Rheology

and

Polymer Characterization
Asst Prof Anongnat Somwangthanaroj
Anongnat.s@chula.ac.th 20 Sep 2010

http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~sanongn1/course.html

Fundamentals:
Why Rheology ? Fundamental Rheology Concepts and Parameters Fundamental Rheometry Concepts Viscosity, Viscoelasticiy and the Storage Modulus The Linear Viscoelastic Region (LVR)

AGENDA
Why Rheology ? Fundamental Rheology Concepts and Parameters Fundamental Rheometry Concepts Viscosity, Viscoelasticiy and the Storage Modulus The Linear Viscoelastic Region (LVR)

A Rheological Paradox

Sometimes it does ____

Sometimes it doesnt ____

BECAUSE

If a material is pumped, sprayed, extended, extruded, molded, coated, mixed, chewed, swallowed, rubbed, transported, stored, heated, cooled, aged RHEOLOGY is important .!!

AGENDA
Why Rheology ? Fundamental Rheology Concepts and Parameters Fundamental Rheometry Concepts Viscosity, Viscoelasticiy and the Storage Modulus The Linear Viscoelastic Region (LVR)

(everything flows )
Heraclito de Samos (500 A.C.)

Time Scale in Rheology

Deborah Number

De = / texp
Judges 5:5

Definition of Rheology

Rheology is the science of ____?____ and ____?___ of matter under controlled testing conditions .
flow deformation

Definition of Rheology
Rheology is the science of deformation and flow of matter under controlled testing conditions .

Flow is a special case of deformation Deformation is a special case of flow

Simple Shear Deformation and Shear Flow

Shear Deformation F = A
y

x(t)

x(t) Strain, = y 0 V . V 1 d x(t) Strain Rate, = y = y d t 0 0 Viscosity, = . Shear Modulus, G =

y0
A
x

. = t

Range of Rheological Material Behavior

Rheology: The study of deformation and flow of matter at specified conditions. Range of material behavior

Solid Like
(Ideal Solid

---------------------

Liquid Like
Ideal Fluid)

Classical Extremes

Classical Extremes: Elasticity

1678: Robert Hooke develops his True Theory of Elasticity
The power of any spring is in the same proportion with the tension thereof. Hookes Law:

=G

or

(Stress = G x Strain)

where G is the RIGIDITY MODULUS

Linear and Non-Linear Stress-Strain Behavior of Solids

1000

Linear Region G is constant

Non-Linear Region

100.0

G = f()
osc. stress (Pa)

100.0

G' (Pa)

10.00

1.000 0.010000 0.10000 1.0000 10.000 % strain 100.00 0.01000 1000.0

Classical Extremes: Viscosity

1687: Isaac Newton addresses liquids and steady simple shearing flow in his Principia The resistance which arises from the lack of slipperiness of the parts of the liquid, other things being equal, is proportional to the velocity with which the parts of the liquid are separated from one another.

Newtons Law: =
where is the Coefficient of Viscosity

Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Behavior of Fluids

1.000E5

Newtonian Region Independent of

Non-Newtonian Region

1.000E5

= f()

10000

1000

(Pa.s)

100.0

10000 1.000E-5 1.000E-4 1.000E-3 0.01000

10.00

shear rate (1/s)

0.1000

1.000 1.000

(Pa)

PARAMETERS for Rheological Properties

Classical Extremes Ideal Solid
STEEL Strong Structure Rigidity Deformation Retains/recovers form Stores Energy
(Purely Elastic R. Hooke, 1678) [Energy]

-- [External Force] --

Ideal Fluid
WATER Weak Structure Fluidity Flow Losses form Dissipates Energy
(Purely Viscous I. Newton, 1687)

ELASTICITY Storage Modulus

VISCOSITY Loss Modulus

REAL Behavior Apparent Solid

[Energy + time]

Apparent Fluid

- viscoelastic materials -

Types of non-Newtonian fluids

Deformation rate dependent viscosity Yield Stress (plasticity) Elasticity Thixotropy Transient behaviour

Stress-strain rate curve

Dilatancy (shear thickening) Plastic and Pseudoplastic (shear thinning)

apparent viscosity as a function of time

AGENDA
Why Rheology ? Fundamental Rheology Concepts and Parameters Fundamental Rheometry Concepts Viscosity, Viscoelasticiy and the Storage Modulus The Linear Viscoelastic Region (LVR)

Viscometer vs. Rheometer

Viscometer: instrument that measures the viscosity of a
fluid over a limited shear rate range

Rheometer: instrument that measures:

Viscosity over a wide range of shear rates, and Viscoelasticity of fluids, semi-solids and solids

Frame of Reference Recognize that a rheometer is a highly sensitive device used to quantify viscoelastic properties of the molecular structure of materials. A rheometer can not always mimic the conditions of a process, application or use. Rheometers determine apparent properties under a wide range of testing conditions.
The apparent behavior can be used as a finger print or benchmark of the material.

Constitutive Relations

Stress = Modulus Strain

Stress = Viscosity Shear rate

Measuring Systems - Geometries

Concentric Cylinders Cone and Plate Parallel Plates Rectangular Torsion

Very Low to Medium Viscosity

Very Low to High Viscosity

Low Viscosity to soft Solids

Soft to Rigid Solids

Decane

Water

Steel

AGENDA
Why Rheology ? Fundamental Rheology Concepts and Parameters Fundamental Rheometry Concepts Viscosity, Viscoelasticiy and the Storage Modulus The Linear Viscoelastic Region (LVR)

Dynamic Testing
Deformation
An oscillatory (sinusoidal) deformation (stress or strain) is applied to a sample. The material response (strain or stress) is measured. The phase angle , or phase shift, between the deformation and response is measured.

Response

Phase angle

Dynamic Viscoelastic Material Response

Phase angle Stress

0 < < 90

Strain

Viscoelastic Parameters
The Complex Modulus: Measure of materials overall resistance to deformation. The Elastic (Storage) Modulus: Measure of elasticity of material. The ability of the material to store energy. The Viscous (loss) Modulus: The ability of the material to dissipate energy. Energy lost as heat. Tan Delta: Measure of material damping - such as vibration or sound damping.

G* = Stress*/Strain G* = G + iG G' = (stress*/strain)cos G" = (stress*/strain)sin

Tan = G"/G'

Dynamic Time Sweep (Time Ramp)

Stress or Strain

Deformation

Time

The material response is monitored at a constant frequency, amplitude and temperature.

USES Time dependent Thixotropy Cure Studies Stability against thermal degradation Solvent evaporation/drying

AGENDA
Why Rheology ? Fundamental Rheology Concepts and Parameters Fundamental Rheometry Concepts Viscosity, Viscoelasticiy and the Storage Modulus The Linear Viscoelastic Region (LVR)

Dynamic Stress or Strain Sweep (Torque Ramp)

Stress or Strain

Deformation

Time

The material response to increasing deformation amplitude (stress or strain) is monitored at a constant frequency and temperature.

USES Identify Linear Viscoelastic Region Strength of dispersion structure - settling stability Resilience

Dynamic Strain Sweep: Material Response

1000

Linear Region G is constant

Non-Linear Region

100.0

G = f()

10.00

1.000 0.010000 0.10000

Critical Strain c
1.0000 10.000 % strain 100.00 0.01000 1000.0

osc. stress (Pa)

100.0

G' (Pa)

Frequency Sweep
Stress or Strain

Deformation

Time

The material response to increasing frequency (rate of deformation) is monitored at a constant amplitude (stress or strain) and temperature.

USES Viscosity Information - Zero Shear , shear thinning Elasticity (reversible deformation) in materials MW & MWD differences Polymer Melts and Polymer solutions. Finding Yield in gelled dispersions High and Low Rate (short and long time) modulus properties. Extend time or frequency range with TTS

Time Sweep on Latex

Structural Recovery after Preshear
100.0

80.00

G' (Pa)

60.00

40.00

20.00

0 0

25.00

50.00

75.00

100.0

125.0

150.0

175.0

200.0

225.0

time (s)

Dynamic Strain Sweep: Material Response

1000

Linear Region G is constant

Non-Linear Region

100.0

G = f()

10.00

1.000 0.010000 0.10000

Critical Strain c
1.0000 10.000 % strain 100.00 0.01000 1000.0

osc. stress (Pa)

100.0

G' (Pa)

Oscillation Model Fitting for Classic Polymer Data [Polyacrylamide Soln.]

Polyacrylamide Solution 20 C
1000 100.0 10.00 1.000 0.1000 0.01000 1.000E-3 1.000E-4 0.01000

TA Instruments
100.0 1000 100.0

Slope = 0.97 G"

4 Element Maxwell Fit
10.00

10.00 1.000 0.1000 1.000 0.01000

G' (Pa)

n' Slope = 1.96

Straight Line Fit to Terminal Region of Data
0.1000 1.000 10.00 ang. frequency (rad/sec) 100.0

n' (Pa.s)

G'' (Pa)

G'

1.000E-3 0.1000 1.000E-4 1000

Defining Shear Rate Ranges

Situation
Sedimentation of fine powders in liquids

Shear Rate Range 10-6 to 10-3 10-2 to 10-1 10-1 to 101 100 to 102 101 to 102 101 to 102 101 to 103 100 to 103 103 to 104 104 to 105 104 to 106 105 to 106 103 to 107

Examples
Medicines, Paints, Salad Dressing

Leveling due to surface tension Draining off surfaces under gravity Extruders Chewing and Swallowing Dip coating Mixing and stirring Pipe Flow Brushing Rubbing High-speed coating Spraying Lubrication

Paints, Printing inks Toilet bleaches, paints, coatings Polymers, foods Foods Confectionery, paints Liquids manufacturing Pumping liquids, blood flow Painting Skin creams, lotions Paper manufacture Atomization, spray drying Bearings, engines

Stress Relaxation Experiment

Strain
0

time

Response of Classical Extremes

Hookean Solid Newtonian Fluid

Stress

Stress
0

stress for t>0 is constant

stress for t>0 is 0

time

time

Stress Relaxation Experiment (contd)

Response of
Stress decreases with time starting at some high value and decreasing to zero.
Stress
0

Material

time

For small deformations (strains within the linear region) the ratio of stress to strain is a function of time only. This function is a material property known as the STRESS RELAXATION MODULUS, G(t) G(t) = s(t)/

Creep Recovery Experiment

Stress

t1 time t2 Response of Classical Extremes

Stain for t>t1 is constant Strain for t >t2 is 0

Strain

Strain

Stain rate for t>t1 is constant Strain for t>t1 increase with time Strain rate for t >t2 is 0

t1

time t2

t1 time t2

Creep Recovery Experiment: Response of Viscoelastic Material

Creep t1> 0 Recovery t 2= 0 (after steady state)

/
Strain
Recoverable Strain

t2

time

Strain rate decreases with time in the creep zone, until finally reaching a steady state.

In the recovery zone, the viscoelastic fluid recoils, eventually reaching a equilibrium at some small total strain relative to the strain at unloading.

Reference: Mark, J., et.al., Physical Properties of Polymers ,American Chemical Society, 1984, p. 102.

Polyethylene Rheology @ 150 C

1000000

HDPE
100000

viscosity (Pa.s)

LLDPE

10000

LDPE
1000 1.000E-4 1.00E-3 0.01000 0.1000 1.000 10.00

shear rate (1/s)

Polydimethylsiloxane - Cox-Merz Data

100000

Creep or Equilibrium Flow

viscosity (Pa.s)

10000

. () = ()
PDMS.05F-Flow step PDMS.08F-Flow step

Dynamic Frequency Sweep

1000
Dynamic data gives high shear rates unattainable in flow

100.0 1.000E-5

1.000E-3

0.1000 shear rate (1/s)

10.00

1000

Dynamic Temperature Ramp or Step and Hold: Material Response

Glassy Region Transition Region

Rubbery Plateau Region

Terminal Region

log E' (G') and E" (G")

Storage Modulus (E' or G') Loss Modulus (E" or G")

Temperature

Molecular Structure - Effect of Molecular Weight

Glassy Region Transition Region Rubbery Plateau Region

MW has practically no effect on the modulus below Tg

log E' (G')

Low MW

High Med. MW MW

Temperature

Effect of Heating Rate on Temperature of Cold Crystallization in PET

Heating Rate After Quench Cooling

Crystallization [kinetic event]

Tg melt

PET Bottle Resin Cold Crystallization

1.000E10 0.4000 0.3500

Temperature Ramp at 3C/min. Frequency = 1 Hz Strain = 0.025%

1.000E10

G
1.000E9 0.3000

- transition Tg = 88.0C
1.000E9

0.2500 tan(delta)

G' (Pa)

Cold Crystallization

G'' (Pa)

1.000E8

0.2000

1.000E8

0.1500

1.000E7

0.1000

- transition -56.62C

1.000E7

0.05000

tan
-150.0 -100.0 -50.0 0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 1.000E6 250.0

1.000E6 0 -200.0

temperature (Deg C)

PET Bottle Resin Before and After DMA Scan

Pressed PET Bottle Resin

PET After Temperature Ramp Scan (Cold Crystallization)

PET Bottle Resin - Repeat Run After Cold Crystallization

1.000E10 2.250

G
2.000 1.000E9 1.750

Temperature Ramp at 3C/min. Frequency = 1 Hz Strain = 0.025%

1.000E10

Melt Tm = 240C

1.000E9

1.000E8

1.500

G
tan(delta)

1.000E8

1.250 G' (Pa) 1.000E7 1.000

G'' (Pa)

1.000E7

1.000E6

0.7500

1.000E6

0.5000 1.000E5 0.2500

tan

- transition Tg = 103C
1.000E5

10000 0 -200.0

-150.0

-100.0

-50.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

10000 250.0

temperature (Deg C)

PET Bottle Resin - Comparison of G

1.000E10

Repeat Run After Cold Crystallization

1.000E9

Initial Scan on Pressed Resin

G' (Pa) 1.000E8

1.000E7

Temperature Ramp at 3C/min. Frequency = 1 Hz Strain = 0.025%

1.000E6 -150.0 -100.0 -50.0 0 50.0 temperature (Deg C) 100.0

Cold Crystallization

150.0

200.0

250.0

BECAUSE Typical DSC Transitions

Oxidation or Decomposition

Heat Flow

Melting Glass Transition Crystallization Cross-Linking (Cure)

Describe Thermal Transitions of the Materials Structure

Temperature

Quantitative Description of Consistency (structure) ?

BECAUSE
Thermal Analysis describes thermal transitions

NEED to quantify ...

Physical Properties of Structure Strength or weakness of the Structure

and because

Rheology

can do these; therefore, it is much more informative tool

Shear Flexure

Tension

Compression

Creep

Creep

Stress relaxation

Creep

Stress relaxation

Constant stressing rate

Creep

Stress relaxation

Constant stressing rate

Constant straining rate

Acknowledgements
Abel Gaspar-Rosas, Ph.D.
TA Instruments Waters, Inc For graphs and figures