MAK 302L EXPERIMENT 3 EXTENDED SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER 1.

PURPOSE
Measuring the temperature distribution along an extended surface and comparing the result with theoretical analysis. Calculating the heat transfer from an extended surface resulting from the combined modes of free convection and radiation heat transfer and comparing the result with theoretical analysis. Determining the constant of proportionality (the thermal conductivity k) of the rod material.

2. THEORY
Where it is required to cool a surface by convection, the rate of heat removal can be improved by increasing the area of the surface. This is usually achieved by adding extended surfaces called fins or pins. A temperature gradient exists along each fin or pin due to the combination of the conductivity of the material and heat loss to the surroundings (greater at the root and less at the tip). The temperature distribution along the fin or pin must be known to determine the heat transfer from the surface to its surroundings. Since radiation and natural convection from the surface occur simultaneously, both of these effects must also be included in the analysis. By considering the steady-state energy balance for an extended surface of uniform material and cross sectional area the following equation can be derived: d 2 m2 = 0 2 dx
where m 2 = (HP) , (x)=Tx -Ta (A k brass )

(1)

Since H, P, A and kbrass are constant for a given rod with fixed power input, m2 must be constant and therefore m must be constant. Assuming that the diameter of the pin is small in comparison with its length then heat loss at the tip can be assumed to be negligible (at the tip x=L).
d ( x ) = 0 at x = L dx (2)

( x) Tx Ta cosh m( L x) = = 0 T1 Ta cosh mL

(3)

The purpose of this exercise is to observe the temperature gradient along the extended surface and to show that the term m is constant at all positions along the surface. The following theoretical analysis uses the empirical relationship for the heat transfer due to natural convection proposed by W.H. McAdams in the publication Heat Transmission, third edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959. The total heat loss from the rod can be calculated as follows: Qtot = HAs (Ts Ta ) (W ) (4)

Where the heat transfer coefficient H is the combined coefficient due to natural convection and radiation, H = Hcm + Hrm (W / m 2 K ) (5) and As = DL (6) where: As=total area of the extended surface L=Length of rod (distance from T1 to T8) (m) D=Diameter of rod The average convective heat transfer coefficient Hcm can be calculated using the following simplified empirical relationship:
(T T ) Hcm = 1.32 s a D
0.25

(W / m 2 K )

(7)

where: Ts=Average surface temperature of the rod (K) (Determined from temperatures T1 to T8+273) Ta=Ambient air temperature (=T9+273) (K) The average radiative heat transfer coefficient Hrm can be calculated using the following empirical relationship: (W / m2 K ) (8) Ts Ta ) ( The heat flow along an extended surface is dependent on the conductivity of the material from which the pin (or fin) is constructed, namely Hrm
m2 = HP kbrass A

(T = 1.32

Ta 4 )

(9)

Rearranging this equation gives:

kbrass = HP m2 A

(10)

where: H=Overall heat transfer coefficient due convection and radiation P=Perimeter of the pin =D A=Cross sectional area of the pin=D2/4

The value for m can be obtained from the relationship:

Tx Ta cosh m( L x) = T1 Ta cosh mL By using measured values for Tx, T1, Ta, L and x. Overall heat transfer coefficient H due to convection and radiation from the rod to its surroundings can be calculated by equation (5). The average heat transfer coefficient Hcm due to convection can be calculated using equation (7). The average heat transfer coefficient Hrm due to radiation can be calculated using the following relationship: (Ts 4 Ta 4 ) Hrm = F (W / m 2 K ) (12) (Ts Ta ) (11)

where; =Stefan Boltzmann constant, =56.7x10-9 (W/m2K4) = Emissivity of surface, =0.95 (dimensionless) F=View factor, F=1

3. PROCEDURE

Figure 1. Experimental Setup 1. Set the heater voltage to 20 V. 2. Monitor T1 regularly when T1 reaches 80 C reduce the heater voltage 9 Volt (The initial higher setting will reduce the time taken for the temperatures on the rod to stabilize). 3. Allow HT15 to stabilize and record the temperatures using the lower selector switch/meter. 4. Set the heater voltage to 12V and wait to stabilize and record the temperatures. 5. Repeat step 4 for 16 V.

4. EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION
1) Overview The Extended Surface Heat transfer accessory comprises a long horizontal rod, which is heated at one end to provide an extended surface (cylindrical pin) for heat transfer measurements. Thermocouples at regular intervals along the rod allow the surface

temperature profile to be measured. By making the diameter of the rod small in relation to its length, thermal conduction along the rod can be assumed to be one-dimensional and heat loss from the tip can be ignored. The measurements obtained can be compared with a theoretical analysis of thermal conduction along the bar combined with heat loss (heat transferred) to the surroundings by the modes of free convection and radiation simultaneously. 2) Heated Bar The bar (3) is manufactured from a solid cylindrical brass bar with constant diameter of 10 mm and is mounted horizontally with support (8) at the heated end and steady (1) at the tip. The bar is coated with a heat resistant matt black paint which provides a consistent emissivity close to unity and is positioned to avoid the influence of adjacent surfaces. The thermal conductivity of the Brass rod is approximately 121 W/mK at the typical operating temperatures in the HT 15. The heated end of the bar is mounted co-axially inside a plastic housing (5) which provides an air gap and insulates the area occupied by the heater to minimize heat loss and prevent burns to the operator. 3) Heater The rod is heated by a cartridge type electric heating element (7) which operates at low voltage for increased operator safety and is protected by a thermostat (4) to prevent damage from overheating. The heating element is inserted co-axially into the end of the rod and is rated to produce 20 Watts nominally at 24 VDC into the rod. The power supplied to the heater rod can be varied and measured on the HT10X/HT10XC. The lead from the heating element (xx) is connected to the DC outlet socket marked OUTPUT 3 on the HT10X or OUTPUT 2 on the HT10X. 4) Thermocouples Eight thermocouples (2) are attached to the surface of the rod at equal intervals of 50 mm giving an overall instrumented length of 350 mm. Each thermocouple is wrapped around the rod to minimize errors by conduction. Thermocouple T1 measures the temperature at the hot end of the rod and T8 measures the temperature at the tip. Thermocouple T9 mounted adjacent to the heated rod to measure the ambient air temperature. All temperatures are measured using type K thermocouples each fitted with a miniature plug for direct connection to the HT10X/HT10XC service unit (22). The thermocouples are supported by a bar (10), positioned below the heated rod, to minimize damage to the thermocouples where they are attached to the heated rod.

5. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

For this experiment the raw data is tabulated under the data sheet. You should also estimate and record the experimental errors for these measurements. For this exercise the following constant are applicable: Length of rod L Diameter of rod D Stefan-Boltzmann constant Emissivity of surface View factor F 0.35 (m) 0.01 (m) 56.7x10-9 (W/m2K4) 0.95 (dimensionless) 1

Note: Distance between each thermocouple is 0.05 m. 5.1) For each position along the rod (dimension x) use the corresponding measured temperatures to find the value of m which satisfies the relationship:
Tx T9 cosh m( L x) = T1 T9 cosh mL

Note: The value for m can be found by iteration using a suggested starting value of 7.4. Find the average value of m then use this value to calculate the theoretical temperature Tx at each position x along the rod. Repeat this procedure for each set of temperature readings the value for m remains constant (within the experimental errors). For each set of measurements plot a graph of measured surface temperature Tx against position x along the extended surface and draw a smooth curve through the points. Plot the theoretical temperature profile which you have calculated using the average value for m and compare the curve with your measured values. What was the effect of varying the heater power (heat flow along the rod)? 5.2) For each set of readings the derived results are tabulated under the following headings:
Heat flow (Power to heater) Average surface temperature of the rod Ambient temperature Heat transfer area(surface area) Heat transfer coefficient (natural convection) Heat transfer coefficient (radiation)(empirical) Overall heat transfer coefficient Total heat transferred to surroundings Perimeter of the rod Cross sectional area of the rod Average value for constant Conductivity of the Brass rod Qin Ts Ta As Hcm Hrm H Qtot P A m kbrass = = = = = = = = = = = = (Watts) (K) (K) (m2) (W/m2K) (W/m2K) (W/m2K) (W) (m) (m2) (m-1) (W/m.K)

Compare the measured power Qin to the heater with the calculated heat loss Qtot from the rod. Comment on any difference between these values. The suggested thermal conductivity for brass rod kbrass is 121 W/m.K. Compare your calculated value for kbrass with the suggested value and comment on any difference in the two values.
9V 12 V 16 V

T1 @ 0.05m T2 @ 0.10m T3 @ 0.15m T4 @ 0.20m T5 @ 0.25m T6 @ 0.30m T7 @ 0.35m Temperature of ambient air Heater current (I)