dq0 transformation applied to asymmetrically

fed electrical machines

By

Johan Christian Lamprecht

Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the Baccalaureus Technologiae in Electrical Engineering
at the

SUPERVISOR: E VOSS
NOVEMBER 2010

DECLARATION
I hereby submit this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree
Baccalaureus Technologiae to the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Cape
Peninsula University of Technology.
I declare that this is my original work and that it has not been submitted in this or a
similar form for a degree at any other tertiary institution.

Candidate

..
J.C. Lamprecht

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the analysis of asymmetrical faults of the supply to a reluctance synchronous
machine. By applying the dq0 transformation the fundamental variables will be transformed from a
stationary time dependent system (stator) to a rotating but time independent system (rotor). These stator
quantities ir , iy, ib can be transformed by means of a Parks transformation matrix into three individual
rotor quantities id , iq, i0. The dq0 transformation is a fictitious mathematical transformation of the stator
currents on to the rotor currents. Various case studies are dealt with to find a comparison regarding
these dq0 currents.
Index terms- Reluctance synchronous machine, dq0, stator, rotor, and matrix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to the following people:
God my Creator, Saviour, Provider and my Consoler for making this possible.
Mr. Egon Voss for his guidance and support during this research.
My family for their encouragement and support.
My classmates and friends for their help throughout the year.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................................... 2
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................................................. 8
LIST OF SYMBOLS ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 10
I.

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11

II.

Methodology .............................................................................................................................................................. 14

III.

Results ........................................................................................................................................................................ 17

A.

Symmetrical system.................................................................................................................................................... 17

TABLE I. ............................................................................................................................................................................. 19
B.

Magnitude asymmetry in one phase ........................................................................................................................... 20

TABLE II............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
C.

Magnitude asymmetry in all phases ........................................................................................................................... 22

TABLE III. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 23

D.

Angle asymmetry........................................................................................................................................................ 24

TABLE IV. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25

E.

Angle and magnitude asymmetry in one phase .......................................................................................................... 26

TABLE V. ........................................................................................................................................................................... 27
F.

Angle and magnitude asymmetry in all phases .......................................................................................................... 28

TABLE VI. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 29

IV.

Analysis of Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

CASE A ........................................................................................................................................................................... 30
CASE B ........................................................................................................................................................................... 30
CASE C ........................................................................................................................................................................... 30
CASE D ........................................................................................................................................................................... 30
CASE E ........................................................................................................................................................................... 30
CASE F ............................................................................................................................................................................ 31

V.

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................. 31

VI.

References .................................................................................................................................................................. 32

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1:
Figure 1-2:
Figure 1-3:
Figure 1-4:
Figure 2-1:
Figure 2-2:
Figure 2-3:
Figure 2-4:
Figure 3-1:
Figure 3-2:
Figure 3-3:
Figure 3-4:
Figure 3-5:
Figure 3-6:
Figure 3-7:
Figure 3-8:
Figure 3-9:
Figure 3-10:
Figure 3-11:
Figure 3-12:
Figure 3-13:
Figure 3-14:
Figure 3-15:
Figure 3-16:
Figure 3-17:

Schematic of the cross-section of a traditional three-phase synchronous machine

Equivalent d-axis circuit
Equivalent q-axis circuit
Equivalent 0-axis circuit
Thre phase current system
Phasor diagram for wt=0
Phasor diagram for wt=10
Space phasor diagram
Phasor diagram at wt=0 and x0=0
Phasor diagram at wt=30 and x0=0
Phasor diagram at wt=0 and x0=30
Thre phase current system at x0=0
Thre phase current system at x0=30
Phasor diagram at wt = 30 and x0= 0
Thre phase current system at x0= 0
Phasor diagram at wt = 30 and x0= 0
Thre phase current system at x0= 0
Phasor diagram at wt = 0 and x0= 0
Thre phase current system at x0= 0
Phasor diagram at wt = 0 and x0= 0
Phasor diagram at wt =3 0 and x0= 0
Thre phase current system at x0= 0
Phasor diagram at wt = 0 and x0= 0
Phasor diagram at wt = 30 and x0= 0
Thre phase current system at x0= 0

LIST OF TABLES
Table I:
Table II:
Table III:
Table IV:
Table V:
Table VI:

Symmetrical system
Magnitude asymmetry in one phase
Magnitude asymmetry in all phases
Angle asymmetry
Angle and magnitude asymmetry in one phase
Angle and magnitude asymmetry in all phases

LIST OF SYMBOLS
Is
id
iq
i0

Current space phasor

Direct current
Quadrature current
Zero sequence current

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Dq0
d-axis
q-axis
mmf

Direct, quadrature, zero currents

direct axis
quadrature axis
magneto motive forces

10

I. INTRODUCTION
As it is difficult to measure rotor currents the dq0 transformation is applied which was proposed by RH
Park in 1929[1]. The dq0 reference frame is an at the system frequency rotating reference frame,
which is commonly used in order to simplify the analysis of synchronous machine equations [2]. These
axes (dq) guide the magnetic flux, produced by the current in the stator windings, and cause the rotor to
move in the direction of the stator phase sequence which finally reaches the speed synchronous to that
of the stator frequency. Consequently, this magnetic flux, that in effect pulls the rotor along the
stator, produces the RSMs torque.

Figure 1-1: Schematic of the cross-section of a traditional three-phase

synchronous machine

As shown in Figure 1-1, two axes are defined in a synchronous machine, which
are rotating together with the rotor of the machine:
the direct (d) axis
the quadrature (q) axis, located 90 electrical degrees ahead of the d-axis [1].

11

Equivalent circuits of the dq0 axis are illustrated by Figures 1-2 to 1-4 [3].

Figure 1-2: Equivalent d-axis circuit

Figure 1-3: Equivalent q-axis circuit

Figure 1-3: Equivalent q-axis circuit

12

Figure 1-4: Equivalent 0-axis circuit

The d-axis represents the rotor magnet flux axis and the q-axis is in quadrature to the daxis. The d-axis stator current component controls the air gap flux, while the q-axis
current component is used for torque control. If id is positive or the phase advance angle
is negative (phase lag), the armature or stator current produces an mmf around the air
gap that tends to supplement the permanent magnet flux. If id is negative, the stator mmf
is negative and causes demagnetization of the magnets. [4].
The dq0 reference frame is an at the system frequency rotating reference frame, which
is commonly used in the analysis of synchronous machine equations [2].
By changing the frame of reference to one rotating synchronously at angular speed w,
the projection of the r,y,b, vectors over the rotating dq0-axes will remain constant in
time. Their value will depend on the angle between the rotating axis and the time
reference. [5].
It is well known that the corresponding dq0 model of a synchronous machine is derived
from the assumption that the machine windings are sinusoidally distributed. This implies
that all higher space harmonics produced by the machine windings, except the
fundamental one, are neglected. However, an internal fault in the stator windings will
break the sinusoidally distributed characteristic of the windings. The faulted windings
will produce stronger space harmonics in the air-gap magnetic field. Moreover, the
symmetry between the machine windings will no longer be present. Therefore, the
conventional dq0 model is not suited to analyze internal faults [6].

13

II. METHODOLOGY
Every machine with asymmetry (either in the stator, the rotor or in both) offers two cordinate systems.
The three phase current system in Figure 2-1 can be described as: ir = irmaxcos(wt), iy=iymaxcos(wt-120),
ib=ibmaxcos(wt+120) with ir being reference and the coordinate system fixed to the stator (namely to
coil R)[7] .

Figure 2-1: Thre phase current system

The phasor diagrams (Figure 2-2 & 2-3) show a system which is fixed to the rotor. Figure 2-2
illustrates the situation for wt=0 el and Figure 2-3 illustrates the situation for wt=10 and it can be seen
2
that the current space phasor I s = (ir + i y + 2ib ) has turned through an angle of exactly 10.
(1)
3

Figure 2-2: Phasor diagram for wt=0

Figure 2-3: Phasor diagram for wt=10

14

Important to notice is that at wt=0, Is= ir

The space phasor Is can be represented by two components which are 90 apart. In the case of
asymmetrically built machines these components are called d (for direct) and q (for quadrature).
The transformation from the stator system to the rotor system can be shown to be:
id

iq =
i
0

cos( x) cos( x 120) cos( x + 120) ir

2

sin( x) sin( x 120) sin( x + 120) i y

3
1
1
1
ib

2
2
2

( 2)

where x=x0+wt with x0 being the angle between the axis of phase R and the d-axis at wt=0. As can be
seen from Equation (2), under symmetrical conditions i0 ill be zero because the three currents sum up
to zero [7].
The physical picture behind this transformation is that one can imagine one coil wound around the daxis and another around the q-axis as represented by Figure 2-4 [8]:

Figure 2-4: Space phasor diagram

15

By using the transformation the currents in the coils of the d-and q-axis can be calculated. Both systems
r, y, b and d, q, 0 must represent the same space phasor at the end.
Because the rotor-and-stator systems represent the same current space phasor the d-and-q axis currents
can also be obtained by applying Pythagoras [7]:

I s = I dq =

(i

2
d

iq
+ iq2 arctan
id

(3)

This technique provides very good results for detecting 3 three phase balance faults with detection
times that are almost immediately since it allows the control scheme to a balanced three phase system
as a DC quantity [9].
A 3-phase, 4 pole, 380V machine with single layer windings was kept at a constant rms value of 16 A
and modelled using a finite element software.
After each case study a table has been drawn up firstly varying wt and keeping x0 constant and then
varying x0 and keeping wt constant. Only the rotor quantities are taken into consideration as we are
dealing with the dq0 transformations. A legend has been drawn up to illustrate some similarities
between the rotor currents.

Legend
wt and x0 at 90, 180and 270
magnitudes are negatively equal
peak magnitude
magnitudes are equal

16

III. RESULTS
A. Symmetrical system
A symmetrical system was analysed to establish a reference. Figure 3-1 illustrate the phasor diagram
with peak values for ir = 16A0, iy=16A-120, ib=16A120 at wt = 0 and x0= 0.

Figure 3-1: Phasor diagram at wt=0 and x0=0

Is =

2
3

2 *16 2 * 8120 2 * 8 120

(1)

Is = 22.630 A

cos(0) cos(120)
cos(120)
2 * 160
id

iq = sin(0) sin(120) sin(+120) 2 * 16 120

i 3
1
1
1
2 * 16120
0

2
2
2

id = 22.63 A
iq = 0 A
i0 = 0 A

I s = I dq =

(22.62

0
+ 0 2 arctan

22.62

Is = 22.630 A

17

(3)

(2)

Figures 3-2 and 3-3 illustrate how the current space phasor changes as a function of the angle between
the red phase and the d-axis.

Figure 3-2: Phasor diagram at wt=30 and x0=0

Figure 3-3: Phasor diagram at wt=0 and x0=30

Figures 3-4 & 3-5 represents the space phasors taken over a period of 360 and plotted as a function of
time.

Figure 3-4: Thre phase current system at x0=0

Figure 3-5: Thre phase current system at x0=30

It can be seen that as x0 changes the dq currents changes in magnitude, but remain constant.

18

TABLE I.
Symmetrical
system

x0=0

id

iq

i0

Is

Is

wt=0

22.63

22.63 0i

22.630

wt=10
wt=20

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

22.28 + 3.93i
21.26 + 7.74i

22.6310

wt=30

22.63

19.6 +11.31i

wt=40
wt=50

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

17.33 +14.54i
14.54 +17.33i

wt=60

22.63

11.31 +19.6i

wt=70
wt=80

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

7.74 +21.26i
3.93 +22.28i

wt=90

22.63

0 +22.63i

wt=100
wt=110

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

-3.93 +22.28i
-7.74 +21.26i

wt=120

22.63

-11.31 +19.6i

wt=130
wt=140

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

-14.54 +17.33i
-17.33 +14.54i

wt=150

22.63

-19.6 +11.31i

wt=160
wt=170

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

-21.26 + 7.74i
-22.28 + 3.93i

wt=180

22.63

-22.63 + 0i

wt=190
wt=200

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

-22.28 3.93i
-21.26 7.74i

wt=210

22.63

-19.6 -11.31i

wt=220
wt=230

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

-17.33 -14.54i
-14.54 -17.33i

wt=240

22.63

-11.31 -19.6i

wt=250
wt=260

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

-7.74 -21.26i
-3.93 -22.28i

wt=270

22.63

-0 -22.63i

wt=280
wt=290

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

3.93 - 22.28i
7.74 -21.26i

wt=300

22.63

11.31 -19.6i

wt=310
wt=320

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

14.54 -17.33i
17.33 -14.54i

wt=330

22.63

19.6 -11.31i

wt=340
wt=350

22.63
22.63

0
0

0
0

21.26 7.74i
22.28 3.93i

wt=360

22.63

22.63 0i

22.6320
22.6330
22.6340
22.6350
22.6360
22.6370
22.6380
22.6390
22.63100
22.63110
22.63120
22.63130
22.63140
22.63150
22.63160
22.63170
22.63180
22.63190
22.63200
22.63210
22.63220
22.63230
22.63240
22.63250
22.63260
22.63270
22.63280
22.63290
22.63300
22.63310
22.63320
22.63330
22.63340
22.63350
22.63360

19

wt=0

iq

i0

Is

22.63

0.00

22.28
21.26

-3.93
-7.74

0
0

22.630
22.630

x0=30

19.60

-11.31

x0=40
x0=50

17.33
14.54

-14.54
-17.33

0
0

x0=60

11.31

-19.60

x0=70
x0=80

7.74
3.93

-21.26
-22.28

0
0

x0=0
x0=10
x0=20

id

x0=90

0.00

-22.63

x0=100
x0=110

-3.93
-7.74

-22.28
-21.26

0
0

x0=120

-11.31

-19.60

x0=130
x0=140

-14.54
-17.33

-17.33
-14.54

0
0

x0=150

-19.60

-11.31

x0=160
x0=170

-21.26
-22.28

-7.74
-3.93

0
0

x0=180

-22.63

0.00

x0=190
x0=200

-22.28
-21.26

3.93
7.74

0
0

x0=210

-19.60

11.31

x0=220
x0=230

-17.33
-14.54

14.54
17.33

0
0

x0=240

-11.31

19.60

x0=250
x0=260

-7.74
-3.93

21.26
22.28

0
0

x0=270

0.00

22.63

x0=280
x0=290

3.93
7.74

22.28
21.26

0
0

x0=300

11.31

19.60

x0=310
x0=320

14.54
17.33

17.33
14.54

0
0

x0=330

19.60

11.31

x0=340
x0=350

21.26
22.28

7.74
3.93

0
0

x0=360

22.63

0.00

22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630
22.630

B. Magnitude asymmetry in one phase

In this case study the red phase current is reduced. The phasor diagram is illustrated in Figure 3-6.
Figure 3-7 represents the current system. ir = 10A0, iy=16A-120, ib=16A120 at wt = 30 and
x0= 0.

Figure 3-6: Phasor diagram at wt = 30 and x0= 0

Figure 3-7: Thre phase current system at x0= 0

By having an asymmetrical system the sum of the phase currents will not equal zero and this result in a
zero component i0. It can be seen that Is do not move along the reference axis (wt).
20

TABLE II.
magnitude asymmetry in 1 phase
x0=0

id

iq

i0

Is

Is

wt=0

id

iq

i0

Is

wt=0
wt=10

16.97
17.14

0
0.97

-2.83
-2.79

16.97 0i
16.71 + 3.93i

16.970

x0=0
x0=10

16.97
16.71

0
-2.95

-2.83
-2.83

16.970
16.970

wt=20

17.63

1.82

-2.66

15.95 + 7.74i

x0=20

15.95

-5.80

-2.83

wt=30
wt=40

18.38
19.31

2.45
2.79

-2.45
-2.17

14.7 +11.31i
13 +14.54i

x0=30
x0=40

14.70
13.00

-8.49
-10.91

-2.83
-2.83

16.970
16.970

wt=50

20.29

2.79

-1.82

10.91 +17.33i

x0=50

10.91

-13.00

-2.83

wt=60
wt=70

21.21
21.97

2.45
1.82

-1.41
-0.97

8.49 +19.6i
5.8 +21.26i

x0=60
x0=70

8.49
5.80

-14.70
-15.95

-2.83
-2.83

wt=80

22.46

0.97

-0.49

2.95 +22.28i

x0=80

2.95

-16.71

-2.83

wt=90
wt=100

22.63
22.46

0
-0.97

0
0.49

0 +22.63i
-2.95 +22.28i

x0=90
x0=100

0
-2.95

-16.97
-16.71

-2.83
-2.83

wt=110

21.97

-1.82

0.97

-5.8 +21.26i

x0=110

-5.80

-15.95

-2.83

wt=120
wt=130

21.21
20.29

-2.45
-2.79

1.41
1.82

-8.49 +19.6i
-10.91 +17.33i

x0=120
x0=130

-8.49
-10.91

-14.70
-13.00

-2.83
-2.83

wt=140

19.31

-2.79

2.17

-13 +14.54i

x0=140

-13.00

-10.91

-2.83

wt=150
wt=160

18.38
17.63

-2.45
-1.82

2.45
2.66

-14.7 +11.31i
-15.95 + 7.74i

x0=150
x0=160

-14.70
-15.95

-8.49
-5.80

-2.83
-2.83

16.970

wt=170

17.14

-0.97

2.79

-16.71 + 3.93i

x0=170

-16.71

-2.95

-2.83

wt=180
wt=190

16.97
17.14

0
0.97

2.83
2.79

-16.97 + 0i
-16.71 3.93i

x0=180
x0=190

-16.97
-16.71

0
2.95

-2.83
-2.83

16.970
16.970

wt=200

17.63

1.82

2.66

-15.95 7.74i

x0=200

-15.95

5.80

-2.83

wt=210
wt=220

18.38
19.31

2.45
2.79

2.45
2.17

-14.7 -11.31i
-13 -14.54i

19.5-131.8

x0=210
x0=220

-14.70
-13.00

8.49
10.91

-2.83
-2.83

20.48-122.19
21.36-113.42

x0=230

-10.91

13.00

-2.83

x0=240
x0=250

-8.49
-5.80

14.70
15.95

-2.83
-2.83

wt=230

20.29

2.79

1.82

-10.91 -17.33i

wt=240
wt=250

21.21
21.97

2.45
1.82

1.41
0.97

-8.49 -19.6i
-5.8 -21.26i

wt=260

22.46

0.97

0.49

-2.95 -22.28i

wt=270
wt=280

22.63
22.46

0
-0.97

0
-0.49

0 -22.63i
2.95 -22.28i

17.1713.23
17.7225.89
18.5537.57
19.548.2
20.4857.81
21.3666.58
22.0474.74
22.4782.46
22.6390
22.4797.54
22.04105.26
21.36113.42
20.48122.19
19.5131.8
18.55142.43
17.73154.11
17.17166.77
-16.970
17.17-166.77
17.73-154.11
18.55-142.43

22.04-105.26
22.47-97.54
22.63-90

x0=260

-2.95

16.71

-2.83

22.47-82.46

x0=270
x0=280

0
2.95

16.97
16.71

-2.83
-2.83

22.04-74.74
21.36-66.58

x0=290

5.80

15.95

-2.83

wt=290

21.97

-1.82

-0.97

5.8 -21.26i

wt=300
wt=310

21.21
20.29

-2.45
-2.79

-1.41
-1.82

8.49 -19.6i
10.91 -17.33i

20.48-57.81

x0=300
x0=310

8.49
10.91

14.70
13.00

-2.83
-2.83

19.5-48.2
18.55-37.57

x0=320

13.00

10.91

-2.83

wt=320

19.31

-2.79

-2.17

13 -14.54i

wt=330
wt=340

18.38
17.63

-2.45
-1.82

-2.45
-2.66

14.7 -11.31i
15.95 7.74i

17.72-25.89

x0=330
x0=340

14.70
15.95

8.49
5.80

-2.83
-2.83

17.17-13.23
16.970

x0=350

16.71

2.95

-2.83

x0=360

16.97

-2.83

wt=350

17.14

-0.97

-2.79

16.71 3.93i

wt=360

16.97

-2.83

16.97 0i

21

16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970

16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970
16.970

C. Magnitude asymmetry in all phases

In this case study the current in the red phase and yellow phases are reduced causing an imbalance in
the magnitudes. Figure 3-8 illustrates the phasor diagram and Figure 3-9 represents the current system.
ir = 10A0, iy=6A-120, ib=16A120 at wt = 30 and x0= 0.

Figure 3-8: Phasor diagram at wt = 30 and x0= 0

Figure 3-9: Thre phase current system at x0= 0

It can be seen that the dq0 currents peak at different angles than the previous case study.

22

TABLE III.
magnitude asymmetry in all phases
x0=0
wt=0
wt=10
wt=20
wt=30
wt=40
wt=50
wt=60
wt=70
wt=80
wt=90
wt=100
wt=110
wt=120
wt=130
wt=140
wt=150
wt=160
wt=170
wt=180
wt=190
wt=200
wt=210
wt=220
wt=230
wt=240
wt=250
wt=260
wt=270
wt=280
wt=290
wt=300
wt=310
wt=320
wt=330
wt=340
wt=350
wt=360

id

iq

i0

Is

14.61

4.08

-0.47

14.61 + 4.08i

16.04
17.35

4.00
3.43

-1.17
-1.84

15.1 + 6.72i
15.13 + 9.16i

18.38

2.45

-2.45

14.7 +11.31i

19.02
19.19

1.17
-0.24

-2.99
-3.43

13.82 +13.13i
12.52 +14.54i

18.86

-1.63

-3.77

10.84 +15.51i

18.07
16.92

-2.82
-3.68

-4.00
-4.10

8.83 +16.01i
6.56 +16.03i

15.56

-4.08

-4.08

4.08 +15.56i

14.13
12.82

-4.00
-3.43

-3.94
-3.68

1.48 +14.61i
-1.16 +13.22i

11.79

-2.45

-3.30

-3.77 +11.43i

11.15
10.98

-1.17
0.24

-2.82
-2.26

-6.27 + 9.29i
-8.57 + 6.87i

11.31

1.63

-1.63

-10.61 + 4.24i

12.10
13.25

2.82
3.68

-0.95
-0.24

-12.34 + 1.48i
-13.68 1.32i

14.61

4.08

0.47

-14.61 4.08i

16.04
17.35

4.00
3.43

1.17
1.84

-15.1 6.72i
-15.13 9.16i

18.38

2.45

2.45

-14.7 -11.31i

19.02
19.19

1.17
-0.24

2.99
3.43

-13.82 -13.13i
-12.52 -14.54i

18.86

-1.63

3.77

-10.84 -15.51i

18.07
16.92

-2.82
-3.68

4.00
4.10

-8.83 -16.01i
-6.56 -16.03i

15.56

-4.08

4.08

-4.08 -15.56i

14.13
12.82

-4.00
-3.43

3.94
3.68

-1.48 -14.61i
1.16 -13.22i

11.79

-2.45

3.30

3.77 -11.43i

11.15
10.98

-1.17
0.24

2.82
2.26

6.27 9.29i
8.57 6.87i

11.31

1.63

1.63

10.61 4.24i

12.10
13.25

2.82
3.68

0.95
0.24

12.34 1.48i
13.68 + 1.32i

14.61

4.08

-0.47

14.61 + 4.08i

Is
15.1715.6
16.5323.99
17.6931.19
18.5537.57
19.0643.53
19.1949.27
18.9255.05
18.2861.12
17.3267.74
16.0975.31
14.6884.22
13.2795.01
12.04108.25
11.21124.02
10.98141.28
11.43158.22
12.43173.16
13.74-174.49
15.17-164.4
16.53-156.01
17.69-148.81
18.55-142.43
19.06-136.47
19.19-130.73
18.92-124.95
18.28-118.88
17.32-112.26
16.09-104.69
14.68-95.78
13.27-84.99
12.04-71.75
11.21-55.98
10.98-38.72
11.43-21.78
12.43-6.84
13.745.51
15.1715.6

23

wt=0
x0=0
x0=10
x0=20
x0=30
x0=40
x0=50
x0=60
x0=70
x0=80
x0=90
x0=100
x0=110
x0=120
x0=130
x0=140
x0=150
x0=160
x0=170
x0=180
x0=190
x0=200
x0=210
x0=220
x0=230
x0=240
x0=250
x0=260
x0=270
x0=280
x0=290
x0=300
x0=310
x0=320
x0=330
x0=340
x0=350
x0=360

id

iq

i0

Is

14.61

4.08

-0.47

15.10
15.13

1.48
-1.16

-0.47
-0.47

15.1715.6
15.1715.6

14.70

-3.77

-0.47

13.82
12.52

-6.27
-8.57

-0.47
-0.47

10.84

-10.61

-0.47

8.83
6.56

-12.34
-13.68

-0.47
-0.47

4.08

-14.61

-0.47

1.48
-1.16

-15.10
-15.13

-0.47
-0.47

-3.77

-14.70

-0.47

-6.27
-8.57

-13.82
-12.52

-0.47
-0.47

-10.61

-10.84

-0.47

-12.34
-13.68

-8.83
-6.56

-0.47
-0.47

-14.61

-4.08

-0.47

-15.10
-15.13

-1.48
1.16

-0.47
-0.47

-14.70

3.77

-0.47

-13.82
-12.52

6.27
8.57

-0.47
-0.47

-10.84

10.61

-0.47

-8.83
-6.56

12.34
13.68

-0.47
-0.47

-4.08

14.61

-0.47

-1.48
1.16

15.10
15.13

-0.47
-0.47

3.77

14.70

-0.47

6.27
8.57

13.82
12.52

-0.47
-0.47

10.61

10.84

-0.47

12.34
13.68

8.83
6.56

-0.47
-0.47

14.61

4.08

-0.47

15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6
15.1715.6

D. Angle asymmetry
In this case study the stator current angles are changed with respect to the red phase their values are;
ir = 16A0, iy=16A300, ib=16A150 at wt = 0 and x0= 0. Figure 3-11 represents the current
system at x0=0

Figure 3-10: Phasor diagram at wt = 0 and x0= 0

Figure 3-11: Thre phase current system at x0= 0

It can be seen that the dq0 angles are not dependent of these stator angles, but only their magnitudes
(Figure 3-10). The dq0 angles are dependant to the angular velocity and the angle between the red
phase and the d-axis.
24

TABLE IV.
Angle asymmetry
x0=0

id

iq

i0

Is

wt=0
wt=10

17.85
20.43

17.85
17.39

4.78
5.19

17.85 +17.85i
17.1 +20.67i

wt=20

22.69

16.08

5.44

15.83 +22.87i

wt=30
wt=40

24.38
25.27

14.07
11.61

5.52
5.44

14.07 +24.38i
11.9 +25.14i

wt=50

25.27

8.99

5.19

9.36 +25.14i

wt=60
wt=70

24.38
22.69

6.53
4.53

4.78
4.23

6.53 +24.38i
3.51 +22.87i

wt=80

20.43

3.22

3.55

0.38 +20.67i

wt=90
wt=100

17.85
15.27

2.76
3.22

2.76
1.89

-2.76 +17.85i
-5.82 +14.48i

wt=110

13.00

4.53

0.96

-8.7 +10.67i

wt=120
wt=130

11.31
10.42

6.53
8.99

0
-0.96

-11.31 + 6.53i
-13.59 + 2.2i

wt=140

10.42

11.61

-1.89

-15.45 2.2i

wt=150
wt=160

11.31
13.00

14.07
16.08

-2.76
-3.55

-16.84 6.53i
-17.71 -10.67i

wt=170

15.27

17.39

-4.23

-18.05 -14.48i

wt=180
wt=190

17.85
20.43

17.85
17.39

-4.78
-5.19

-17.85 -17.85i
-17.1 -20.67i

wt=200

22.69

16.08

-5.44

-15.83 - 22.87i

wt=210
wt=220

24.38
25.27

14.07
11.61

-5.52
-5.44

-14.07 -24.38i
-11.9 - 25.14i

wt=230

25.27

8.99

-5.19

-9.36 -25.14i

wt=240
wt=250

24.38
22.69

6.53
4.53

-4.78
-4.23

-6.53 -24.38i
-3.51 -22.87i

wt=260

20.43

3.22

-3.55

-0.38 -20.67i

wt=270
wt=280

17.85
15.27

2.76
3.22

-2.76
-1.89

2.76 -17.85i
5.82 -14.48i

wt=290

13.00

4.53

-0.96

8.7 -10.67i

wt=300
wt=310

11.31
10.42

6.53
8.99

0
0.96

11.31 6.53i
13.59 2.2i

wt=320

10.42

11.61

1.89

15.45 + 2.2i

wt=330
wt=340

11.31
13.00

14.07
16.08

2.76
3.55

16.84 + 6.53i
17.71 +10.67i

wt=350

15.27

17.39

4.23

wt=360

17.85

17.85

4.78

Is

wt=0

id

iq

i0

Is

x0=0
x0=10

17.85
20.67

17.85
14.48

4.78
4.78

25.2445

x0=20

22.87

10.67

4.78

x0=30
x0=40

24.38
25.14

6.53
2.20

4.78
4.78

25.2445
25.2445

x0=50

25.14

-2.20

4.78

x0=60
x0=70

24.38
22.87

-6.53
-10.67

4.78
4.78

x0=80

20.67

-14.48

4.78

x0=90
x0=100

17.85
14.48

-17.85
-20.67

4.78
4.78

x0=110

10.67

-22.87

4.78

x0=120
x0=130

6.53
2.20

-24.38
-25.14

4.78
4.78

x0=140

-2.20

-25.14

4.78

x0=150
x0=160

-6.53
-10.67

-24.38
-22.87

4.78
4.78

x0=170

-14.48

-20.67

4.78

x0=180
x0=190

-17.85
-20.67

-17.85
-14.48

4.78
4.78

x0=200

-22.87

-10.67

4.78

x0=210
x0=220

-24.38
-25.14

-6.53
-2.20

4.78
4.78

x0=230

-25.14

2.20

4.78

x0=240
x0=250

-24.38
-22.87

6.53
10.67

4.78
4.78

x0=260

-20.67

14.48

4.78

x0=270
x0=280

-17.85
-14.48

17.85
20.67

4.78
4.78

x0=290

-10.67

22.87

4.78

x0=300
x0=310

-6.53
-2.20

24.38
25.14

4.78
4.78

x0=320

2.20

25.14

4.78

20.6831.07

x0=330
x0=340

6.53
10.67

24.38
22.87

4.78
4.78

18.05 +14.48i

23.1438.74

x0=350

14.48

20.67

4.78

25.2445

17.85 +17.85i

25.2445

x0=360

17.85

17.85

4.78

25.2445

25.2445
26.8350.4
27.8155.31
28.1560.01
27.8164.67
26.8369.58
25.2475.01
23.1481.27
20.6788.95
18.0698.79
15.61111.9
13.77129.19
13.06150
13.77170.8
15.61-171.9
18.06-158.81
20.68-148.93
23.14-141.26
25.24-135
26.83-129.6
27.81-124.69
28.15-119.99
27.81-115.33
26.83-110.42
25.24-104.99
23.14-98.73
20.67-91.05
18.06-81.21
15.61-68.1
13.77-50.81
13.06-30
13.77-9.2
15.618.1
18.0621.19

25

25.2445

25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445
25.2445

E. Angle and magnitude asymmetry in one phase

In this case study the current in the red phase is reduced and the angles of the blue and yellow phases
are changed. Figures 3-12 and 3-13 illustrates the phasor diagrams at different angles.ir = 10A0,
iy=16A300, ib=16A150

Figure 3-12: Phasor diagram at wt = 0 and x0= 0

Figure 3-13: Phasor diagram at wt =3 0 and x0= 0

Figure 3-14 represents the three phase current system for this investigation.

Figure 3-14: Thre phase current system at x0= 0

One can see that by having angle asymmetry the peak values of Is is much higher that magnitude
asymmetry.

26

TABLE V.
angle and magnitude asymmetry in 1 phase
x0=0

id

iq

i0

Is

Is

wt=0

id

iq

i0

Is

wt=0
wt=10

12.19
14.94

17.85
18.36

1.95
2.40

12.19 +17.85i
11.52 +20.67i

21.6255.67

x0=0
x0=10

12.19
15.10

17.85
15.46

1.95
1.95

21.6255.67

wt=20

17.70

17.90

2.78

10.51 +22.87i

x0=20

17.56

12.60

1.95

wt=30
wt=40

20.14
21.95

16.52
14.40

3.07
3.27

9.18 +24.38i
7.56 +25.14i

x0=30
x0=40

19.48
20.81

9.36
5.84

1.95
1.95

wt=50

22.94

11.78

3.37

5.72 +25.14i

x0=50

21.51

2.13

1.95

wt=60
wt=70

22.96
22.03

8.98
6.34

3.37
3.26

3.7 +24.38i
1.57 +22.87i

x0=60
x0=70

21.55
20.94

-1.63
-5.35

1.95
1.95

wt=80

20.25

4.18

3.06

-0.6 +20.67i

x0=80

19.69

-8.90

1.95

wt=90
wt=100

17.85
15.10

2.76
2.25

2.76
2.38

-2.76 +17.85i
-4.84 +14.48i

x0=90
x0=100

17.85
15.46

-12.19
-15.10

1.95
1.95

wt=110

12.34

2.71

1.93

-6.76 +10.67i

x0=110

12.60

-17.56

1.95

wt=120
wt=130

9.90
8.08

4.08
6.21

1.41
0.86

-8.49 + 6.53i
-9.95 + 2.2i

x0=120
x0=130

9.36
5.84

-19.48
-20.81

1.95
1.95

wt=140

7.10

8.83

0.28

-11.11 2.2i

x0=140

2.13

-21.51

1.95

wt=150
wt=160

7.07
8.00

11.63
14.26

-0.31
-0.89

-11.94 6.53i
-12.4 -10.67i

x0=150
x0=160

-1.63
-5.35

-21.55
-20.94

1.95
1.95

wt=170

9.78

16.42

-1.44

-12.48 -14.48i

x0=170

-8.90

-19.69

1.95

wt=180
wt=190

12.19
14.94

17.85
18.36

-1.95
-2.40

-12.19 -17.85i
-11.52 -20.67i

x0=180
x0=190

-12.19
-15.10

-17.85
-15.46

1.95
1.95

wt=200

17.70

17.90

-2.78

-10.51 -22.87i

x0=200

-17.56

-12.60

1.95

wt=210
wt=220

20.14
21.95

16.52
14.40

-3.07
-3.27

-9.18 -24.38i
-7.56 -25.14i

x0=210
x0=220

-19.48
-20.81

-9.36
-5.84

1.95
1.95

wt=230

22.94

11.78

-3.37

-5.72 -25.14i

x0=230

-21.51

-2.13

1.95

wt=240
wt=250

22.96
22.03

8.98
6.34

-3.37
-3.26

-3.7 -24.38i
-1.57 -22.87i

x0=240
x0=250

-21.55
-20.94

1.63
5.35

1.95
1.95

wt=260

20.25

4.18

-3.06

0.6 -20.67i

x0=260

-19.69

8.90

1.95

wt=270
wt=280

17.85
15.10

2.76
2.25

-2.76
-2.38

2.76 -17.85i
4.84 -14.48i

x0=270
x0=280

-17.85
-15.46

12.19
15.10

1.95
1.95

wt=290

12.34

2.71

-1.93

6.76 -10.67i

x0=290

-12.60

17.56

1.95

wt=300
wt=310

9.90
8.08

4.08
6.21

-1.41
-0.86

8.49 6.53i
9.95 2.2i

x0=300
x0=310

-9.36
-5.84

19.48
20.81

1.95
1.95

wt=320

7.10

8.83

-0.28

11.11 + 2.2i

x0=320

-2.13

21.51

1.95

wt=330
wt=340

7.07
8.00

11.63
14.26

0.31
0.89

11.94 + 6.53i
12.4 +10.67i

16.3640.71

x0=330
x0=340

1.63
5.35

21.55
20.94

1.95
1.95

wt=350

9.78

16.42

1.44

12.48 +14.48i

19.1249.24

x0=350

8.90

19.69

1.95

21.6255.67

wt=360

12.19

17.85

1.95

12.19 +17.85i

21.6255.67

x0=360

12.19

17.85

1.95

21.6255.67

23.6660.87
25.1765.32
26.0569.37
26.2573.26
25.7877.18
24.6681.37
22.9286.07
20.6891.66
18.0698.79
15.27108.48
12.63122.36
10.71142.43
10.19167.53
11.33-168.8
13.61-151.33
16.36-139.29
19.12-130.75
21.62-124.33
23.66-119.13
25.17-114.68
26.05-110.63
26.25-106.74
25.78-102.82
24.66-98.63
22.92-93.93
20.68-88.34
18.06-81.21
15.27-71.52
12.63-57.64
10.71-37.57
10.19-12.47
11.3311.2
13.6128.67

27

21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67
21.6255.67

F. Angle and magnitude asymmetry in all phases

In this case study the stator currents in the red and yellow phases are reduced and the angles of the
yellow and blue phases. Figures 3-15 and 3-16 illustrate the phasor diagrams at different angles. ir =
10A0, iy=6A300, ib=16A150

Figure 3-15: Phasor diagram at wt = 0 and x0= 0

Figure 3-16: Phasor diagram at wt = 30 and x0= 0

Figure 3-17 represents the three phase current system for this investigation.

Figure 3-17: Thre phase current system at x0= 0

As the magnitudes of the stator currents are decreased so will the magnitudes of the dq0 currents decrease.

28

TABLE VI.
angle and magnitude asymmetry in all phases
x0=0
wt=0
wt=10
wt=20
wt=30
wt=40
wt=50
wt=60
wt=70
wt=80
wt=90
wt=100
wt=110
wt=120
wt=130
wt=140
wt=150
wt=160
wt=170
wt=180
wt=190
wt=200
wt=210
wt=220
wt=230
wt=240
wt=250
wt=260
wt=270
wt=280
wt=290
wt=300
wt=310
wt=320
wt=330
wt=340
wt=350
wt=360

id

iq

i0

Is

Is

14.55

13.76

-0.40

14.55 +13.76i

20.0343.4

17.01

12.66

-0.63

14.55 +15.43i

21.2146.68

18.95
20.14

10.79
8.36

-0.83
-1.01

14.12 +16.62i
13.26 +17.31i

21.8149.65
21.8152.55

20.42

5.67

-1.16

11.99 +17.47i

21.1955.54

19.76
18.25

3.05
0.82

-1.27
-1.35

10.36 +17.1i
8.42 +16.21i

19.9958.79
18.2762.55

16.06

-0.77

-1.38

6.22 +14.83i

16.0867.25

13.47
10.77

-1.51
-1.32

-1.37
-1.32

3.82 +13i
1.32 +10.77i

13.5573.62
10.8583.01

8.31

-0.22

-1.23

-1.22 + 8.22i

8.3198.44

6.37
5.19

1.65
4.08

-1.10
-0.94

-3.73 + 5.42i
-6.13 + 2.45i

6.58124.54
6.6158.21

4.90

6.77

-0.75

-8.34 - 0.59i

8.36-175.95

5.56
7.07

9.39
11.63

-0.54
-0.31

-10.29 - 3.62i
-11.94 - 6.53i

10.91-160.62
13.61-151.33

9.26

13.21

-0.07

-13.22- 9.25i

16.13-145.02

11.85
14.55

13.95
13.76

0.17
0.40

-14.1 -11.68i
-14.55 -13.76i

18.31-140.36
20.03-136.6

17.01

12.66

0.63

-14.55 -15.43i

21.21-133.32

18.95
20.14

10.79
8.36

0.83
1.01

-14.12 -16.62i
-13.26 -17.31i

21.81-130.35
21.81-127.45

20.42

5.67

1.16

-11.99 -17.47i

21.19-124.46

19.76
18.25

3.05
0.82

1.27
1.35

-10.36 -17.10i
-8.42 -16.21i

19.99-121.21
18.27-117.45

16.06

-0.77

1.38

-6.22 -14.83i

16.08-112.75

13.47
10.77

-1.51
-1.32

1.37
1.32

-3.82 -13i
-1.32 -10.77i

13.55-106.38
10.85-96.99

8.31

-0.22

1.23

1.22 - 8.22i

6.37
5.19

1.65
4.08

1.10
0.94

3.73 - 5.42i
6.13 - 2.45i

4.90

6.77

0.75

8.34 + 0.59i

8.364.05

5.56
7.07

9.39
11.63

0.54
0.31

10.29 + 3.62i
11.94 + 6.53i

10.9119.38
13.6128.67

9.26

13.21

0.07

13.22 + 9.25i

16.1334.98

11.85

13.95

-0.17

14.1 +11.68i

18.3139.64

14.55

13.76

-0.40

14.55 +13.76i

20.0343.4

8.31-81.56
6.58-55.46
6.6-21.79

29

wt=0
x0=0
x0=10
x0=20
x0=30
x0=40
x0=50
x0=60
x0=70
x0=80
x0=90
x0=100
x0=110
x0=120
x0=130
x0=140
x0=150
x0=160
x0=170
x0=180
x0=190
x0=200
x0=210
x0=220
x0=230
x0=240
x0=250
x0=260
x0=270
x0=280
x0=290
x0=300
x0=310
x0=320
x0=330
x0=340
x0=350
x0=360

id

iq

i0

Is

14.55

13.76

-0.40

20.0343.4

16.71

11.03

-0.40

20.0343.4

18.38
19.48

7.96
4.65

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

19.99

1.19

-0.40

20.0343.4

19.89
19.19

-2.30
-5.72

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

17.91

-8.96

-0.40

20.0343.4

16.08
13.76

-11.93
-14.55

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

11.03

-16.71

-0.40

20.0343.4

7.96
4.65

-18.38
-19.48

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

1.19

-19.99

-0.40

20.0343.4

-2.30
-5.72

-19.89
-19.19

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

-8.96

-17.91

-0.40

20.0343.4

-11.93
-14.55

-16.08
-13.76

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

-16.71

-11.03

-0.40

20.0343.4

-18.38
-19.48

-7.96
-4.65

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

-19.99

-1.19

-0.40

20.0343.4

-19.89
-19.19

2.30
5.72

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

-17.91

8.96

-0.40

20.0343.4

-16.08
-13.76

11.93
14.55

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

-11.03

16.71

-0.40

20.0343.4

-7.96
-4.65

18.38
19.48

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

-1.19

19.99

-0.40

20.0343.4

2.30
5.72

19.89
19.19

-0.40
-0.40

20.0343.4
20.0343.4

8.96

17.91

-0.40

20.0343.4

11.93

16.08

-0.40

20.0343.4

14.55

13.76

-0.40

20.0343.4

IV. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

CASE A
Under symmetrical conditions and for x0=0 the magnitude of the current space phasor (Is) and direct
current (id) are equal and constant independent of wt, and iq=i0=0. As the angle (x0) between the red
phase and d-axis changes, there will be a current induced into the quadrature axis (iq). The current space
phasor has the maximum magnitude. The direct curent peaks every 180 starting at 0 and it can be
seen that iq peaks 90 after id. Because of the symmetry in the system there will be no zero sequence
currents.

CASE B
For asymmetry in one phase and for x0=0, it can be seen that id first reaches its peak at 90 and then
peaks every 180 afterwards. The current in the quadrature axis (iq) peaks 45 before and after id peaks.
Because of the asymmetry a zero sequence current is present and peaks every 180 starting at 0. An
important observation can be seen that as id peaks iq=i0=0. As can be seen that firstly i0 peaks at wt=0,
45 later id peaks at 45 and another 45 later, id peaks. After the first 90 of rotation this sequence
change, starting now id peaking, iq and then i0 peaking at 180. Now this all starts again and keeps on
going for the duration of the asymmetry in the one phase. By changing x0 and keeping wt=0, the
current space phasor (Is) stays at the reference angle but is not at its maximum. id peaks at x0=0 and
then every 180 subsequently. iq peaks 90 after id. As can be seen from the table, when id peaks iq is
equal to zero and visa versa. i0 stays constant.

CASE C
When magnitude asymmetry in all phases occurs, Is and id will peak (minimum and maximum) at the
same angles but will fluctuate in magnitude elsewhere. id first peaks at 50 and then peaks 180
subsequently. iq starts peaking at 0 and then every 90 subsequently. By varying x0 and keeping
wt=0, id peaks at 20 and then subsequently 180. iq peaks 90 after id peaks. i0 and Is are constant and
it can be seen that Is are not on the reference angle.

CASE D
For angle asymmetry it can be seen that iq does not peak 90 after id. id peaks at 45 and then every
180 subsequently. iq peaks at 0 and then every 180 subsequently. It can be seen that iq peaks 45
before id. i0 peaks at 30 and then peaks 180 subsequently. By varying x0 and keeping wt=0, id peaks
at 45 and every 180 after that. iq peaks 90 after id. i0 and Is stays constant.

CASE E
For angle and magnitude asymmetry in 1 phase, id peaks at 60 and then every 180 subsequently. iq
peaks at 10 and then every 180 subsequently. i0 peaks at 50 and then every 180 subsequently. By
varying x0 and keeping wt=0, id peaks at 60 and then every 180 after that. iq peaks 90 after id. i0 and
Is stays constant.
30

CASE F
For angle and magnitude asymmetry in all phases, id peaks at 40 and then every 180 afterwards. iq
peaks at 170 and then every 180 subsequently. i0 peaks before iq at 70. By varying x0 and keeping
wt=0, id peaks at 40 and then every 180 subsequently. iq peaks 90 after id. i0 and Is stays constant.
Without a q-axis current the net torque of the motor will be zero. Since the d and q currents are not
constant, a pulsating torque is produced by the motor [10].

V. CONCLUSION
After investigating the various case studies it was shown that the dq0 gives various results. Firstly, for
any type of asymmetry, there will be a zero sequence current produced and the current space phasor
will not move with respect to the reference angle (wt). To distinguish between magnitude and angle
asymmetry; with magnitude asymmetry the angle between the peaks for id and i0 are 180 and iq are 90
(Case B and C). When angle asymmetry and angle with magnitude asymmetry occurs the angle
between the peaks for id, iq, and i0 are all 180 (Case D, E and F). One can see that when angle
asymmetry occurs the dq0 current peaks are much higher in the case of a symmetrical systm. At this
stage it is very difficult to determine any resemblance between angle asymmetry and angle with
magnitude asymmetry.

31

VI. REFERENCES
[1] Anon, DQ0 transformation. Wikipedia.
Available: www.wikipedia.com/dq0-transformation,(Feb 2010)
[2] T. Demiray (March 2006). Comparison of Phasor Dynamics Approach to different Modeling
Techniques in a common Simulation Framework, (Version 10) [online].
Available: www.EEH - Power Systems Laboratory.com/ Comparison of Phasor Dynamics Approach to
different Modeling Techniques in a common Simulation Framework
[3] Professor Ali Keyhani ( March 2010). Synchronous Machine Modelling: Derivation of the dq0
Equations of an Idealized Three-Phase Synchronous Machine. OHIO State University, Machine
Department [online].
Availible: www.ohiostate.com/machines/derivationofthedq0equations
[4] M.R. Islam (May 2009). COGGING TORQUE, TORQUE RIPPLE AND RADIAL FORCE
ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES, The Graduate Faculty of
The University of Akron.
[online]
www.akronuniversity.com/machines
[5] M. Olszewski (January 2006). MODELING RELUCTANCE-ASSISTED
PM MOTORS, U.S. Department of Energy, FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies, EE-2G.
[online]
www.oakridgenationallaboratory.com/permanentmagnetmotors
[6] X. Tu a, L.-A. Dessaint a,, M. El Kahel b, A. Barry c, (2006). Modeling and experimental
validation of internal faults in salient pole synchronous machines including space harmonics,
Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of IMACS.
[online]
www.sciencedirect.com/ Modeling and experimental validation of internal faults in salient pole
synchronous machines including space harmonics
[7] E. Voss, The Voss lectures on electrical machines IV, 12th edition, Cape Peninsula University of
Technology, 2010
[8] K.P. Kovacs. Symmetrische Komponenten in Wechselstrommaschinen. Birkhauser Verlag Basel
und Stuttgart, 1962
[9] J. Aguinaga, (February 2008). Study of static transfer switches, Helsinki University of
technology, faculty of electronics, communication and automation.
[online]
www.helsinki.com/machines

32

[10] Brian A. Welchko* Jackson Wai Thomas M. Jahns Thomas A. Lipo, (October 2004). Magnet
Flux Nulling Control of Interior PM Machine Drives for Improved Response to Short-Circuit Faults,
in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS, 2004, October Seattle.
[online]
www.sciencedirect.com/Machinedrives

33