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Submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirement for the term end semester examination of Bachelor of Science BSC (IT) Session: 2011-12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present project work is submitted to Christian eminent academy under DAVV. I would like to express my sincere Gratitude to my project guide Ms. ANURADHA SHRMA for providing all the guidance and encouraging throughout the preparation of project work. It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge the assistance and contribution of our (HOD, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ELECTRONICS) for his prompt and timely help and all the valuable suggestions during the preparation of project work.
Table of Contents
Introduction Component list Description of list Circuit diagram PCB layout Conclusion Precaution Bibliography
INTRODUCTION OF SUBTRACTOR
In electronics, a subtractor can be designed using the same approach as that of an adder. The binary subtraction process is summarized below. As with an adder, in the general case of calculations on multi-bit numbers, three bits are involved in performing the subtraction for each bit of the difference: the minuend ( ), subtrahend ( ), and a borrow in from the previous (less significant) bit order position ( ). The outputs are the difference bit ( ) and borrow bit . The subtractor is best understood by considering that the substrahend and both borrow bits have negative weights, whereas the X and D bits are positive. The operation performed by the subtractor is to rewrite (which can take the values -2, -1, 0, or 1) as the sum .
Subtractors are usually implemented within a binary adder for only a small cost when using the standard two's complement notation, by providing an addition/subtraction selector to the carry-in and to invert the second operand. (definition of two's complement negation)
HALF SUBTRACTOR
This is a combination of circuit which can perform arithmetic subtraction over two bits.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
A half sub tractor has two inputs A & B and two output Borrow & Difference.
BORROW
HALF
B
SUBTRACTOR
DIFFERENCE
From the examination of difference it is clear that it can be obtained by xorgate since output is 0 for similar input and output is 1 for dissimilar inputs. That is: Difference = A+B But borrow does not follow truth for single gate. Its expression can be found as: Borrow is 1 only when A=0 and B=1, In other words A=1and B=1. That means borrow = A. B with the help of expression of Difference and Borrow. We can draw the logic circuit as:
FULL SUBTRACTOR:
It is a combination logic circuit which can arithmetic subtraction over three bits.
Block Diagram:
A B C
FULL SUBTRACTOR
BORROW
DIFFERENCE
From the truth table is clear that difference can be obtained by one 3 input xorgate.
COMPONENT LIST
Component Name Description Quantity
IC 7400
14 pin
LED
Resistance
270
PCB Sheets
Plain Sheet
Battery
9 Volt
Wire
1 Meter
Switch
Simple Switches
First of all we made the tracks required for the connection on the upper clad sheet with the help of carbon paper. Those are a number of varieties choosing according to on specific requirement. The raw copper clad sheet is used in the required dimension and then smoothened by, because the smoothened copper is the ready for know sesitant carrying. Drilling: The plate is drilled at the required ports the holes for the PCB and component supporting are also drilled at the same time. The side of the drilling plates are also smoothened with every paper. Painting: The tracks which are traced and the copper clad sheet are painted with the brush. After etching only these tracks remains & the resets of the copper is washed out. Etching: The painted plates is etches in the etching solution of facts smoothened plate is their ready for fabricating the paste. The printed circuit board layout, the connection on the PCB should we final to the circuit diagram between which the circuit diagram is arranged to be functional, so there is rarely any visible correlation between the circuit diagram and the layout. PCB layout can be reformed manually using PCB or or in combination are usually stide achieved using at least some manual resetting simply because the design engineer has a four letter judgement of how to arranged circuit. Surprisingly many authorised board are after completely logically in their track routing the program has optimised the connection & sacrificed only small of order that may have been put in place by order of that may have been put in place by manual soulding
1. High frequency circuit diagram requires careful grounding. The ground in a circuit is supposed to be at one position but in reality it is not, when grounded current flow through traces which have non-zero impedance. Voltage difference will occur at different point along the ground path. To minimize these voltage use ground plan for control circuit. 2. For each power supply stage keep: power ground & control together in point more the output return of the given stage.
3. If you use a multilayer printed circuit: Board with surface mount components place control ground statement on an inner layer so that is out as a shield between power and control circuit. 4. Minimum area and length of the loops which contain high frequency switching currents. 5. Place capacitor that bypass supply voltage and reference pins of all IC, physically close to there pins 6. Place fitters capacitors that their lead physically go sight in to the printed board traces that carry mainstream of the current to be filtered. 7. If you parallel some power semiconductor when during PCB layout try to use semielectrical soulding which equal impedance for parallel devices.