International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 2, March-2012 ISSN 2398-9518

A NOVEL METHOD FOR NEAR STATE PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (NSPWM) BASED CHOPPER DRIVES
Er.P.Manikandan,Member, IEEE, and RK.Shankaraguru.M.E., Assistant Prof. EEE.,PRIST University

Abstract: This paper presents a reduction of ripple using c filter in isolated dc-dc buck/boost converter. A typical application for this converter is battery charging for electrical vehicles, telecommunication and speed control of dc-motor. The advantages of the Full bridge circuit with c filter are reduced ripple content present in the voltage and current waveforms, soft switching, low cost and high efficiency. The proposed Near State PWM (NSPWM) method, which reduces the common mode voltage/current, for the PWM chopper drives. The operating principle and steady-state analysis are analyzed. Finally, the experimental results shows that NSPWM exhibits superior common mode and satisfactory PWM ripple performance characteristics. Index Terms: Buck/Boost Converter, PWM, NSPWM, DC- Chopper

1. INTRODUCTION Developments of high performance motor drives are very essential for industrial applications. A high performance motor drive system must have good dynamic speed command tracking and load regulating response. DC motors provide excellent control of speed for acceleration and deceleration. The power supply of a DC motor connects directly to the field of the motor which allows for precise voltage control, and is necessary for speed and torque control applications. DC drives, because of their simplicity, ease of application, reliability and favorable cost have long been a backbone of industrial applications. DC drives are less complex as compared to AC drives system. DC drives are normally less expensive for low horsepower ratings. DC motors have a long tradition of being used as adjustable speed machines and a wide range of options have evolved for this purpose. Cooling blowers and inlet air flanges provide cooling air for a wide speed range at constant torque. DC regenerative drives are available for applications requiring continuous regeneration for overhauling loads. AC drives with this capability would be more complex and expensive. Properly applied brush and

maintenance of commutator is minimal. DC motors are capable of providing starting and accelerating torques in excess of 400% of rated. D.C motors have long been the primary means of electric traction. They are also used for mobile equipment such as golf carts, quarry and mining applications. DC motors are conveniently portable and well fit to special applications, like industrial equipments and machineries that are not easily run from remote power sources. D.C motor is considered a SISO (Single Input and Single Output) system having torque/speed characteristics compatible with most mechanical loads. This makes a D.C motor controllable over a wide range of speeds by proper adjustment of the terminal voltage. Now days, Induction motors, Brushless D.C motors and Synchronous motors have gained widespread use in electric traction system. Even then, there is a persistent effort towards making them behave like dc motors through innovative design and control techniques. 2. DC CHOPPER A chopper is a static power electronic device that converts fixed dc input voltage to a variable dc output voltage. A Chopper may be considered as dc equivalent of an AC transformer since they behave in an identical manner. As

IJSER 2012

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 2, March-2012 ISSN 2398-9518 chopper involves one stage conversion, these are more efficient Choppers are now being used all over the world for rapid transit systems. These are also used in trolley cars, marine hoist, forklift trucks and mine haulers. The future electric automobiles are likely to use choppers for their speed control and braking. Chopper systems offer smooth control, high

efficiency, faster response and regeneration facility. The power semiconductor devices used for a chopper circuit can be force commutated thyristor, power BJT, MOSFET and IGBT.GTO based chopper are also used. These devices are generally represented by a switch. When the switch is off, no current can flow. Current flows through the load when switch is on. The power semiconductor devices have on state voltage drop of 0.5V to 2.5V across them. For the sake of simplicity, this voltage drop across these devices is generally neglected. As mentioned above, a chopper is dc equivalent to an AC transformer, have continuously variable turns ratio. Like a transformer, a chopper can be used to step down or step up the fixed dc input voltage. 3. THE NSPWM METHOD The Near State PWM (NSPWM) method utilizes a group of three neighbor voltage vectors to match the output and reference volt-seconds. These three voltage vectors are selected such that the voltage vector closest to reference voltage vector and its two neighbors (to the right and left) are utilized. Therefore, the utilized voltage vectors are changed in every 60o throughout the space. As shown in Fig.1, to apply the method, the voltage vector space is divided into six segments. Define with indices, voltage vectors Vi-1, Vi, and Vi+1 are utilized for region Bi. For example, for the region between 30 o and 90o (B2), the applied voltage vectors are V1, V2, and V3. Utilizing the above defined near state voltage vectors; the complex variable volt-seconds balance equation and the PWM period constraint for NSPWM are given in generalized form for region Bi (3.1, 3.2) where Ts is the PWM period.

Fig.1Voltage Space Vectors and 60 Sector Definitions

Fig.2 Illustration of the NSPWM Space Vectors for B2 Normalizing the voltage vector on-time values, the vector duty cycles can be found as dk = tk / Ts, where k: i-1, i, i+1. Utilizing the above equations, the duty cycles of the required voltage vectors can be calculated for region Bi as follows.
2 3 (i 2) M i sin( ) 3 3 (i 2) 3 3 (i 2) di 1 M i cos( ) M i sin( ) 3 3 3 (i 2) 3 3 (i 2) di 1 1 M i cos( ) M i sin( ) 3 3 di 1 1 (3.3) (3.4) (3.5)

In this above equations = wet is the angle of the reference voltage vector and Mi is the modulation index which indicates the voltage utilization level (Mi=Vm/(2Vdc/)) [1]. Equations (3.3), (3.4), and (3.5) yield a valid solution only in region LR shown in above Fig. And in the remaining regions there is no solution. Region LR, where (3.3), (3.4), and (3.5) have a valid solution, corresponds to per fundamental cycle voltage linearity MiLmin =0.61MiLmax =0.907. For the shaded region of Fig., where NSPWM has a valid solution, the three voltage vectors may be combined in various sequences to program the required output voltage.

Vi 1ti 1 Vi ti Vi 1ti 1 VRef Ts ti 1 ti ti 1 Ts

(3.1) (3.2)

IJSER 2012

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 2, March-2012 ISSN 2398-9518

Fig. 5 Gate Pulse to the Power MOSFETs 5. CONCLUSION The NSPWM method, which has low CMV and reduced switching losses compared to conventional PWM Fig. 3 Voltage Linearity Range of NSPWM (Voltage Normalized to Vdc/2) With the constraints of minimum switching count, no simultaneous switchings of phase legs, and minimum CMV, only the sequence of Vi+1-Vi-Vi-1-Vi-Vi+1 as a general form for region Bi remains feasible. For example, between 30 o and 90o (B2), the optimal sequence is V3-V2-V1-V2-V3. In this sequence state changes occur only between adjacent states and this is the only sequence which does not require simultaneous switching of the inverter legs. The sequence of NSPWM and other methods are shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Voltage Vector Patterns of NSPWM Method Patterns NSPWM B1 21612 B2 32123 B3 43234 B4 54345 B5 65456 B6 16561 methods, is proposed. From the experimental results, it can be observed that the proposed NSPWM algorithm gives less common mode voltage variations very smooth speed control DC motors when compared with the other algorithms (SVPWM, SPWM, RSPWM AZSPWM etc.,) with slight increase in harmonic distortion. Also, as the proposed NSPWM algorithm is a bus-clamping sequence, it reduces the switching losses, THD (Total Harmonic Distortion ), and switching sequence Hence, the switching frequency of the proposed NSPWM algorithm is also less when compared with the other algorithms. 6. REFERENCES [1]. Lung-Sheng Yang and Tsorng-Juu Liang, Senior Member, IEEE Analysis and Implementation of a Novel Bidirectional DCDC Converter IEEE Transactions on 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The 5V supply is given to the micro controller by LM7805 voltage regulator and from the LM7812 regulator, 12V supply is given to the driver circuit. The pulse generated from the microcontroller is providing the gate pulse to the MOSFETs. industrial electronics, vol. 59, no. 1, january 2012. [2]. N.MAHESH, D.SESHI REDDY, A Novel of Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Drive, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.2, Mar-Apr 2012 pp-186-196 ISSN: 2249-6645. [3]. Antalya-Turkey, k. Satyanarayana, J. Amarnath, A. Kailasa Rao Near State PWM Algorithm with Reduced Switching Frequency and Reduced Common Mode Voltage Variations for Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive International journal of scientific & engineering research, Fig. 4. Gate Pulse from the Microcontroller volume 2, issue 3, march-2011 1 ISSN 2229-5518.

IJSER 2012

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 2, March-2012 ISSN 2398-9518 [4]. R.S. Kanchan, P.N. Tekwani, M.R. Baiju, K. Gopakumar and A. Pittet Three-Level Inverter Configuration with Common Mode Voltage Elimination for Induction Motor Drive IEEE Transactions vol. 9, no. 1, january 2011. [5]. William T. Baumann, Jason Lai, Fred C. Lee, Douglas J. Nelson Space Vector Modulation and Control of Multilevel Converters IEEE Transactions vol. 4, no. 1 September 2011. [6]. Ufuk Ayhan, Ahmet M. Hava, Analysis and [12].

Robert W. Erickson, Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering University of Colorado DC-DC Power Converters, Article in Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dec2011. [13]. Ufuk Ayhan Ahmet M. Hava Analysis and

Characterization of DC Bus Ripple Current of Two-Level Inverters Using the Equivalent Centered Harmonic Approach 2011 IEEE. [14]. Nacer Benaifa, Hussain Bierk, Abu Hamed M. A. Rahim and Ed Nowicki Analysis of Harmonic Reduction for Synchronized Phase-Shifted Parallel PWM Inverters with Current Sharing Reactors IEEE Transactions, May 2008, ISBN: 978-1-4244-1444-4. [15]. n ahmet M. Hava Performance Characteristics of

Characterization of DC Bus Ripple Current of Two-Level Inverters Using The Equivalent Centered Harmonic Approach, 978-1-4577-0541- IEEE Transactions vol. 22, no. 1 2011 IEEE. [7]. W. C. Liao, T. J. Liang, H. H. Liang, H. K. Liao, L. S. Yang, K.C. Juang, J. F. Chen, Study and Implementation of a Novel Bidirectional DC-DC Converter with High Conversion Ratio, 978-1-4577-0541-0 IEEE Transactions vol. 18, no. 3 2011 IEEE. [8]. B. Urmila1 and D. Subba Rayudu2, Optimum Space Vector PWM Algorithm for Three-Level Inverter, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 9, September 2011, ISSN 1819-6608. [9]. K. Satyanarayana, J. Amarnath, A. Kailasa Rao Near State PWM Algorithm with Reduced Switching Frequency and Reduced Common Mode Voltage Variations for Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drive, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 2, Issue 3, March-2011, ISSN 2229-5518. [10]. N. Onur etin, Ahmet M. Hava Scalar PWM

The Reduced Common Mode Voltage Near State PWM Method EPE 2007 Aalborg, ISBN: 9789075815108. [16]. J. Rodrguez, S. Kouro, J. Rebolledo and J. Pontt, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Mara Department of Electronics Engineering A Reduced Switching Frequency Modulation Algorithm for High Power Multilevel Inverters IEEE Transactions vol. 11, no. 1 Jan. 2005. [17]. Eyyup Demirkutlu, Member, IEEE, and Ahmet M. Hava, Member, IEEE, A Scalar Resonant-Filter-BankBased Output-Voltage Control Method and a Scalar Minimum-Switching-Loss Discontinuous PWM Method for the Four-Leg-Inverter-Based Three-Phase Four-Wire Power Supply, IEEE Transactions on Industry

Applications, vol. 45, no. 3, May/June 2009. [18]. N. Rajarajeswari, K. Thanushkodi, Design of an Topology, Zhang, European Journal of Scientific

Implementation Methods For Three-Phase Three-Wire Inverters IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 59, On page(s): I-447 - I-451, December 2009. [11]. Emre n ahmet M. Hava A near State PWM Method

Intelligent Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter with Half Bridge

Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.22 No.1 (2008), pp.90-97 [19]. Junhong Bidirectional DC-DC Power Converter Design Optimization, Modeling and Control, IEEE Transactions vol. 22, no. 1 Jan. 30, 2008.

with Reduced Switching Frequency and Reduced Common Mode Voltage for Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters IEEE-IEMDC 2007.

IJSER 2012