Introduction

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1.General
Soil is the unaggregated or uncemented deposits of minerals and/or organic particle or fragments covering large portion of the Earths Crust. It includes widely different material like gravel, sand, silt and clay and the range in the particle sizes in a soil may extend from grains only a function of a micron (10-3mm) in diameter up to large size particles. Locally available soils often do not satisfy fully the engineering properties a requirement for their use in road embankments and sub grade. It is therefore becomes necessary either to bring suitable soils from far off barrow areas or to stabilize locally available soils so as to improve their engineering properties and make them suitable. Stabilization In a broad sense incorporates the various methods employed for modifying the properties of a soil to improve its engineering performance. Stabilization is being used for a Varity of engineering works, the most common application being in the construction of road pavement where the main objective is to increase the strength or stability of soil and to reduce the construction cost by making best use of the locally available materials. However, for the construction of pavement foundation, soil stabilization generally refers to the improvement of locally available road materials through compaction after the addition of inexpensive admixture, the stabilizing agent. Stabilizing agents are selected according to the type of soil and stability problem at the hand and the economics of their use and other solutions such as, removing and replacing bad soil or redesign of the pavement structure. For example In flexible pavements, bituminous concrete and its undercources, must distribute load downward through the pavement to the subgrade, depending on pavement thickness, additional strength in the subgrade can lead to prolonged pavement life. Thus, stabilization works primarily toward this end and for the improvement of borderline subbase and base materials.

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1.2. Types of soil stabilization:

follows: 1. Mechanical soil stabilization. 2. Soil-cement stabilization. 3. Soil-lime stabilization. 4. Soil-bitumen stabilization. 5. Using inorganic admixtures.

The various types of stabilization can be listed as

1.2.1. Mechanical soil stabilization: Mechanical stabilization is the improving the soil
particles by rearrangement of particles and densification by compaction, or by changing the gradation through addition or removal of soil particles. This method is suitable for low volume roads i.e. Village roads in low rainfall areas. This method involves the correctly proportioning of aggregates and soil, adequately compacted to get mechanically stable layer. The Basic Principles of Mechanical Stabilization are Correct Proportioning and Effective Compaction. Mechanical stabilization has been successfully applied for subbase and base course constructions.

1.2.2. Soil-Cement stabilization: Portland cement is one of the most widely used
additives for soil stabilization. If a small percentage of cement is added primarily to reduce plasticity of soils, the mixture is said to be cement-modified soil. The chemical reactions of cement with the siliceous soil in the presence of water are believed to be responsible for the cementing action. Many of the grains of the coarse fraction get cemented together, but the proportion of clay particles cemented is small. Almost any inorganic soil can be successfully stabilized with cement. The mechanism of soil-cement stabilization is the development of bond between the hydrated cement and the compacted soil particles at the points of contact. Soil-Cement has been widely used for low-cost pavements for highways and airfields, and as base for heavy traffic.

1.2.3. Soil-Lime stabilization: Soil lime has been widely used as a modifier for clayey
soil or as binder. When clayey soils with high plasticity are treated with lime, the plasticity index is decreased. All this modification is considered desirable for stabilization work. Soil-

Lime also imparts some binding action even in granular soils. In fine grained soils there can be pozzolanic action resulting in added strength. When clay is treated with lime the various possible reactions are base exchange coagulation or flocculation reduction in thickness of
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water film around clay particles, cementing action and carbonation. Soil-lime is quite suitable as subbase course for high types of pavements and base course for pavements with low traffic. Soil-lime is quite suitable in warm regions, but it is not very suitable under freezing temperatures.

1.2.4. Soil-Bitumen stabilization: The basic Principles of this stabilization are Water
Proofing and Binding by Water Proofing inherent strength and other properties of soil could be retained. In case of the cohesionless soils the binding action is also important. Generally both binding and water proofing actions are provided to soil. In granular soil the coarser grains may be individually coated and stuck together by a thin film of bituminous materials. But in finer grained soils bituminous material plugs up the voids between small soil clods, thus Water Proofing the compacted soil-bitumen. Most Commonly used materials are Cutback and Emulsion. Bitumen Stabilized layer may be used as Sub-base or base course of ordinary roads and even as surface course for roads with low traffic in low rainfall areas.

1.2.5. Using inorganic admixture: Stabilizers like granite powder, marble powder,
stone dust etc., can be used for stabilization which are chemically inert, generally they act as roughness in the stabilization. In this project work inorganic admixtures like granite powder used for stabilization of soil.

1.3. Solid waste generation from mining operations

India has considerable economically useful minerals and they constitute one-quarter of the worlds known mineral resources. In India, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh are rich in minerals. Mining operations are the primary activity in any industrial process and major sources of pollutants include overburden waste disposal, tailings, dump leaches, mine water seepage and other process wastes disposed near-by the industries. Management of mining wastes is likely to be of some significance in many developing countries where recycling/extraction and processing of minerals have important economic values. In coal washery operations about 50% of the material is separated as colliery shale or hard rock. Most of the spoil is used as filler in road embankments. Some spoils, be considered for use in producing lightweight aggregate. Presently most of these wastes are being recycled and used for manufacture of various building materials and debris are shown in Table 1.1 [1]

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Table 1.1. Industrial waste product usage in road construction Source, [1] Waste product Fly ash Blast furnace slag Construction and demolition waste Colliery spoil Spent oil shale Cement kiln dust Used engine oil Marble dust Glass waste Nonferrous slag China clay Source Thermal power station Steel industry Construction industry Coal mining Petrochemical industry Cement industry Automobile industry Marble industry Glass industry Mineral processing industry Bricks and tile industry Possible usage Bulk-fill , filler in bituminous mix Base/sub-base material, Base/sub-base material, bulk fill, recycling Bulk-fill Bulk-fill Stabilization of base, binder in bituminous mix Air entraining concrete filler in bituminous mix Bulk-fill, glass fiber reinforcement Bulk-fill, aggregates in bituminous mix Bulk-fill, aggregates in bituminous mix

1.4. Granite waste production scenario in India

Granite technically refers to a light-coloured granulose plutonic rock composed of felspars, plagioclase, quartz (felsic minerals) and minor amounts of mafic minerals, such as biotite, hornblende, pyroxene, iron oxides, etc. But, in the commercial parlance, the term granite has become synonymous with all those crystalline rocks which have pleasing colours, strength to bear the processes of quarrying and cutting & polishing and are used commonly for decorative purposes. India possesses enormous deposits of all types of dimension stones. It is one of the largest producers of dimension stones in the world. The dimension stone industry employs over one million workforces. This industry plays a vital role in the economy of states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan. Rural economy of many developing states like Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and North-Eastern States is dependent on this industry. About 25 % of the world granite reserves are in India according to Indian Bureau of quarries, a government of India organization. Recoverable reserves are 1027421 million cubic meters in the total reserves at already identified areas with maximum concentration of deposits in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Deposits are also identified
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recently in Uttarpradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Orissa, Bihar, and West Bengal.
10000 Indian Granite production in thousand tonnes 8000 6000 4000 2000 0

Granite production per year

Figure 1.1. Production of Granite, 1995-96 to 2004-05 Source, [2]

1.5. Construction and Demolition waste scenario in India

Construction and demolition waste is generated whenever any construction/demolition activity takes place, such as, building roads, bridges, fly over, subway, remodeling etc. It consists mostly of inert and non-biodegradable material such as concrete, plaster, metal, wood, plastics etc. A part of this waste comes to the municipal stream. These wastes are heavy, having high density, often bulky and occupy considerable storage space either on the road or communal waste bin/container. Waste from small generators like individual house construction or demolition, find its way into the nearby municipal bin/vat/waste storage depots, making the municipal waste heavy and degrading its quality for further treatment like composting or energy recovery. It is estimated that the construction industry in India generates about 10-12 million tons of waste annually. There is a huge demand of aggregates in the housing and road sectors but there is significant gap in demand and supply, which can be reduced by recycling construction and demolition waste to certain specifications. While some of the items like bricks, tiles, wood, metal etc. are re-used and recycled, concrete and masonry, constituting about 50% of the C&D waste is not currently recycled in India [3].

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1.6. Recycled materials used in highway construction

Recycling of waste materials conserves natural raw materials, energy and water and reduces the production of pollutants. Many waste materials are recycled in highway construction [4]. Some are mentioned below.

1.6.1. Glass
Glass has been used effectively in highway construction. The ability to use glass in highway construction depends on the type of collection, methods used, cost and public factors. Many agencies have experimented in highway construction.

1.6.2. Steel slag

This is a by-product of steel making process. It contains fused mixtures of oxides and silicates primarily calcium, iron, unslaked lime and magnesium. Steel slag contains significant quantities of iron, its highly compressed voids structure results in a hard material.

1.6.3. Scrap tyres

Researchers have discovered that scrap tyres and other waste rubber products can be employed in various ways in highway construction. The effectiveness of using tyre chips as an insulating later to limit frost penetration beneath gravel surfaced road that experience sever deterioration during spring thawing was carried out.

1.7. Objectives of Study

The main objectives of the present study are 1. To study the basic properties of locally available soil. 2. To evaluate the effect of granite powder on soil properties. 3. To arrive at optimum granite powder content in the soil-granite powder mixes. 4. To evaluate the effect of granite powder on unconfined compressive strength of soil with respect to time 5. To study the effect of demolition waste on the soil-granite powder mixes. 6. To arrive at optimum demolition waste content of the soil-granite powder mixes. 7. To evaluate the effect of demolition waste and granite powder on unconfined compressive strength of soil with respect to time.

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1.8. Scope of present study

The soil sample for the present study was collected at a depth of 1 to 1.5 meters from R.V. college campus (near library). The soil sample thus collected will be tested for basic physical properties like grain size analysis, Atterburg limits, compaction test, California bearing ratio test and unconfined compression test. In the present study granite powder will be collected from Jigani industrial area Bangalore. The granite powder thus collected will be tested for basic physical properties and chemical properties. The basic physical properties tested for granite powder are grain size analysis, Atterburg limits and compaction test. In the present investigation granite powder is used as a stabilizer is mixed with soil and the effect of addition will be investigated with the Atterburg limits, compaction test, California bearing ratio test and unconfined compression test of soil-granite powder mixes. For these tests granite powder of varying proportions 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% (by weight of soil) will be adopted to obtain optimum granite powder content. It is scheduled to conduct unconfined compression test specimens prepared with raw soil and for soil-optimum granite powder content mixes and is studied for 0 day, 7 days, 14 days and 28 days curing. Next part of investigation includes is the effect of addition of demolition waste into soil with optimum granite powder and the effect of demolition waste on soil properties will be investigated for compaction, California bearing ratio and unconfined compression test. For these tests demolition waste of varying proportions 10, 20, 30 and 40% (by weight of soil) will be adopted to obtain optimum demolition waste content. The pulverized demolition waste will be collected from R.V. college locally available building demolition waste As a part of investigation unconfined compression test specimens prepared for optimum demolition waste content and is studied for 0 day, 7 days, 14 days and 28 days curing.

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