary research might even more better, if researcher would had search the information from diverse sources to conduct primary research. As the result of that researcher could have able to find out the in depth information based on research topic in different way. Thus, actual verification cannot be comprehensive. Furthermore, several topics has not been discussed on operations and management system of SME(s) by the researcher, as the researcher has somewhat find out the cause and effect relationship up to certain extend on Climate Change because of SME(s) because of short of time and unaware of sources and location to get response from the organization and limitation of access due to data protection act. The researcher consider that result might have been effective, if researcher would had more respondent from the primary research. This didnt possible because the researcher only able to get ten responses for the questionnaire. Thus, result might be complicated to apply for the SME(s) to find out their day to day operation management, the concept is general to the particular sector as the approach is deductive. The research is conducted by adopting quantitative approach but if the Research might have adapted different approach by mixing quantitative and qualitative approach then result might be more clear and specify , as the researcher admit the fact that the research topic desires to adapt both qualitative and quantitative approach .As this method of qualitative and quantitative might have given as given better and clear result with the help of gaining out the Bigger picture

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5.7 SUMMARY:
This chapter discussed about the conclusion drawn from findings based on research topics from literature review and data analyses. Moreover, the researcher has provided has some recommendation for future implication following by the research limitation. Below the Researcher has attached the reflective statement in the appendices 1.

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6. References.
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7 Bibliography

Barla, P., (2007) ISO certification and environmental performance in Quebecs pulp and paper industry. Journal of environmental economics and management, Vol 53, pp 291306. Bradford, J,. & Fraser E, D, G,. (2008) Local Authorities, Climate Change and Small and Medium Enterprises: Identifying Effective Policy Instruments to Reduce Energy Use and Carbon Emissions, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, Vol 15, pp 156172 Carbon Trust (2005), A Director's Guide. Climate Change - how UK businesses can benefit by reducing carbon emissions (Institute of Directors and the Carbon Trust, London). Carter, G., White, I. and Richards, J., (2008), Sustainability Appraisal and Flood Risk Management, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 29, 7 14. Carter, J., (2007), Sustainability appraisal and flood risk management, Centre for Urban and Regional Ecology, Manchester. Darnall, N,. & Sides, S,. (2008) Assessing the Performance of Voluntary Environmental Programs: Does Certification Matter?, The Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 36, pp 21-23 DTI (2007a). "Meeting the Energy Challenge - A White Paper on Energy". Department of Trade and Industry. (The Stationary Office). DTI (2007b), "Renewable Energy", available at <http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/sources/renewables/index.html>, last accessed 31 Jul 07.

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Appendix- 1
Reflective Statement

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REFECTIVE STATEMENT In this part, I would like to represent the reflective statements concerning that how I have been spent during completing my dissertation from giving in dissertation proposal till the end of my dissertation work submission. The dissertation was very helpful for the highly progress of my future.

In the beginning of selecting topic for the dissertation proposal it was very hard as I was not clear and familiar with the subject. But after reading various journals and articles I decided to go with brand extension topic as by some means I was familiar with the brand extension topic. But as I was not much familiar with topic after having meeting with my supervisor, I got an idea that how to proceed further for the dissertation with a clear suggestions.

As I achieved good score in Dissertation proposal I was over confident in middle stages did not start my dissertation on time which was my major drawback. Later than starting with my dissertation I was not able to start my research as I was not familiar with this type of research. This was first ever major research throughout of my education life. But with the help of university guidelines, blackboard information and tutors support I was able to start my dissertation and came to know that how to present and structure the research. Due to this, I was capable to research and analyze of my topic. Because of this research I was able to move to recognize various types of research and knowledge. The university guidelines which described about using time and how to work under pressure will help me in my job in future as a manager.

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In future, if I get another chance of doing major research I would not akin to repeat my faults which have done in during working on this dissertation. In the new research I would finished in time and would be proper as per the requirements of the related topic.

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Appendix 2
Cover Page

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Newcastle Business School, Northumbria University Survey on low carbon emission and resource efficient economy for UK SME(s)

Dear Respondents, I am Prathmesh Garg, MBA student of Newcastle Business School, Northumbria University which is located in North East of England. I am pursing my Dissertation for my MBA program which is supervised by Professor David Oglethorpe (Logistics & Supply Chain Management) and the Dissertation topic is Action taken By SME(s) in UK to reduce Carbon footprint by using the technique of life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM). The aim of this research is to examine the importance of benchmarking carbon and the techniques that can be implemented to reduce carbon emission in sustainable supply chain management. I would be very grateful if you would be able to complete my questionnaire, which is enclosed and if possible, return to me by 30th July 2010. It should take about 10 minutes to complete the survey and your answers will be kept completely confidential and anonymous. If you participate, if requested, I would also be happy to send you a summary of my work After completing the questionnaire, please email it to: Prathmesh.garg@northumbria.ac.uk . If you have any problems regarding the questionnaire or any further questions, you can contact me also via this email, address or contact me on Mobile: 07934685426. Thank you for your support. Yours Sincerely,

Prathmesh Garg Newcastle Business School

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Appendix 3
Questionnaire- Piloting

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This research takes into account the need to low carbon emission and resource efficient economy for UK SME(s) (* The information provided for the purposes of this current research project, or for future
projects, but in all situations will respect the confidentiality commitments under Data Protection Act 2002)

For O Use O

1___

Reference No : Respondent Details

2___ 3___

4___
1. Full Name:

5___

*2. Position:

6___
3. Telephone Number:

*4. Email Add:

Organization Details

7___
*5. Organization Name:

*6. How many employees are there within your organization? please select one option 0 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 200 201 to 250 More than 250

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*7. What is your organizations industry sector? please select one option Manufacturing of Primary Products Distribution, hotels, catering & repairs Financial & business services Construction Transportation & communication Energy & water supply Agriculture Medical devices Other services- Please specify

P.T.O P.T.O

8____

*8. What is your organizations classification? Options Classification

9____ 10___ 11___ 12___

Organization Background Detail related to Environmental policy

*9.Which of the following accreditations does your company have and when were they adopted? Note: If necessary, please check multiple box for question and mention Date along with it

13___ 14___ 15___ 16___

17___ 18___ 19___ 20___

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MM A document of Environmental Management System ISO 14001 certification ISO 9001 certification Other, Please specify / / / /

DD / / / /

YYYY

10. Does your organization measure and report the following items? Note: If necessary, please check multiple box for question Energy consumption Material consumption Waste generation Emissions generation

*11. What of the following environmental issues have any impact on the way your organization conducts its business? Note: If necessary, please check multiple box for question

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Carbon Emission Waste Management Water Usage Others please specify

*12. Does your business have a documented corporate environmental objective? Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Dont know

*13. Does your business have a documented corporate environmental policy? P.T.O Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Don't Know

P.T.O

22___

23___

24___
*14. Does your business have a documented corporate environmental targets to support these objectives? Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Don't Know

25___

26___
*15. Does your business have an internal environmental audit process? Please Select appropriate circle

27___

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Yes No Don't Know

*16. Does your business conduct employee environmental awareness training? Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Don't Know *17. Does your organization appointed a main board member with specific responsibility for environmental performance? Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Don't Know

Respondent Opinion and Overall Rating

*18. What level of importance does your top management place on your organizations environmental performance? Please Select appropriate circle A great deal of importance Little importance Some importance No importance at all

P.T.O P.T.O

28___

29___

30___

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19. Has your organization assessed the environmental impacts of the following? Please select appropriate circle one per row Yes Its activities No Dont know Not applicable

Its products

Its services

*20. What prevents your organization from improving the management of the environmental impacts of its business? Please Select appropriate circle Lack of appropriately trained staff Not seen as core business issue Little awareness / understanding of environmental issues Lack of time Dont know Other Please specify

*21. Please Score the following activities? Please select appropriate circle one per row

Not at all Important

Not so Important

Neutral

Fairly Important

Very Important

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Not at all Important Installations for the disposal or recovery of hazardous waste

Not so Important

Neutral

Fairly Important

Very Important

Installations for the incineration of municipal waste

Installations for the disposal of nonhazardous waste

landfills, excluding landfills of inert waste

P.T.O
*22. How would you rate your Prompts for the SME(s) in reducing carbon P.T.O emission?, under the following headings, Please select appropriate circle one per row Neither Ineffective Effective nor Ineffective

36___ 37___
Effective Very Effective

Very Ineffective Regulatory Demands

38___

39___

40___ 41___

42___

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Very Ineffective Cost Savings

Neither Ineffective Effective nor Ineffective

Effective

Very Effective

Stakeholder Requirements

Competitive Requirements

*23. How would you rate your Barrier for the SME(s) in reducing carbon emission?, under the following headings, Please select appropriate circle one per row

Very Ineffective Resource Constraints

Neither Ineffective Effective nor Ineffective

Effective

Very Effective

Lack of Support

Lack of Training and Awareness

No perceived advantages

Social & Political Issues 24) Any Other Comments/Suggestions:

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THANK YOU FOR PARTICIPATING IN THIS SURVEY *All information submitted to this study will be treated as confidential

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Appendix 4 Final Questionnaire

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This research takes into account the need to low carbon emission and resource efficient economy for UK SME(s) (* The information provided for the purposes of this current research project, or for future
projects, but in all situations will respect the confidentiality commitments under Data Protection Act 2002)

For O Use O

1___

Reference No : Respondent Details

2___

3___

1. Full Name:

Julie Littlefield

4___

*2. Position: member of

Senior Administrator, Policy & Campaigns, WaterAid (also the Environmental Impact Working Group at WaterAid

5___

3. Telephone Number:

020 7793 4536

*4. Email Add:

julielittlefield@wateraid.org

6___

Organization Details WaterAid is an INGO which works exclusively on water, sanitation and hygiene education

*5. Organization Name:

*6. How many employees are there within your organization? please select one option

7___

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0 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 200 201 to 250 More than 250

*7. What is your organizations industry sector? please select one option Manufacturing of Primary Products Distribution, hotels, catering & repairs Financial & business services Construction Transportation & communication Energy & water supply Agriculture Medical devices Other services- Please specify NGO working in service provision, campaigning and policy research

P.T.O P.T.O

8____
*8. What is your organizations classification? Options Classification
Others Please Specify

9____

10___

11___

12___

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Organization Background Detail related to Environmental policy

*9.Which of the following accreditations does your company have and when were they adopted? Note: If necessary, please check multiple box for question and mention Date along with it MM A document of Environmental Management System ISO 14001 certification ISO 9001 certification Other, Please specify Environmental Statement
20

DD / / / /
01

YYYY / / / /
2010

10. Does your organization measure and report the following items? Note: If necessary, please check multiple box for question

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Energy consumption Material consumption Waste generation Emissions generation

*11. What of the following environmental issues have any impact on the way your organization conducts its business? Note: If necessary, please check multiple box for question Carbon Emission Waste Management Water Usage Others please specify Only indirectly in that climate change affects the communities we work with

*12. Does your business have a documented corporate environmental objective? Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Dont know

*13. Does your business have a documented corporate environmental policy? P.T.O Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Don't Know

P.T.O

22___

23___

24___

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*14. Does your business have a documented corporate environmental targets to support these objectives? Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Don't Know

*15. Does your business have an internal environmental audit process? Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Don't Know

*16. Does your business conduct employee environmental awareness training? Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Don't Know *17. Does your organization appointed a main board member with specific responsibility for environmental performance? Please Select appropriate circle Yes No Don't Know

Respondent Opinion and Overall Rating

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*18. What level of importance does your top management place on your organizations environmental performance? Please Select appropriate circle A great deal of importance Little importance Some importance No importance at all

P.T.O P.T.O

19. Has your organization assessed the environmental impacts of the following? Please select appropriate circle one per row Yes Its activities No Dont know Not applicable

28___

29___

30___
Its products

Its services

*20. What prevents your organization from improving the management of the environmental impacts of its business? Please Select appropriate circle Lack of appropriately trained staff Not seen as core business issue Little awareness / understanding of environmental issues Lack of time Dont know

31___

32___

33___

34___

Page 161 of 166

Other Please specify

*21. Please Score the following activities? Please select appropriate circle one per row

Not at all Important Installations for the disposal or recovery of hazardous waste

Not so Important

Neutral

Fairly Important

Very Important

Installations for the incineration of municipal waste

Installations for the disposal of nonhazardous waste

landfills, excluding landfills of inert waste

I didnt quite understand this question we are interested in ensuring we reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill but we dont have our own installations for this

P.T.O
*22. How would you rate your Prompts for the SME(s) in reducing carbon P.T.O emission?, under the following headings, Please select appropriate circle one per row I assume SME means small or medium enterprise? My answers are based on this assumption Im not sure what you mean by the question do you mean how effective are the following in prompting us to adopt a better environmental policy?

36___

37___

38___

39___

Page 162 of 166

Very Ineffective Regulatory Demands

Neither Ineffective Effective nor Ineffective

Effective

Very Effective

Cost Savings

Stakeholder Requirements

Competitive Requirements

*23. How would you rate your Barrier for the SME(s) in reducing carbon emission?, under the following headings, Please select appropriate circle one per row I assume SME means small or medium enterprise? My answers are based on this assumption

Very Ineffective Resource Constraints

Neither Ineffective Effective nor Ineffective

Effective

Very Effective

Lack of Support

Lack of Training and Awareness

No perceived

Page 163 of 166

Very Ineffective advantages

Neither Ineffective Effective nor Ineffective

Effective

Very Effective

Social & Political Issues

24) Any Other Comments/Suggestions:

Im afraid I wasnt entirely clear about some of the questions but have answered as best I can.

THANK YOU FOR PARTICIPATING IN THIS SURVEY *All information submitted to this study will be treated as confidential.

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Appendix 5

Page 165 of 166

Questionnaire for Survey on low carbon emission and resource efficient economy for UK SME(s) Julie Littlefield [JulieLittlefield@wateraid.org] Sent: Fri 30/07/2010 12:03 To: Prathmesh.garg

Dear Prathmesh,

Please find the completed questionnaire attached.

Best wishes,

Julie Littlefield Senior Administrator Policy & Campaigns Department Tel: +44 (0)20 7793 4536 Email: julielittlefield@wateraid.org --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Please consider the environment before printing this email or its attachments.

WaterAid transforms lives by improving access to safe water, hygiene and sanitation in the worlds poorest communities. We work with partners and influence decision-makers to maximise our impact. To find out more about our work or to support us visit www.wateraid.org WaterAid is a registered charity (number 288701 in England and Wales and SC039479 in Scotland) and a limited company, registered in England (number 1787329) at 47-49 Durham Street, London, SE11 5JD, UK. Electronic communications are not secure and therefore WaterAid does not accept legal responsibility for the contents of this message, nor does WaterAid consider this message contractually binding. This message and any attachments are intended solely for the addressee(s) and are confidential. Any views or opinions presented are solely those of the author and do not represent those of WaterAid unless specifically stated.

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