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ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS FOR MHD FLOWS
OF AN OLDROYD-B FLUID BETWEEN TWO
SIDEWALLS PERPENDICULAR TO THE
PLATE
Masood Khan
a
, Rabi a Mal i k
a
& Asi a Anj um
a
a
Depar t ment of Mat hemat i cs, Quai d- i - Azam Uni ver si t y, Isl amabad,
Paki st an
Avai l abl e onl i ne: 21 Jun 2011
To ci t e t hi s art i cl e: Masood Khan, Rabi a Mal i k & Asi a Anj um ( 2011) : ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS FOR MHD
FLOWS OF AN OLDROYD- B FLUID BETWEEN TWO SIDEWALLS PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLATE, Chemi cal
Engi neer i ng Communi cat i ons, 198: 11, 1415- 1434
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Analytic Solutions for MHD Flows of an
Oldroyd-B Fluid Between Two Sidewalls
Perpendicular to the Plate
MASOOD KHAN, RABIA MALIK, AND ASIA ANJUM
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,
Pakistan
This study is concerned with analytic solutions of some magnetohydrodynamic
(MHD) flows of an Oldroyd-B fluid. The fluid is assumed to be electrically conduct-
ing in the presence of a uniform magnetic field and occupies the space over a flat
plate between two sidewalls perpendicular to the plate. The governing equation of
motion is treated analytically, yielding the derivation of exact solutions under
integral and series form. By assigning numerical values to various parameters, the
integrals encountered are evaluated numerically. In the absence of sidewalls, all solu-
tions that have been obtained reduce to those corresponding to the motion over an
infinite plate. The impacts of several quantities are investigated on the resulting
velocity field and the tangential stress at the bottom wall.
Keywords Analytic solutions; MHD Oldroyd-B fluid; Sidewalls
Introduction
During the past several decades, the Navier-Stokes equations were intensively
studied in the literature. However, these equations are unable to predict the beha-
viors of many real fluids encountered in numerous industrial applications such as
processing of polymers, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, food products,
inks, and so forth. Therefore, it has been now recognized in industrial and tech-
nological applications that non-Newtonian fluids are more appropriate than
Newtonian fluids. Non-Newtonian fluids are a broad class of fluids in which the
relation connecting the shear stress and shear rate is nonlinear and hence there is
no universal constitutive model available that can alone predict the behavior of all
non-Newtonian fluids. Hence, it is necessary to study the behavior of non-
Newtonian fluids in order to obtain a thorough understanding and improve their
utilization in various manufacturing processes. In general, the governing equations
of non-Newtonian fluids are of higher order than the Navier-Stokes equations.
Therefore, the adhering boundary conditions are not sufficient and additional
boundary conditions are needed for unique solutions (Rajagopal, 1982a, 1995;
Rajagopal and Kaloni, 1989; Rajagopal et al., 1986). The non-Newtonian fluids
are mainly classified into three categories, namely the differential type, the rate type,
Address correspondence to Masood Khan, Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam
Chem. Eng. Comm., 198:14151434, 2011
Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 0098-6445 print=1563-5201 online
DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2011.560521
1415
University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan. E-mail: mkhan@qau.pk; mkhan_21@yahoo.com
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and the integral type. Amongst the many fluids of the rate type, the Oldroyd-B fluid
is the most popular model as it takes into account elastic and memory effects exhib-
ited by most polymeric and biological liquids (Oldroyd, 1950, 1951). Although
Oldroyd-B fluid cannot describe either shear-thinning or shear-thickening behaviors,
this model can describe stress-relaxation, creep, and normal stress differences that
develop during simple shear flows. Therefore, this model is viewed as one of the most
successful models for describing the response of many polymeric liquids.
The flow of an electrically conducting fluid in the presence of a magnetic field is
of a importance in various areas of technology such as MHD power generators,
accelerators, centrifugal separation of matter from fluid, purification of crude oils,
the petroleum industry, polymer technology, and so forth. Further, there has been
great interest in the study of MHD flows due to the effect of magnetic field on
the boundary layer control and on the performance of many systems using
electrically conducting fluids. In view of these factors, the study of MHD flows of
Newtonian=non-Newtonian fluids was carried out by several researchers (Debnath,
1972; Anderson et al., 1992; Khan et al., 2006, 2007).
In the literature, there are very few analytical solutions for Newtonian fluids
available. However, these solutions become even rarer if the constitutive equations
of non-Newtonian fluids are considered. Analytical solutions are very important
for a variety of reasons. The analytical solutions, if available, facilitate the verifi-
cation of numerical solvers and are also helpful in the stability analysis of solutions.
Consequently, analytical solutions for the flow of Newtonian=non-Newtonian fluids
are needed. The first closed-form transient solution for the flow of a Newtonian fluid
due to an oscillating plate seems to be that of Penton (1968). The first analytical
solutions for the longitudinal and torsional oscillations of a rod in non-Newtonian
fluids are those obtained by Rajagopal (1983) and Rajagopal and Bhatnagar
(1995). Moreover, the analytical solutions for various flow geometries in non-
Newtonian fluids have been obtained, for instance, in Rajagopal (1982b, 1984),
Bandelli and Rajagopal (1995), Hayat et al. (2004), Khan et al. (2007b, 2008),
Fetecau et al. (2007, 2008), Tan and Masuoka (2005), and Erdogan and Imrak
(2007).
The purpose of this work is to present analytical solutions for some MHD flows
of a non-Newtonian fluid. The current interest lies in searching for the velocity field
and tangential stress representing the MHD flow between two sidewalls perpendicu-
lar to the plate. In the next section, the governing equations are outlined. The follow-
ing sections contain the analytical results, both for flow due to impulsive motion of
the plate and flow due to a constantly accelerating plate. The results are then ana-
lyzed through graphical illustrations and finally conclusions are given.
Governing Equations
The equations governing the unsteady flow of an incompressible and electrically
conducting fluid are
div V 0 1
q
dV
dt
grad p div S J B 2
1416 M. Khan et al.
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In the above equations, V is the velocity field, q the density of the fluid, p the pressure,
J the current density, B the total magnetic field, and d=dt the material time derivative.
The extra-stress tensor S in an Oldroyd-B fluid is written in the following form:
S k
1
dS
dt
l A
1
k
2
dA
1
dt
_ _
3
in which l is the dynamic viscosity, k
1
and k
2
(<k
1
) are relaxation and retardation
times, respectively, and d=dt denotes the upper convected time derivative defined by
dS
dt

dS
dt
LS SL
T
4
The first Rivlin-Ericksen tensor A
1
is
A
1
L L
T
; L grad V 5
A uniform magnetic field B
0
is applied parallel to the y-axis while the induced mag-
netic field is neglected by choosing a small magnetic Reynolds number. Hence, the
MHD body force caused by the external magnetic field takes the form
J B rB
2
0
V 6
in which B
0
is the magnitude of B
0
and r the electrical conductivity of the fluid.
For a two-dimensional flow in Cartesian coordinates, we seek velocity and stress
fields of the form
V Vy; z; t uy; z; ti; S Sy; z; t 7
where i is the unit vector along the x-coordinate direction.
The continuity equation is now identically satisfied and having in mind the
initial condition
Sy; z; 0 0 8
Equations (2) and (3) provide us the following relevant equations:
1 k
1
@
@t
_ _
s
1
l 1 k
2
@
@t
_ _
@u
@y
9
1 k
1
@
@t
_ _
s
2
l 1 k
2
@
@t
_ _
@u
@z
10
and
q
@uy; z; t
@t

@p
@x

@s
1
@y

@s
2
@z
rB
2
0
u 11
in which s
1
S
xy
and s
2
S
xz
are the tangential stresses different from zero.
Solutions for MHD Flows of an Oldroyd-B Fluid 1417
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Assuming that there is no applied pressure gradient along the direction of flow,
Equations (9)(11) lead to the following governing equation:
1 k
1
@
@t
_ _
@uy; z; t
@t
n 1 k
2
@
@t
_ _
@
2
@y
2

@
2
@z
2
_ _
uy; z; t
rB
2
0
q
1 k
1
@
@t
_ _
uy; z; t
12
where n l=q is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
The linear partial differential equation (12) can be solved by different appro-
aches. Here, we use the Fourier sine and Laplace transforms to carry out the
analysis.
Flow Due to Impulsive Motion of the Plate
We consider an incompressible, homogeneous, and electrically conducting
Oldroyd-B fluid at rest that occupies the space above a flat plate perpendicular to
the y-axis and between two sidewalls perpendicular to the plate. The sidewalls are
extended to infinity in the x- and y-directions and are located at z 0 and z d.
The electrically conducting fluid is stressed by a uniform applied magnetic field B
0
parallel to the y-axis. The induced magnetic field is neglected by choosing small
Reynolds number. At time t 0

the flow is caused by translating the bottom wall

at y 0 in its own plane with a velocity U(t). Owing to the shear, the fluid is gradu-
ally moved. The associated boundary and initial conditions are
uy; z; 0
@uy; z; 0
@t
0; y > 0; 0 z d 13
u0; z; t Ut VHt; for all t and 0 < z < d 14
uy; 0; t uy; d; t 0; y; t > 0 15
and
uy; z; t;
@uy; z; t
@y
!0 as y !1 and t > 0 16
where H(t) is the Heaviside unit step function.
The physical model of the flow in the presence of the sidewalls is shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Geometry of the flow problem in Cartesian coordinate system.
1418 M. Khan et al.
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Calculation of the Velocity Field
To obtain the analytic solution corresponding to the flow, we shall first use the
Fourier sine transforms (Fetecau et al., 2007). Consequently, multiplying both sides
of Equation (12) by

2=p
_
sinyn sinc
n
z; where c
n
np=d, integrating the result
with respect to y and z from 0 to infinity, respectively, 0 to d, and taking into account
the initial and boundary conditions (13)(16), we obtain
k
1
@
2
u
sn
n; t
@t
2
1 k
1
M
2
an
2
c
2
n

@u
sn
n; t
@t
M
2
nn
2
c
2
n
u
sn
n; t

2
p
_
n
c
n
1 1
n
nUt a

UUt; n; t > 0
17
whence
a nk
2
; M
2

rB
2
0
q
and the double Fourier sine transform u
sn
(n, t) of u(y, z, t) defined through
u
sn
n; t

2
p
_
_
1
0
_
d
0
uy; z; t sinyn sinc
n
zdzdy; n 1; 2; 3; . . . 18
have to satisfy the initial conditions
u
sn
n; 0
@u
sn
n; 0
@t
0; n > 0 19
Now applying the Laplace transform to Equation (17) and using the above
initial conditions, we get the following expression:
uu
sn
n; q n

2
p
_
1 1
n
aq nUq
c
n
k
1
q
2
1 k
1
M
2
an
2
c
2
n
q M
2
nn
2
c
2
n

20
where q is the transform parameter while uu
sn
n; q and Uq are the Laplace
transforms of u
sn
(n, t) and U(t), respectively. If U(t) VH(t) then Uq V=q and
hence Equation (20) can be written as
uu
sn
n; q n

2
p
_
V1 1
n

c
n
k
1
Gn; q
q
21
where
Gn; q
1
r
2n
r
1n
ar
2n
n
q r
2n

ar
1n
n
q r
1n
_ _
Solutions for MHD Flows of an Oldroyd-B Fluid 1419
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and
r
1n;2n

1 k
1
M
2
an
2
c
2
n

1 k
1
M
2
an
2
c
2
n

2
_
4k
1
M
2
nn
2
c
2
n

2k
1
Applying the inverse Laplace transform to Equation (21) and using the
following result:
L
1
1
q
Fn; q
_ _

_
t
0
f n; udu 22
we get
u
sn
n; t Vn

2
p
_
1 1
n

c
n
n
M
2
nn
2
c
2
n

n
M
2
nn
2
c
2
n

r
2n
e
r
1n
t
r
1n
e
r
2n
t
r
2n
r
1n

a
k
1
e
r
2n
t
e
r
1n
t
r
2n
r
1n
_

_
_

_
23
Inverting the result (23) by means of the Fourier sine transform (Snedden, 1951),
the solution can be written as
uy; z; t
4VHt
d

1
n1
sinc
N
z
c
N
e

c
2
N

M
2
n
_
y

8VHt
pd

1
n1
sinc
N
z
c
N

_
1
0
r
2N
e
r
1N
t
r
1N
e
r
2N
t
r
2N
r
1N
n sinny
n
2
c
2
N

M
2
n
dn
a
k
1

_
1
0
e
r
2N
t
e
r
1N
t
r
2N
r
1N
n sinnydn
_

_
_

_
24
where N2n 1.
For later use, let us take d 2h and change the origin of the coordinate system at
the middle of the channel. Setting z z

h and dropping the star notation, we

finally get the velocity field in equivalent but more suitable form:
uy; z; t
2VHt
h

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
e

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y

4VHt
ph

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

_
1
0
r
2N
e
r
1N
t
r
1N
e
r
2N
t
r
2N
r
1N
n sinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
dn
_

a
k
1
_
1
0
e
r
2N
t
e
r
1N
t
r
2N
r
1N
n sinnydn
_
25
with l
N
(2n 1)p=(2h).
1420 M. Khan et al.
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For M0, the above solution can be reduced to the similar solution for
hydrodynamic flow as obtained by Fetecau et al. (2011).
It is clearly seen that the starting solution (25) is the sum of the steady-state
solution
u
s
y; z uy; z; 1
2V
h

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
e

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y
26
and the transient solution u
t
(y, z, t) given by the second term.
Calculation of the Tangential Stresses
The tangential stresses s
1
and s
2
corresponding to the velocity (25) can be easily
calculated using Equations (8)(10). Consequently
s
1
y; z; t
l
k
1
e

t
k
1
_
t
0
e
s
k
1
1 k
2
@
@s
_ _
@u
@y
ds 27
respectively,
s
2
y; z; t
l
k
1
e

t
k
1
_
t
0
e
s
k
1
1 k
2
@
@s
_ _
@u
@z
ds 28
By substituting Equation (24) into Equations (27) and (28), these results
s
1
y; z; t
2lV
h

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
1 e

t
k
1
Ht
k
2
k
1
e

t
k
1
_ _
e

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y

4lV
k
1
ph

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

__
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N

_
_
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
_
Ht
k
2
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
e

t
k
1
Htf1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
ge

t
k
1
_
dn
a
k
1
Ht
_
1
0
n
2
cosny
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N

_
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
f1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
ge

t
k
1
_
dn
_
29
Solutions for MHD Flows of an Oldroyd-B Fluid 1421
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and
s
2
y; z; t
2lV
h

1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
z
_
1 e

t
k
1
Ht
k
2
k
1
e

t
k
1
_
e

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y

4lV
k
1
ph

1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
z
__
1
0
n sinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N

__
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
_
Ht
k
2
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
e

t
k
1
Htf1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
ge

t
k
1
_
dn

a
k
1
Ht
_
1
0
n sinny
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
_
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
f1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
ge

t
k
1
_
dn
_
30
where
r
3N

1
k
1
r
1N
; r
4N

1
k
1
r
2N
Flow Due to Constantly Accelerating Plate
This section deals with the flow caused by translating the bottom wall with time-
dependent velocity U(t) AtH(t). In this case, the governing equation, the initial
conditions, and a part of the boundary conditions are the same. Instead of boundary
condition (14), we use the boundary condition
u0; z; t Ut AtHt; for all t and 0 < z < d 31
The solution of this problem can be obtained in the same way as before. Conse-
quently, we shall present only the results in the simplest form:
uy; z; t
2AtHt
h

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
e

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y

4AHt
nph
1 M
2
k
1
k
2

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

_
1
0
n sinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
_
2
1
r
2N
e
r
1N
t
r
1N
e
r
2N
t
r
2N
r
1N
_ _
dn

4AHt
ph

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
_
1
0
n sinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
_
e
r
2N
t
e
r
1N
t
r
2N
r
1N
_ _
dn
32
1422 M. Khan et al.
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a
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0
2
:
4
6

1
0

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

s
1
y; z; t
2lA
h
Ht

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
e

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y
t k
1
k
2
1 e

t
k
1
_ _ _ _

4qA
ph
Ht 1 M
2
k
1
k
2

_
1 e

t
k
1
_ _

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
_
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n

2
dn
4qA
phk
1
Ht
1 M
2
k
1
k
2

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

_
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n

2
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
f1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e

t
k
1
gdn
4lA
k
1
ph
Ht

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

_
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
f1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e

t
k
1
gdn 33
s
2
y; z; t
2lA
h
Ht

1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
ze

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y
t k
1
k
2
1e

t
k
1
_ _ _ _

4qA
ph
Ht1M
2
k
1
k
2
1e

t
k
1

1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
z

_
1
0
nsinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n

2
dn
4qA
phk
1
Ht1M
2
k
1
k
2

1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
z

_
1
0
nsinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n

2
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N

_
1r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
1r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e

t
k
1
_
dn

4lA
k
1
ph
Ht

1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
z
_
1
0
nsinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
f1r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1r
1N
k
2
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1r
1N
k
2
r
4N
1r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e

t
k
1
gdn 34
Solutions for MHD Flows of an Oldroyd-B Fluid 1423
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0
2
:
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6

1
0

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

The Limiting Case h !1 (Flow over an Infinite Plate)
Here, we consider the limiting case, namely the flow over an infinite plate in the
absence of sidewalls. Consequently, applying the limit when h !1, the velocity field
(25) as well as the shear stress (29) corresponding to the motion over an infinite flat
plate in the case of impulsive motion of the plate become
uy; t VH t e

n
p y

2VH t
p
_
1
0
n sinny
n
2

M
2
n
r
6
e
r
5
t
r
5
e
r
6
t
r
6
r
5
dn

2VaH t
k
1
p
_
1
0
e
r
6
t
e
r
5
t
r
6
r
5
n sinnydn
35
s
1
y; t
lVM

n
p 1e

t
k
1
Ht
k
2
k
1
e

t
k
1
_ _
e

n
p y

2lV
k
1
p
_
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2

M
2
n
r
6
r
5
r
7
r
8
:

_
1r
5
k
2
r
6
r
8
e
r
5
t
1r
6
k
2
r
5
r
7
e
r
6
t
_
Ht k
2
r
6
r
5
r
7
r
8
e

t
k
1
_
Ht
_
1r
6
k
2
r
5
r
7
1r
5
k
2
r
6
r
8
_
e

t
k
1
_
dn
2lVa
k
2
1
p
Ht
_
1
0
n
2
cosny
r
6
r
5
r
7
r
8
1r
6
k
2
r
7
e
r
6
t
1r
5
k
2
r
8
e
r
5
t
1r
6
k
2
r
7
1r
5
k
2
r
8
e

t
k
1
_ _
dn
36
r
5;6

1 k
1
M
2
nk
2
n
2
_

1 k
1
M
2
nk
2
n
2
_
2
4k
1
M
2
nn
2
_
_
2k
1
;
and
r
7

1
k
1
r
5
; r
8

1
k
1
r
6
For flow induced by a constantly accelerating plate, the corresponding expres-
sions for the velocity fields and shear stress are
uy; t AtH t e

n
p y

2AH t
np
1 M
2
k
1
k
2

_
1
0
n sinny
n
2

M
2
n
_
2
1
r
6
e
r
5
t
r
5
e
r
6
t
r
6
r
5
_ _
dn

2AH t
p
_
1
0
n sinny
n
2

M
2
n
_
e
r
6
t
e
r
5
t
r
6
r
5
_ _
dn 37
and
s
1
y;t
lAM

n
p Hte

n
p y
tk
1
k
2
1e

t
k
1
_ _ _ _

2qA
p
Ht 1M
2
k
1
k
2

_
1e

t
k
1
_ _

_
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2

M
2
n

2
dn
2qA
pk
1
Ht 1M
2
k
1
k
2

_
_
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2

M
2
n

2
r
6
r
5
r
7
r
8
1424 M. Khan et al.
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1
0

O
c
t
o
b
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r

2
0
1
1

1r
6
k
2
r
5
r
7
e
r
6
t
1r
5
k
2
r
6
r
8
e
r
5
t
1r
5
k
2
r
6
r
8
1r
6
k
2
r
5
r
7
e

t
k
1
_ _
dn

2lA
k
1
p
Ht
_
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2

M
2
n
r
6
r
5
r
7
r
8
1r
6
k
2
r
7
e
r
6
t
1r
5
k
2
r
8
e
r
5
t
f
1r
5
k
2
r
8
1r
6
k
2
r
7
e

t
k
1
_
dn 38
Numerical Results and Discussion
The focus of the present study is the analytic solutions for some MHD flows of an
Oldroyd-B fluid. The analytic expressions for the velocity field and the associated
tangential stresses have been determined for an electrically conducting fluid in the
presence of a uniform magnetic field for some unsteady flows induced by the
time-dependent motion of a plate between two sidewalls perpendicular to the plate.
For flow due to the impulsive motion of the plate, the steady-state solutions are
u
s
y; z
2V
h

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
e

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y
39
s
1s
y; z
2lV
h

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
e

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y
40
s
2s
y; z
2lV
h

1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
ze

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y
41
We remark that these steady-state solutions are the same for both Newtonian and
Oldroyd-B fluids. The series (39) that gives the steady velocity is a convergent series.
However, the corresponding series (40) and (41) giving the tangential stresses are not
convergent. Consequently, the shear stress at the bottom wall s
1
(0, z, t) as well as the
shear stresses on the sidewalls s
2
(y, h, t) and s
2
(y, h, t) cannot be calculated using
Equation (30). For this reason another expression for steady velocity will be used.
This expression, which has been obtained in (Khan et al. (2008), is given by
u
s
y; z Ve

n
p y

2V
p
_
1
0
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
z
_ _
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
h
_ _
n sinyn
n
2

M
2
n
dn 42
The last equality, together with Equation (39), tells us that
2
h

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
e

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y
e

n
p y

2
p
_
1
0
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
z
_ _
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
h
_ _
n sinyn
n
2

M
2
n
dn 43
Solutions for MHD Flows of an Oldroyd-B Fluid 1425
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:
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1
0

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

Consequently, instead of the expressions (29) and (30) for tangential stresses, we
can use the new expressions:
s
1
y; z; t lV
_
M

n
p e

n
p y

2
p
_
1
0
cosh
_

n
2

M
2
n
_
z
_
cosh
_

n
2

M
2
n
_
h
_
n
2
cosyn
n
2

M
2
n
dn
_

_
1 e

t
k
1
Ht
k
2
k
1
e

t
k
1
_

4lV
k
1
ph

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
__
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N

__
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
_
Ht k
2
r
2N
r
1N

r
3N
r
4N
e

t
k
1
Ht
_
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
_
e

t
k
1
_
dn

a
k
1
Ht
_
1
0
n
2
cosny
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
_
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
e
r
1N
t

_
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
_
e

t
k
1
_
dn
_
44
and
s
2
y; z; t
2lV
p
1 e

t
k
1
Ht
k
2
k
1
e

t
k
1
_ __
1
0
sinh

n
2

M
2
n
_
z
_ _
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
h
_ _
n sinyn
n
2

M
2
n
dn

4lV
k
1
ph

1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
z
_
1
0
n sinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
_
f1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
gHt k
2
r
2N
r
1N

r
3N
r
4N
e

t
k
1
Ht 1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e

t
k
1
_
dn

a
k
1
Ht
_
1
0
n sinny
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
e
r
1N
t

1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
e

t
k
1
_
dn
_
45
The tangential stress at the bottom wall s
w
(z, t) s
1
(0, z, t) can be obtained from the
above relation. Thus, the tangential stress at the bottom is given by
s
w
z; t lV
M

n
p
2
p
_
1
0
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
z
_ _
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
h
_ _
n
2
n
2

M
2
n
dn
_

_
_

_
_
1 e

t
k
1
_
Ht
k
2
k
1
e

t
k
1
_ _

4lV
k
1
ph

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
_
1
0
n
2
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
_
1426 M. Khan et al.
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2
:
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6

1
0

O
c
t
o
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
Ht 1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
Ht k
2
r
2N
r
1N

r
3N
r
4N
e

t
k
1
Ht 1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e

t
k
1
_
dn

a
k
1
Ht
_
1
0
n
2
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
e
r
1N
t

1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
e

t
k
1
_
dn
_
46
For flow induced by a constantly accelerating plate, the corresponding new
expressions for the tangential stresses are
s
1
y; z; t lAt Ht
M

n
p e

n
p y

2
p
_
1
0
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
z
_ _
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
h
_ _
n
2
cosyn
n
2

M
2
n
dn
_

_
_

2lA
h
Ht k
1
k
2

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
1 e

t
k
1
_ _
e

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

4qA
ph
Ht 1 M
2
k
1
k
2

_
1 e

t
k
1
_ _

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
_
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n

2
dn
4qA
phk
1
Ht
1 M
2
k
1
k
2

_
Ht

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

_
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n

2
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
f
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e

t
k
1
_
dn
4lA
k
1
ph
Ht

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

_
1
0
n
2
cosny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2

r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e

t
k
1
_
dn 47
and
s
2
y;z;t
2lAt
p
Ht
_
1
0
sinh

n
2

M
2
n
_
z
_ _
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
h
_ _
nsinyn
n
2

M
2
n
dn
2lA
h
Htk
1
k
2
1e

t
k
1
_ _

1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
ze

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
y

4qA
ph
Ht 1M
2
k
1
k
2

_
1e

t
k
1
_ _
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1
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1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
z
_
1
0
nsinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n

2
dn
4qA
phk
1
Ht 1 M
2
k
1
k
2

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
_
1
0
nsinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n

2
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
f
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e

t
k
1
_
dn
4lA
k
1
ph
Ht

1
n1
1
n1
sinl
N
z

_
1
0
nsinny
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2

r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e

t
k
1
_
dn 48
The corresponding expression for the tangential stress at the bottom wall is
s
w
z; t lAtHt
M

n
p
2
p
_
1
0
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
z
_ _
cosh

n
2

M
2
n
_
h
_ _
n
2
n
2

M
2
n
dn
_

_
_

2lA
h
Htk
1
k
2

l
2
N

M
2
n
_
1 e

t
k
1
_ _

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

4qA
ph
Ht 1 M
2
k
1
k
2

_
1 e

t
k
1
_ _

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N
_
1
0
n
2
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n

2
dn
4qA
phk
1
Ht
1 M
2
k
1
k
2

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

_
1
0
n
2
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n

2
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N

_
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
e
r
1N
t

_
1 r
1N
k
2
r
2N
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
1N
r
3N
_
e

t
k
1
_
dn
4lA
k
1
ph
Ht

1
n1
1
n1
cosl
N
z
l
N

_
1
0
n
2
_
n
2
l
2
N

M
2
n
_
r
2N
r
1N
r
3N
r
4N
_
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e
r
2N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
e
r
1N
t
1 r
1N
k
2
r
4N
1 r
2N
k
2
r
3N
e

t
k
1
_
dn
49
In order to get a clear insight of the physical problems, numerical computations
were carried out for the velocity as well as stress fields. The numerical results are
shown graphically in Figures 211. The graphs of u(y, t) giving the velocity profiles
1428 M. Khan et al.
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corresponding to the motion over an infinite plate (Figures 27, panel a) as well as
u(y, 0, t) giving the velocity profiles at the middle of the channel in the presence of
sidewalls (Figures 27, panel b) and s
w
(z, t) s
1
(0, z, t) giving the shear stress at the
bottom wall are drawn by assigning the numerical values to various parameters.
These graphs are plotted by evaluating the integrals numerically. Further, these
graphs have been plotted by introducing the normalized variables
u

u
V
; y

y
h
; z

z
h
; t

tn
h
2
; A

Ah
2
nV
; k

1

k
1
n
h
2
; a

a
h
2
; B
Mh

n
p
and omitting the asterisks for simplicity.
In Figures 2 and 3, the velocity profiles for impulsive motion of the plate are
drawn against y for different values of time. These figures also illustrate the effects
of sidewalls by comparing the velocity u(y, t) corresponding to the motion over an
infinite plate with that for flow between two sidewalls perpendicular to the plate
u(y, 0, t). From these figures, it can be seen that the velocity increases with increasing
Figure 2. Profiles of velocity field for various values of time t for impulsive motion of the plate
by keeping k
1
0.8, a 0.5, and B0.1 fixed.
Figure 3. Profiles of velocity field for various values of time t for impulsive motion of the plate
by keeping k
1
0.8, a 0.5, and B0.1 fixed.
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Figure 5. Profiles of velocity field for various values of time t for constantly accelerating plate
by keeping k
1
0.8, a 0.5, B0.1, and A1 fixed.
Figure 4. Profiles of velocity field for various values of time t for constantly accelerating plate
by keeping k
1
0.8, a 0.5, B0.1, and A1 fixed.
Figure 6. Profiles of velocity field for various values of magnetic parameter B for impulsive
motion of the plate by keeping k
1
0.8, a 0.5, and t 5 fixed.
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Figure 7. Profiles of velocity field for various values of magnetic parameter B for constantly
accelerating plate by keeping k
1
0.8, a 0.5, t 5, and A1 fixed.
Figure 9. Profiles of tangential stress for various values of magnetic parameter B for impulsive
motion of the plate by keeping k
1
0.1, a 0.08, and t 1 fixed.
Figure 8. Profile of tangential stress for various values of time t for impulsive motion of the
plate by keeping k
1
0.1, a 0.08, and B1 fixed.
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time. It is also noticed that for small time, the difference between the velocity profiles
is larger, and this difference decreases rapidly for larger values of time. Moreover, a
comparison reveals that in the presence of sidewalls the velocity profiles are much
smaller in magnitude than those of absence of sidewalls. This is due to the increasing
shearing force from the sidewalls. This shows that there are significant effects of side-
walls on the flows. Figures 4 and 5 include the case of a constantly accelerating plate.
Qualitatively, the observations for accelerated flows are similar to those for impul-
sive motion of the plate. However, these observations are not similar quantitatively.
Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the effect of magnetic parameter B on the velocity pro-
files. The effect of increasing magnetic parameter B is to reduce the velocity and
thereby reducing boundary layer thickness in the absence as well as presence of side-
walls. But this effect is not very prominent in the presence of sidewalls. This is due to
the fact that the introduction of transverse magnetic field has a tendency to develop a
drag that tends to resist the flow.
Figure 11. Profiles of tangential stress for various values of magnetic parameter B for
constantly accelerating plate by keeping k
1
0.1, a 0.08, t 1, and A1 fixed.
Figure 10. Profiles of tangential stress for various values of time t for constantly accelerating
plate by keeping k
1
0.1, a 0.08, B1, and A1 fixed.
1432 M. Khan et al.
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Figures 8 to 11 exhibit the shear stress s
w
(z, t) s
1
(0, z, t) at the bottom wall with
y for different values of time and magnetic parameter. From these figures, we
observe that the magnitude of shear stress increases monotonically with increase
in time, while it has the opposite behavior for increasing magnetic parameter. These
graphs also demonstrate that the shear stress at the bottom wall is minimum at the
middle of the channel and the strongest shear stress occurs near the sidewalls. It is
interesting to note that for large value of time, the shear stress profiles tend to
coincide. All the results obtained here are consistent with the physical situations.
Conclusions
In the present study, we have investigated MHD flows of a non-Newtonian fluid
between two sidewalls perpendicular to the plate. The fluid is electrically conducting
in the presence of a uniform applied magnetic field. The analytical expressions for
the velocity field and the associated tangential stresses have been derived using Four-
ier sine and Laplace transforms. The solutions that have been obtained satisfy all the
initial and boundary conditions and are presented under integral and series form.
The improper integrals for the inversion of Fourier sine and Laplace transforms
are evaluated numerically and the results have been displayed in several graphs to
see the variation of the emerging parameters. In order to see the effects of sidewalls,
a comparison of the velocity field corresponding to the flow over an infinite plate
was made with that for flow between two sidewalls perpendicular to the plate.
The results categorically indicate the following findings:
. It is noted that the velocity and the shear stress profiles decrease monotonically
with increasing magnetic parameter.
. It is seen that in the presence of sidewalls the velocity is much smaller than that in
the absence of sidewalls.
. It is observed that the shear stress at the bottom wall is minimum at the middle of
the channel.
. As was to be expected, the strongest shear stress occurs near the sidewalls.
. Qualitatively, the observations for accelerated flow are similar to those for
impulsive motion of the plate. However, those observations are not similar quan-
titatively.
. The existing results for hydrodynamic flow (Fetecau et al., 2011) can be recovered
by taking M0.
Acknowledgment
The authors thanks the reviewers for their critical comments and useful suggestions,
which led to improvement in the article.
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