1

(a)

The major gases in unpolluted air are 79 % nitrogen and 20% oxygen.
(i)

Name another gaseous element in unpolluted air.

______________________________________________________[1]

(ii)

Name two compounds in unpolluted air.

______________________________________________________[2]

b)

Two common pollutants in air are carbon monoxide and the oxides of
nitrogen.
(i)

Name another pollutant in air.

______________________________________________________[1]

(ii)

Describe how carbon monoxide is formed.

______________________________________________________[1]

(iii)

How are the oxides of nitrogen formed?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________[2]

(iv)

Explain how a catalytic converter reduces the emission of these two

gases.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________[3]
[Total 10]

Page 1

Oxides are classified as acidic, basic, neutral and amphoteric.

a)
Complete the table.
type of
oxide

pH of solution of
oxide

example

acidic

basic

neutral

[6]

b)

(i)

Explain the term amphoteric.

___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________[1]

(ii)

Name two reagents that are needed to show that an oxide is amphoteric.
______________________________________________________
[2]
[Total 9]

a)

An important ore of zinc is zinc blende, ZnS.

i)

How is zinc blende changed into zinc oxide?

ii)

______________________________________________________
[1]
Write a balanced equation for the reduction of zinc oxide to zinc by carbon
_____________________________________________________
[2]

Page 2

b)

A major use of zinc is galvanizing; steel objects are coated with a thin layer of zinc. This
protects the steel from rusting even when the layer of zinc is broken.

thin layer of zinc

steel exposed to oxygen and water

steel
Explain, by mentioning ions and electrons, why the exposed steel does not rust
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[3]

Page 3

c)

Zinc electrodes have been used in cells for many years, one of the first was the Daniel
cell in 1831.

Voltmeter

copper electrode

zinc electrode

zinc sulfate(aq)
copper(II) sulfate(aq)
porous
pot
(i)

Give an explanation for the following in terms of atoms and ions.

observation at zinc electrode the electrode becomes smaller
explanation__________________________________________________
observation at copper electrode the electrode becomes bigger
explanation__________________________________________________
[2]

(ii)

When a current flows, charged particles move around the circuit.

What type of particle moves through the electrolytes?
_________________________________________________
Which particle moves through the wires and the voltmeter?
______________________________________________________
[2]
[Total 10]

The distinctive smell of the seaside was thought to be caused by ozone, O3. Ozone is a form of
the element oxygen.

Page 4

a)

A mixture of oxygen and ozone is formed by passing electric sparks through oxygen
3O2 ===== 2O3
Suggest a technique that might separate this mixture. Explain why this method
separates the two forms of oxygen.
Technique _____________________________________________
Explanation ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________
[2]

b)

Ozone is an oxidant. It can oxidise an iodide to iodine.

2I

i)

+ O3

+ 2H+ I2
+ H2 O

+ O2

What would you see when ozone is bubbled through aqueous acidified
potassium iodide?
_______________________________________________________

ii)

_______________________________________________________
[2]
Explain in terms of electron transfer why the change from iodide ions to iodine
molecules is oxidation.
_____________________________________________________________

iii)

_____________________________________________________________
[1]
Explain, using your answer to b(ii), why ozone is the oxidant in this reaction.
_____________________________________________________

c)

__________________________________________________________
[1]
It is now known that the smell of the seaside is due to the chemical dimethyl sulfide,
(CH3)2S.

Page 5

i)

Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in

one molecule of this covalent compound.
Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
Use to represent an electron from a sulfur atom.

ii)

[3]
Name the three compounds formed when dimethyl sulfide is burnt in excess
oxygen.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
[2]
[Total 11]

The first three elements in Group IV are carbon, silicon and germanium.
The elements and their compounds have similar properties.
a)

The compound, silicon carbide, has a macromolecular structure similar to that of

diamond.
i)

A major use of silicon carbide is to reinforce aluminium alloys which are used in
the construction of spacecraft. Suggest three of its physical properties.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
[3]

ii)

Complete the following description of the structure of silicon carbide.

Each carbon atom is bonded to four_________________________atoms.

Each silicon atom is bonded to ________________________carbon atoms.

[2]

Page 6

b)

Germanium(IV) oxide, GeO2, has the same macromolecular structure as

silicon(IV) oxide. Draw the structural formula of germanium(IV) oxide.

c)

Germanium forms a series of hydrides comparable to the alkanes

[3]
i)

Draw the structural formula of the hydride which contains four germanium
atoms per molecule.

ii)

Predict the products of the complete combustion of this hydride.

[1]
_______________________________________________________
[2]
[Total 11]
6

a)

Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact process

2SO2 + O2 ====== 2SO3
This is carried out in the presence of a catalyst at 450 C and 2 atmospheres
pressure
i)

How is the sulfur dioxide made?

__________________________________________________

ii)

__________________________________________________
[1]
Give another use of sulfur dioxide.
_________________________________________________________
[1]

Page 7

iii)

Name the catalyst used.

___________________________________________________
[1]

iv)

If the temperature is decreased to 300 C, the yield of sulfur trioxide increases.

Explain why this lower temperature is not used.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
[1]

v)

b)

Sulfur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid. This is added to water to

make more sulfuric acid. Why is sulfur trioxide not added directly to water?

_______________________________________________________
[1]
Sulfuric acid was first made in the Middle East by heating the mineral, green vitriol,
FeSO4.7H2O. The gases formed were cooled.
FeSO4.7H2O(s)
FeSO4(s) +
green crystals
yellow powder
2FeSO4(s)

Fe2O3(s)

7H2O(g)

+ SO2(g) + SO3(g)

On cooling
SO3
SO2
i)

ii)

iii)

+ H2O H2SO4
+ H2O H2SO3

sulfuric acid
sulfurous acid

How could you show that the first reaction is reversible?

_______________________________________________________
[2]
Sulfurous acid is a reductant. What would you see when acidified potassium
manganate(VII) is added to a solution containing this acid?
_______________________________________________________
[2]
Suggest an explanation why sulfurous acid in contact with air changes into
sulfuric acid.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
[2]

Page 8

c)

9.12 g of anhydrous iron(II) sulfate was heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide
formed and the volume of sulfur trioxide, at r.t.p., formed.
2FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
mass of one mole of FeSO4

152g number of moles of FeSO4

used =
number of
formed

moles

of

Fe2O3
=

mass of one mole of Fe2O3

mass of iron(III) oxide formed

number of moles of SO3 formed =

volume of sulfur trioxide formed

dm3

[7]
[Total 18]
Butan-1-ol is used as a solvent for paints and varnishes, to make esters and as a fuel.
Butan-1-ol can be manufactured from but-1-ene, which is made from petroleum.
Biobutanol is a fuel of the future. It can be made by the fermentation of almost any form of
biomass - grain, straw, leaves etc.
a)

But-1-ene can be obtained from alkanes such as decane, C10H22, by cracking.

i)

Give the reaction conditions.

_________________________________________________________

ii)

_________________________________________________________
[2]
Complete an equation for the cracking of decane, C10H22, to give but-1-ene.
C10H22 __________________________
[2]

b)

iii)

Name the reagent that reacts with but-1-ene to form butan-1-ol.

i)

__________________________________________________________
[1]
Balance the equation for the complete combustion of butan-1-ol.
_____________

C4H9OH +

O2

CO2

H2O
[2]

Page 9

ii)

c)

Write a word equation for the preparation of the ester butyl methanoate.

_______________________________________________________
[2]
The fermentation of biomass by bacteria produces a mixture of products which include
biobutanol, propanol, hydrogen and propanoic acid.
i)

Draw the structural formula of propanol and of propanoic acid. Show all the
bonds.
propanol

propanoic acid

[2]
ii)

d)

Why is it important to develop these fuels, such as biobutanol, as alternatives to

petroleum?

____________________________________________________________
[1]
How could you show that butanol made from petroleum and biobutanol are the
same chemical?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
[1]
[Total 13]

Page 10

Page 11

Page 12

Franc
ium

F
r

Caes
ium

88

8
8

5
6

Rad
ium

R
a

Bar
6
ium

B
a22

38 1
3
7

Strontium

S
r

8
9

8
9

57

Actin

A
c

22
7

Lanthanum

La

3 Yttr
9 ium
139

21

Scand
ium

S
c

Key

2
2

58

7
2

40

Praseodymium

Cerium

52

b = proton (atomic)
90
number

96

Mo

18
4

144

Nd

91

Mn
Fe
Manganese

555
6

2
7

2
8

2
9

6
4

3
0

6
5

Np
93

Neptuniu
m

Pu
94

Plutonium

62

Samarium

61

Promethiu
m

150

Iridi
um

Ir

19
2

Sm

77

7
6

45

Rhodium

R
h

Eu

152

Plati
num

95

Americiu
m

Am

Europium

63

7
8

P
t

46 19
5

Palladium

P
d

Ni
106
ck
el

N
i

C
o
Co
10
bal
3
t

5
9

5
9

Pm

75

Osm
Rhen
ium
ium

O
R
se

Ruthen
43
ium
19
18
44 06

RTc
Techneti
u
um

225 Ir
o
6
n
101

Gd

157

G
ol
d

Au

Sil
ve
1
r9

Ag

96

Curium

Cm

Gadolinium

64

7
9

4
7

0
8

Cop
1
per

C
u

Bk

Terbium

Tb

159

Mer
cury

97

Berkelium

65

8
0

H
g

48 20
1

Cadmium

C
d

Z
i
n
112
c

Zn

Dy

162

Thall
ium

T
l

Ind
4
iu
m

n
20

Gall
1
ium
1

G
a

7
0

98

Californium

Cf

Dysprosium

66

8
1

4
9

3
1

13

Es

Holmium

Ho

165

L
e
a
d

Pb

2i
0n
7

Sn

1
1
9

99

Einsteinium

67

8
2

5
0

Ge

Sili
73
co
n

S
i

Germanium

32

1
4

2
8

Fermium

Fm

Erbium

Er

167

Bis
mut
h

100

68

8
3

B
i

S
b

Ars
12
enic

A
s

7
5

Antim
20
ony

51

3
3

15

Phosphorus

31

Nitrogen

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

U
Uranium

Protactinium

Thorium

238

Pa
92

60

Neodymium

74

Tungsten

42

Molybdenum

24

Chromium

Cr

Th

X = atomic symbol

59

141

Pr

140

73

Tantal
um

T
a

18
1

Ce

Hafn
ium

H
f

17
8

Niobium

Zirconium

93

Nb
4
1

23

Vanadium

Zr

91

Titanium

Ti

a = relative atomic mass

232

ium
87
*58-71
Lanthanoid series
90-103 Actinoid series

5
5

C
s

37 13
3

Rubidium

R
b

85

Calcium

Potassium

2
0

Ca

12

Al
51

C
bon

6 Car

B
Bo
ro
n 27

Aluminium

48

1
2

1
1

14

Selenium

S
e

S
ulf
ur79

P
o

169

Md

Thulium

Tm

101

Mendeleviu
m

69

84

Polon
ium

52

Telluri
um

T
e

34 12
8

1
6

3
2

gen

8 Oxy

1
6

A
t

Iodine

127

Bromine

Br

Chlo
80
rine

C
l

No
102

Nobelium

70

Ytterbium

Yb

173

tine

8
5 Asta

5
3

3
5

1
7

35
.5

Fluorine

19

Lr

Lutetium

Lu

175

Ra
do
n

R
n

Xe
no
n

X
e

3
1

Kry
1
pton

K
r

Ar8
go4
n

A
r

N
e
o4
n0

Ne

103

Lawrencium

71

8
6

5
4

3
6

1
8

1
0

2
0

Helium

VII

Hydrogen

VI

He

IV

III
H

Mg

45

Group

Magnesium

24

40

N
a

2
3

Beryllium

Lithium

Sod
39
ium

19

1
1

Be

II

Li

DATA SHEET
The Periodic Table of the Elements

13