WEEK 14 1.

Find out the differences between: (i) a phrase and clause Clauses Clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb A clause can be usefully distinguished from a phrase, which is a group of related words that does not contain a subject-verb relationship, such as "in the morning" or "running down the street" or "having grown used to this harassment." 1. Clauses is a group of words 2. Clauses have both a subject and a predicate. 3 Clauses can be independent. Independent clauses are full sentences. 4. Clauses can be dependent . Dependant Clauses are not full sentences. Examples:

Phrases

Phrase is a group of words that are related and focus on an idea; however, this group of words does not have a subject, a verb, or both.

1. Phrases is a group of words 2. Phrases do not have a subject or predicate.

Examples: Excellent idea Great job Wonderful idea

The girl is nice She went very fast We wash the car. finite and non finite clauses SECONDARY VERBS (nonfinite) Secondary or nonfinite verbs are not

(ii)

PRIMARY VERBS (finite) Primary (finite) verbs can be

inflected for tense, person and number. That is to say, they are marked by tense (usually -ed in past) and number (usually -s for 3rd person) Note: In the 2002 revision of the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, fiinite and nonfinite verbs were renamed primary and secondary verbs. The words finite and nonfinite were reinterpreted as a syntactic category of the clause. ARE MARKED FOR TENSE Charlie raises / raised his hand.

marked for tense, aspect, mood, number and person. For this reason, it cannot serve as a predicate, nor can it be used in an independent clause (unless combined with an auxiliary verb (e.g., can, may, will). Clauses whose verb is secondary are called nonfinite clauses, which are almost always subordinate. Below, the nonfinite clauses are illustrated with brackets [ ]. ARE NOT MARKED FOR TENSE To speak in class is difficult. (noun)

(regular tensed verb) Speaking in class is Charlie is silly . Charlie and Jill were encouraged. (noun) silly. (irregular) Prepared, students are more likely to Charlie does his math. Jill did her succeed. (ambiguous as a verb or math. (irregular) adjective) Jill has homework. Charlie had homework. (irregular) HAVE A SUBJECT Charlie hopes that he knows the answer. (The verb hopes has the subject RARELY HAVE A SUBJECT Charlie hopes to [ __ know the answer]. (The verb hopes has the subject

Charlie, and knows has the subject he.) Charlie, but knows has no subject.)

It is unusual for [him to [answer questions]. It is annoying that he answers all the The exception is the "Itfor" structure questions. in which subject is subordinated with for (him, her, them, etc.) ARE NOT MARKED FOR PERSON Charlie wants to [raise his hand]. ARE MARKED FOR PERSON Charlie stands up to [speak in class]. Charlie raises his hand. 3rd person Charlie helps us [answer the question]. It is hard for Charlie to [sit quietly.] FORM NEGATIVES WITH NOT FORM NEGATIVES WITH DO + NOT (USES "DO" SUPPORT) Charlie does not want to sit in class all day. Charlie is not here today. (BE is an exception) Charlie wants not to [sit in class all day]. Charlie prefers not [sitting in class all day] Charlie seems not to [be here today]. [Not wanting to sit all day] is understandable.

2. How do you identify a noun clause? A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause. Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses and wh-clauses:

that-clause: I believe that everything happens for a reason.

wh-clause: How do I know what I think, until I see what I say? A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:

A noun clause can be a subject of a verb: What Billy did shocked his friends. A noun clause can be an object of a verb: Billys friends didnt know that he couldnt swim. A noun clause can be a subject complement: Billys mistake was that he refused to take lessons. A noun clause can be an object of a preposition: Mary is not responsible for what Billy did. A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement: Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause: To change a statement to a noun clause use that: I know + Billy made a mistake = I know that Billy made a mistake. To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether: George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? = George wonders if Fred knows how to cook. To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word: I dont know + Where is George? = I dont know where George is. C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers: that if, whether Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever. D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be

omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence: correct: Billys friends didnt know that he couldnt swim. correct: Billys friends didnt know he couldnt swim. correct: Billys mistake was that he refused to take lessons. correct: Billys mistake was he refused to take lessons. correct: That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone. not correct: * Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question: not correct: * Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it) correct: Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is) not correct: * Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go) correct: Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went) F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses: When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is: future if its action/state is later He thinks that the exam next week will be hard. He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard. present if its action/state is at the same time He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now. past if its action/state is earlier He thinks that George took the exam yesterday. When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the

noun clause is: was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard. He thought that the exam the following week would be hard. past if its action/state is at the same time He thought that Mary was taking the exam then.

past perfect if its action/state is earlier He thought that George had taken the exam the day before. If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past. The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday.

If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past. We learned that English is not easy. The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.

G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause:

Noun clauses as subjects of verbs: That George learned how to swim is a miracle. Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain. What Mary said confused her parents. However you learn to spell is OK with me. Noun clauses as objects of verbs: We didnt know that Billy would jump. We didnt know Billy would jump. Can you tell me if Fred is here? I dont know where he is. George eats whatever is on his plate. Noun clauses as subject complements: The truth is that Billy was not very smart. The truth is Billy was not very smart. The question is whether other boys will try the same thing. The winner will be whoever runs fastest. Noun clauses as objects of prepositions: Billy didnt listen to what Mary said. He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

Noun clauses as adjective complements: He is happy that he is learning English. We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.

3. In groups of three, find examples of finite, non finite and noun clauses from any

authentic texts.

Relaxation Therapy Relaxation therapy can help you reduce your stress levels as well as improve different aspects of your life. With so much anxiety and stress that is caused by everyday life, you will need to find a way to help yourself relax. There are different types of relaxation techniques that you can try. Let's take a look at why this is important and some of the different therapies that are available. When you are able to relax more, you will actually be able to get more done. There are many benefits to relaxation therapies. One is that you will be able to lower your blood pressure. When you are tense all of the time, this can cause your blood pressure it increase and can cause different health problems. Another benefit is that you will be able to increase blood flow to the major muscles of your body. This will allow you to experience less aches and pain. A third benefit of relaxing more is that you will be able to concentrate more. In other words, your mind will be shaper. One more benefit is that you will be able to reduce feelings of anger, frustration, and agitation. Now let's take a look at some of the relaxation therapy techniques that are available. There a couple of different categories that you can choose from. The first is mental. This is where you focus relaxing your mind. You can do this in a couple of different ways. The first is to use guided imagery. This is where you will listen to instructions on what to focus on. You can buy CD's that will help you do this. It will help you imagine certain images that will help put you in a more relaxed state. Another type of relaxation therapy has to do with your air flow. When we are stressed and tense, we will tend to breathe a bit shallower. By preventing your body

from getting fully oxygenated, it can cause a lot of tension in your body. So techniques in this category can include meditation and deep breathing. In both instances, you will be focusing on breathing fully by using your diaphragm. Try breathing in through your nose for a count of 10, holding it for a count of 40, and exhaling for a count of 20. There are different breathing techniques you can use but this one, where you hold your breath, will help fully oxygenate the cells in your body. You can even do this while listening to relaxation therapy music.

The last category has to do with your body. One form is relaxation massage therapy. Getting a massage every now and then can help you take out the tension in your muscles. Another thing you can do is to do tense up and release exercises. This is where you basically make different parts of your body tense up as much as you can and then slowly releasing the tension. One way to do this is clench your fists as hard as possible and hold it there for about 30 seconds and then slowly release.

Being able to relax is an important skill that you should develop. By using relaxation therapy, you will be able to control the stress and tension that gets built up in your body. Your body and mind can only go so long with tension and stress before it starts to break down. The benefits of being able to relax are huge. You can learn more about these techniques online. You can even look on Youtube for some guided meditations and other videos on different relaxation therapy techniques.

* finite, non finite, noun clause