CHEMISTRY FPRM 4/Chapter 4: Periodic Table of Elements/ 4.

5 Analysing Group 17 Elements

PERIODIC TABLE

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

2.7 2.8.7 2.8.18.7

2.8.18.18.7 GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 17

Low melting point Low boiling point Cant conduct electricity Pungent smell and poisonous Low density Exist as diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2 , I2 and At2)

CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Elements Fluorine,(F) Chlorine,(Cl) Bromine, (Br) Iodine,(I) No. of proton 9 17 35 53 Atomic radius /nm 0.07 0.10 0.114 0.133 Melting point /oC -220 -102 -7 114 Boiling point /oC -188 -34 59 184 Physical state (at room temperature) Gas Gas Liquid Solid Solid (Radioactive) Density/ gcm3 0.002 0.003 3.14 4.94 * Colour Pale yellow Greenishyellow Reddish brown Purple-black Black Electronegativity 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.5 2.2

85 0.143 302 340 Astatine,(At) Table 1 shows physical properties of Group 17 elements.

(*underterminate) Property (down the group) Atomic radius or size of atom increases Brief explanation Going down the group, No. of proton increases No. of shell of atom increases Therefore, atomic radius increases Going down the group, Atomic radius increases Force of attraction(intermolecular bond) between the molecules become stronger More heat energy is requires to overcome the force Therefore, melting point & boiling point increases Going down the group, Increase in relative atomic mass is more compared to the increase in volume(atomic radius) Therefore, density increases Going down the group, Atomic radius increases Distance between nucleus and outermost shell increases The force attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons become weaker Tendency to attract electron to form negative ion decreases Increasing in atomic radius or size of atom down the group Increasing in force of attraction between molecules

Melting Point and Boiling Point increase

Density increases

Electronegativity increases

Existence of physical states of elements which are different at room condition

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Elements Fluorine (F) Chlorine (Cl) Bromine (Br) Iodine (I) Astatin (AS) Electron Arrangement 2.7 2.8.7 2.8.18.7 2.8.18.18.7 2.8.18.32.18.7 No of valence electron 7 7 7 7 7
Chemical properties of Group 17 elements:High ability to accept electron Less reactive as go down the group Have 7 valence electrons Good oxidizing agent Halogen can react with: (a) Water (H2O) (b) Metal(Iron (III)) (c) Aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

REACTION BETWEEN HALOGENS AND WATER Observation: Elements Chlorine Bromine Solubility and Chlorine gas dissolve A little of the bromine colour of solution quickly in water to produce solution dissolves slowly to a pale yellow solution produce a brown solution Effect on universal indicator Change in litmus paper pH < 7 Blue litmus paper rapidly turn red before it is bleached(turns white) Red litmus paper is rapidly bleached pH < 7 Blue litmus paper slowly turn red before it is bleached(turns white) Red litmus paper is slowly bleached

Iodine Very little of the black iodine crystal dissolve in cold water. When heated, iodine dissolve to form a brownish-yellow solution pH< 7 Blue litmus paper changes very slowly to red Red litmus paper remains red

General equation: X2 (g) + H2O(l) HX(aq) + HOX(aq) Chemical equation: Cl2 (g) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq) Br2 (g) + H2O(l) HBr(aq) + HOBr(aq) I2 (g) + H2O(l) HI(aq) + HOI(aq) REACTION BETWEEN HALOGENS AND METAL(IRON) Observation: Element How vigorous the reaction is and the colour of General equation: the product formed Chlorine Iron wool burns brightly and vigorously. 2Fe (s) + 3X2(g) 2FeX3(s) Brown solid are formed Bromine Iron wool glows brightly and less vigorously. Brown solid are formed Iodine Iron wool glow slowly Chemical equation: Brown solid are formed 2Fe (s) + 3Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s) REACTION BETWEEN HALOGENS AND AQUEOUS SODIUM HYDROXIDE 2Fe (s) + 3Br2(g) 2FeBr3(s) Observation: Element Observation General2Fe (s) + 3I2(g) 2FeI3(s) equation: Chlorine The greenish-yellow chlorine gas dissolves rapidly to produce a 2NaOH (aq) + X2(g) NaX(aq) + NaOX(aq) + H2O(l) colourless solution Bromine The brown liquid bromine dissolves rather slowly to produce an almost colourless solution Chemical equation: Iodine The black iodine crystal dissolves slowly to produce an almost colourless 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2(g) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l) solution 2NaOH (aq) + Br2(g) NaBr(aq) + NaOBr(aq) + H2O(l) 2NaOH (aq) + I2(g) NaI(aq) + NaOI(aq) + H2O(l)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT

Halogen elements have 7 valence electrons and these 7 electron are on the outermost shell. During chemical reactions, these atom will receive an electron at the outermost shell to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement This reaction produces negative ions with -1 charge such as (F-, Cl-, Br-, I- and At-)

+ e
-

Chlorine atom (2.8.7) No. of proton = +17 No. of electron = -17 0 Chlorine atom will receive one electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement.

Chlorine ion (2.8.8)

(Octet electron arrangement)

No. of proton = +17 No. of electron = -18 -1 Excess of one negative charge cause chlorine ion to be negatively charged ion

THE REACTIVITY OF HALOGENS DOWN THE GROUP The reactivity of halogens decreases because: Down the group, The atomic size increases The distance between nucleus and outmost shell become further. The attractions force of nucleus on valence electrons decreases. The tendency of an atom to receive an electron to achieve an octet electron arrangement decreases.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN HANDLING GROUP 17 ELEMENTS

1. Elements of halogen are very poisonous and corrosive 2. Chlorine gas and bromine vapour cause breathing difficulties and death if inhaled in large quantities. 3. Bromine vapour can cause dizziness, nausea and burns on skin.
Thus, we must handled halogens with GREAT CARE!!!

1. Do not inhale halogens gas or vapour 2. Conduct the experiment in fume cupboard 3. Ware glove and safety goggles when handling halogens