A Technical Seminar Report On

FUTURE ELECTRICITY
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (2008-2012)

By

ADITYA MISHRA-08QA1A0402

Department Of Electronics and Communication Engineering BRILLIANT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E, New Delhi, Govt. of. A.P & Affiliated to JNTU, HYDERABAD) ABDULLAPUR (V), HAYATHNAGAR (M) R.R.DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH, PIN-501582

ABSTRACT After the extinction of all fossil fuels what are we going to do ? .his question plays a vital role in present day life. We all know the demand of electricity , we can not imagine our life with out electricity. This paper presents the current scenario of production of power throughout the world. And discusses about the resources with which the maximum power is obtained. And what are the steps to be taken for the generation of power after the complete extinction of renewable resources like coal, uranium. This paper also presents how to utilize the renewable resources like wind power, tidal power, solar power, hydro electric power, geothermal power ,etc., to meet the consumer demand and discusses solar power in depth. INTRODUCTION Modern life is unimaginable without electricity. It lights houses, buildings, streets, provides domestic and industrial heat, and powers most equipment used in homes, offices and machinery in factories. Improving access to electricity worldwide is critical to alleviating poverty.

Fig : Total World Electricity Generation by 2006 Coal plays a vital role in electricity generation worldwide. Coal-fired power plants currently fuel 41% of global electricity In the above figure it is clear that coal plays a major role in the production of electricity throughout the world. Fossil fuels are not a renewable energy resource. Once we've burned them all, there isn't any more, and our consumption of fossil fuels has nearly doubled every 20 years since 1900. It has been estimated that there are over 847 billion tons of proven coal reserves worldwide. This means that there is enough coal to last us around 119 years at current rates of production. Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world. Nuclear power produces around 15% of the world's energy needs, and produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel, without the pollution that you'd get from burning fossil fuels. Natural gas provides around 20% of the world's consumption of energy, and as well as being burnt in power stations, is used by many people to heat their homes. All this resources are non renewable once they burnt up they cannot be obtained back. After the completion of these resources, how to generate the power is the present day problem. The future generation is mainly depend on the renewable resources. At Present researches are going on to develop the production of electricity through renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro electric, tide.

In this paper a detailed explanation is given about how the power is being generated by using solar power and brief explanation about other renewable resources. The future generation is mainly depended on the renewable resources. SOLAR ENERGY The energy radiated by the sun is around 7% ultraviolet, 47% visible light and 46% infrared light. Its energy content from the distance of the earth from the sun is 1.4 kw/m^2. Each year around 1500 million TWh of solar energy reaches the earth. Not all these energy reaches the surface of the earth. Much of the shorter wavelength ultra violet radiation is absorbed in the atmosphere. Water vapour and carbon dioxide absorb longer wavelength energy while dust particle scatter more radiation, dispersing some of it back into space .clouds also reflect light back into space. When all these factors are taken into account, around 47% of the energy ,700 million TWH reaches the earth which is 14,000 times the average amount of energy used by man kind i.e.,50.000 TWH. Much of these solar energy strikes the worlds oceans and is inaccessible .Even so, with reasonable efficient energy conversion systems , less than 1% of worlds land area provide sufficient energy to meet global electricity demand around 15,000 TWH. Compared to all renewable resources, solar energy has more energy resource because sun is ever lasting . SOLAR POWER GENERATION Methods of generation Photo voltaic cell concentrated solar power (CSP) 1.PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of cells containing a photovoltaic material.

Fig : Nellis Solar Power Plant in the United States, the largest photovoltaic power plant in North America. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide/sulfide. Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years. As of 2010, solar photovoltaics generates electricity in more than 100 countries and, while yet comprising a tiny fraction of the 4.8 TW total global powergenerating capacity from all sources, is the fastest growing power-generation technology in the world. Between 2004 and 2009, gridconnected PV capacity increased at an annual average rate of 60 percent, to some 21 GW.

Photo voltaic cell process under goes the principle of photo voltaic effect. Photovoltaic effect:

Watt-Hour Meters: The amount of electricity generated can be measured through Watt Hour Meters SOLAR CELLS

The photovoltaic effect is the creation of a voltage (or a corresponding electric current) in a material upon exposure to light. The photovoltaic effect is different in that the generated electrons are transferred between different bands (i.e., from the valence to conduction bands) within the material, resulting in the buildup of a voltage between two electrodes.

Fig :Solar cells produce electricity directly from sunlight The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light knocking electrons into a higher state of energy to create electricity. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sun light, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC.

Fig : block diagram of solar power generation using photovoltaic cells Photovoltaic (Solar Cell) Modules: A photovoltaic module transforms solar energy into electricity. Inverter (Power Conditioner): The inverter converts DC electricity generated by the photovoltaic module into AC electricity and automatically controls the entire system. Indoor Distribution Panel: The panel delivers appropriate electric loads to household electrical appliances.

2.CONCENTRATED POWER (CSP)

SOLAR

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology also known as solar thermal power is the only solar based technology that is capable of providing utility scale electricity.

The concentration of sunlight onto photovoltaic surfaces, similar to CSP, is known as concentrated photovoltaics (CPV). Solar energy is collected and concentrated at a particular spot, for this there are several methods. They are Parabolic trough Fresnel lens Dish stirling PARABOLIC TROUGH

Fig :The PS10 Solar Power Plant concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats onto a central solar power tower Solar thermal power plants are basically power plants, which generate electricity from high temperature solar heat. The difference between them and conventional power plants is that it is not coal, oil, or gas, but the sun that provides the energy that drives the turbines. A typical solar thermal power plant uses mirrors or other reflectors to concentrate sunlight to a surface to create heat which is then used to generate steam to drive conventional turbines to make electricity. Storage technology makes solar power available during unfavorable weather and at night. Applying storage technology ensures that the turbines can always run at full load and thus with optimal efficiency. That makes the power plant more profitable

Fig : A parabolic trough is the most widely deployed and proven type of solar thermal power technology FRESNEL LENS

Fig: Nevada Solar One's fresnel reflectors are not as efficient as parabolic mirrors but are much cheaper

DISH STIRLING

Fig: Dish engine systems eliminate the need to transfer heat to a boiler by placing a Stirling engine at the focal point ENEGY STORAGE METHODS Since solar power is not available at night therefore, it has become all the more compulsory to store it. This is important for the continuous provision of solar power. MOLTEN SALTS Solar energy can be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are considered of an effective storage system for solar power. This is because it holds properties like they have a low cost and the ability to eliminate the solar powers intermittency. Also it stores extra amount of solar power in the form of heat and it uses this heat during the night or during the periods when solar power is not available at all in order to generate electricity. The potential of this technology extends to making a dispatchable solar power. This is useful in a way that the heat source will be able to generate or produce electricity at its own will. MAJOR DISCOVERY FROM MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

Daniel G. Nocera, the Henry Dreyfus Professor of Energy at MIT, has developed a simple method to split water molecules and produce oxygen gas, a discovery that paves the way for large-scale use of solar power. Inspired by the photosynthesis performed by plants, Nocera and Matthew Kanan, a postdoctoral fellow in Nocera's lab, have developed an unprecedented process that will allow the sun's energy to be used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Later, the oxygen and hydrogen may be recombined inside a fuel cell, creating carbon-free electricity to power your house or your electric car, day or night. SPACE -BASED SOLAR POWER.

Fig: space based power plant

Space-based solar power (SBSP) is a system for the collection of solar power in space, for use on Earth. SBSP differs from the usual method of solar power collection in that the solar panels used to collect energy would reside on a satellite in orbit, often referred to as a solar power satellite (SPS), rather than on Earth's surface. In space, collection of the Sun's energy is unaffected by the various obstructions which reduce efficiency or capacities of Earth surface solar power collection.

Collection of solar energy in space for use on Earth introduces several problems as well, primarily the transmission of energy from the collecting satellite to Earth's surface for use. Since wires extending from Earth's surface to an orbiting satellite are neither practical nor currently possible, many SBSP designs have proposed the use of wireless power transmission. The collecting satellite would convert solar energy into electrical energy, powering an emitter of some kind, such as microwave or laser, oriented toward a collector on the Earth's surface. Some panel degradation problems normally associated with terrestrial solar power collection would be entirely avoided by such a design, for example contamination or corrosion and damage by wildlife or plant encroachment. Other problems could be encountered, though, such as more rapid radiation damage or micrometeoroid impacts. HYDRO ELECTRICITY As we have seen in above figure that hydro electric power gives 16% of worlds power . Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants. Worldwide, an installed capacity of 777 GWe supplied 2998 TWh of hydroelectricity in 2006. This was approximately 20% of the world's electricity,

and accounted for about 88% of electricity from renewable sources.

Fig: Hydroelectric power station Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. To deliver water to a turbine while maintaining pressure arising from the head, a large pipe called a penstock may be used. SIZES AND CAPACITICES HUDROELECTRIC FACILITY OF

Large and specialized industrial facilities Small Micro Pico

LARGE AND SPECIALISED INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES

Although no official definition exist for the capacity range of large hydroelectric power stations, facilities from over a few hundred megawatts to more than 10 GW is generally considered large hydroelectric facilities. Currently, only three facilities over 10 GW (10,000 MW) are in operation worldwide;Three Gorges Dam at 22.5 GW, Itaipu Dam at 14 GW, and Guri Dam at 10.2 GW.

Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 KW of power. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks.

FIG: A micro-hydro facility in Vietnam PICO HYDRO FIG: The Three Gorges Dam, is the largest operating hydroelectric power stations at an installed capacity of 22,500 MW. Large-scale hydroelectric power stations are more commonly seen as the largest power producing facilities in the world, with some hydroelectric facilities capable of generating more than double the installed capacities of the current largest nuclear power stations. SMALL HYDRO POWER PLANT Small hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a small community or industrial plant. The definition of a small hydro project varies but a generating capacity of up to 10megawatts (MW) is generally accepted as the upper limit of what can be termed small hydro. MICRO HYDRO Pico hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of under 5 KW. It is useful in small, remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity. For example, to power one or two fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio for a few homes.[13] Even smaller turbines of 200-300W may power a single home in a developing country with a drop of only 1 m (3 ft). Pico-hydro setups typically are run-of-the-river, meaning that dams are not used, but rather pipes divert some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine before being exhausted back to the stream. WIND POWER PLANT The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others. These warm patches of air rise, other air blows in to replace them - and we feel a wind blowing. We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower, with a large propellor on the top.

powered generators was 159.2 gigawatts (GW). (By June 2010 the capacity had risen to 175 GW.) Energy production was 340 TWh, which is about 2% of worldwide electricity usage; and has doubled in the past three years. TIDAL POWER PLANT The tide moves a huge amount of water twice each day, and harnessing it could provide a great deal of energy - around 20% of Britain's needs. Although the energy supply is reliable and plentiful, converting it into useful electrical power is not easy. There are eight main sites around Britain where tidal power stations could usefully be built, including the Severn, Dee, Solway and Humber estuaries. Only around 20 sites in the world have been identified as possible tidal power stations. A few years ago, "tidal power" meant "tidal barrage", but these days there are other options as well.

Fig: a wind farm The wind blows the propeller round, which turns a generator to produce electricity. We tend to build many of these towers together, to make a "wind farm" and produce more electricity. The more towers, the more wind, and the larger the propellers, the more electricity we can make. It's only worth building wind farms in places that have strong, steady winds, although boats and caravans increasingly have small wind generators to help keep their batteries charged PRINCIPLE

Fig: principle of a turbine At the end of worldwide nameplate capacity of 2009, wind-

Fig: tidal power station A huge dam (called a "barrage") is built across a river estuary. When the tide goes in

and out, the water flows through tunnels in the dam. CONCLUSION Keeping in view the reserves of the fossil fuels and the economy concerns, these fuels are likely to dominate the world primary energy supply for another decade but environmental scientists have warned that if present trend is not checked then by 2100, the average temperature around the globe will rise by 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius, which will cause a upsurge in the sea water levels drowning all lands at low elevation along the coastal lines. So the world has already made a beginning to bring about the infrastructural changes in the energy sector so as to be able to choose the renewable energy development trajectory. The above paper presents the advancement of science and technology to improve the production of power through renewable resources. These resources are again reproduced thus there can be no scarcity. In future many projects are based only on renewable resources. Better to implement the above procedures before the extinction of fossil fuels and uranium . POWER PRODUCED RENEWABLE RESOURCES BY

REFERENCES IEA 2009 Electrical Power Systems by C.L. Wadhwa A REVIEW OF ELECTRICITY UNIT COST ESTIMATES Working Paper, December 2006 - Updated May 2007

Solar Power By Jim Ollhoff Wind and solar power systems: design, analysis, and operation Mukund R. Patel Non-Conventional Energy ResourcesBy D.S. Chauhan and s.k srivastava