Optics

Mechanical Waves Standing wave OM 08

Standing Wave

Objects of the experiments

Studying standing wave on a rope Studying nodes and anti-nodes of standing wave Fiding the relation of tension on a rope and wavelength

Principles
An oscillation state of a rope known as a stationer or standing wave, where its frekuensi is the result of resonance on the rope. Standing wave is a superposition of waves that traveled back and fort on a rope. The meaning of standing or stationenr come from the fact that the node (nodes) and antinode (antinodes) of the wave are not changed, as shown in Fig. 1

propagate, but it is the result of the superposition of two traveling waves with equal frequency but different velocity. The frequency of a wave can be calculated using v= , [m/s] (1)

wherevis the waves velocity on the ropeand is the wave length of the wave traveled on the rope [m]. The velocity of transversal wave on the rope with mass perunit length [g/m] under tensionT [N] is

The wave length of a standing wave on the rope can be found by counting how many antinodes exist (n) along the rope. The numbers of antinodes existed along the rope multiplied by half wavelength is equal to the length of the rope. In this experiment the frequency of mechanical vibrator is set such that the rope vibrates and forms a standing wave.
Fig. 1.Standing wave on a vibrated rope

(2)

In a standing wave with n segments, wavelength and the ropes length follow

In this experiment one end of a rope is connected to a vibrator. The other end of the rope is connected to a mass as a source of tension on the rope. The setting of this experiment is shown in Fig.2. If the frequency of the mechanical oscillator is equal to the natural frequency of the rope, then a standing wave with larges amplitude will be observed. A standing wave does not

Using Eqs. (1), (2), dan (3) one obtained [Hz] (4)

the

wheren = 1, 2, 3, ...

(3)

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Fig. 2. Experiment setting.

Apparatus
1 1 4 1 1 1 1 Mechanical Vibrator Power Supply ac Ropes Set of weight, 50 g Pulley Meter stick Screwdriver and pliers

B. Determining the vibration frequency using difference order method. 1. Place a 10 g weight at the rope end hanging from the pulley! 2. Connect the vibrator to 6 V power supply! 3. Push the rope end at the vibrator arm and set the rope length such that 2 antinodes with the largest amplitude are observed on the rope! 4. Note the length of the part of the rope between the edge of vibrator arm and the pulley! 5. Repeat the steps above for 3, 4, 5, and 6 anti nodes! 6. Repeat the experiment for diffrent ropes!
Note : In case of the rope clamp on the vibrator is loosed, tighten it up with screw driver and pliers

Experiment Procedures
A. Determining the vibrational frequency using wavelenth method 1. Weigh the rope being used and measure its length! 2. Tie one end of the rope on the vibrator armand pass another end through the pulley! 3. Put a 50 g weight at the rope end hanging down from the pulley! 4. Connect the vibrator to 6 V power supply! 5. Push the rope end on the vibrator such that a wave occurs on the rope! 6. Change the length of the rope such that a half lenght observed on the rope! 7. Note the distance between the edge of vibrator arm and the pulley! 8. Repeat the steps above by increasing the weight to 55, 60, 65, 70, 75and 80 g ! 9. Repeat the experiment using different ropes!

Questions
1. What is standing wave? 2. What does Apakah yang menyebabkan terjadinya gelombang berdiri? 3. What is node? What is antinode? 4. What is superposition? 5. Some one pluck a guitar sting right on the middle. Where will the nodes occur on the guitar string? What is the wavelength of the vibrating string? 6. Make observation data sheets!

Data Analysist and Evaluation

1. Draw curves of rope length (L) as a function of the change in mass of the weight ( m) Buat grafik antara panjang tali (L) for both types of rope in one graph! 13

2. Draw curves of rope length (L) as a function of the numbers of antinodes for both types of rope in one graph! 3. Calculate the frequency needed to produce a half wavelength !

4. Determining the relationship of wavelength and the rope mass density! 5. Analyze the experiment and make a conclusion! .

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