DISCUSSION This experiment is conducted to design and analysis the 6 buses load flow system using PSS Adapt.

There are three major parts in doing this experiment which are part 1 is load flow system without capacitor bank, part 2 is load flow with capacitor banks and part 3 is load flow system with different reactive power, MVar. The system consists of 2 generator buses which are source bus and synchronous bus and 4 bus loads. Bus 1 and 2 represent the generator buses where the rest represent the load buses. In Part 1, the result for the buses voltage can be seen in Figure 1. For bus 3 and 5, the perunit bus voltage is 0.758 p.u. and 0.762 p.u. respectively. The Magnitude profile for each bush 3 and bus 5 is plotted in Figure 2 and 3. In part 2, the load flow system for 6 buses with capacitor banks is designed. The analysis is done with the CAPO analysis. The power savings, the location and the size of installed capacitor, and the new voltage magnitude (p.u) are obtained using CAPO analysis. In this step, for each amount of capacitor bank installed, the total capacitor bank value (KVAR) is given and fix. The load flow with 2 capacitor banks design is shown in Figure 4. Based on Figure 4, the power saving for this load flow is 395.89 kW and the initial system loss is 18173.61 kW. The result for 4 capacitor banks and 8 capacitor banks are shown in Figure 5 and 6 respectively. From Figure 5, the power saving for the system when installing 4 capacitor banks is 2669.62 kW and the initial system loss is 18173.61 kW. Based on Figure 6, the power saving for the system is 5402.25 kW and the initial loss is 18173.61 kW. From Figure 6, the capacitor banks were installed at bus 3, 4 and 5. From the all three results, it can be seen that since the value of capacitor bank is increase, the power saving for the system also increased. In part 3, there are 2 cases involved in this experiment. The first case is the base reactive power for the bus 3 is changed which is Qd3 = 10MVar. The experiment is done with the same value of capacitor banks installed in the system as previous. The load flow for case 1 without installing capacitor banks is shown in Figure 7. The bus voltage is taken at Bus 3 as a reference since the value of reactive power, Q is change only at bus 3. The perunit value of voltage at bus 3 is 0.684 p.u.. Figure 8 shows the magnitude profile or voltage profile at bus 3 for the system in Figure 7. From Figure 8, the p.u value of voltage can be seen decreases as the distance increase. So, from the graph in Figure 8, the voltage is inversely proportional with the distance. From the result, Figure 9, Figure 11, and Figure 13 show the 6-bus system for 2,4 and 8 capacitor banks that installed in the system respectively. From Figure 9, the power saving in the system when installing the 2 capacitor banks is 381.01 kW. The power saving for the

system when installing the 4 and 8 capacitor banks in the system is 4073.70 kW and 8571.82 k W respectively. The new perunit value of voltage magnitude also measured since there are changes in reactive power in the system. The new perunit value for the whole system is shows in Table 1. Refer to result for new peruit voltage, V(p.u.) for case 1 in Table 1, the new per unit value increases when the number of capacitor banks is increases. For case 2, the reactive power, Q is changed for Bus 3 and Bus 5. The reactive power at Bus 3, Qd3 is set to 20MVar and reactive power at Bus 5 is set to 10MVar. The new perunit voltage for both bus 3 and bus 5 is recorded in Table 1. The new voltage perunit for Bus 3 when installing two capacitor banks is 0.617 p.u.. The new voltage perunit for Bus 3 and Bus 5 increases as the capacitor banks increases. Figure 16 and 17 shows the Magnitude profile at Bus 3 and Bus 5 for Q equal to 20MVar and 10MVar without capacitor bank. The power saving when installing 2 capacitor banks is 191.23 kW as shown in Figure 18. Figure 21 and Figure 24 show the 6-Bus load system with 4 and 8 capacitor banks respectively and the power saving for each condition is 1484.69 kW and 8529.58 kW. So, from the result obtained the power saving is increase as the amount of capacitor banks increase.

CONCLUSION As conclusion the objectives of this experiment which are to create a model of transmission and distribution system using PSS Adapt, to determine the location of capacitor banks for several given values, to calculate voltage regulation in a distribution system and to evaluate the effect of compensating capacitor placement in transmission system has been successfully achieved. In first part, a model of 6-Bus network system is created using PSS Adapt software. PSS Adapt (Power System Simulator/Advance Engineering Productivity Tool) is a powerful and easyto-use electric network simulation package for design and analysis product of network system. The network system consists of 6 buses which are 2 generator buses and 4 load buses. The generator buses are Bus 1 and Bus 2 where the rest are load bus. The voltage buses are measured for the load system without capacitor banks to see the initial loss and base voltage. The magnitude profile for Bus 3 is plotted as shown in Figure 2. From the result obtained in part 1, the perunit voltage is decrease as the distance is increase as shown in Figure 2. It can be said that the voltage is inversely proportional to the distance. In second part, the same network system is modified with installing the capacitor banks in the network. Firstly, two capacitor banks are installed to network to see how much power saving when using compensating capacitor. The capacitor is used to provide reactive power compensation in order to achieve power and energy loss reduction. The power saving for network system when installing two capacitor banks is 395.98 kW. The analysis is continued by installing 4 and 8 capacitor banks and the power saving for each analysis is 2669.62 kW and 5402.25 kW respectively. This analysis is done by CAPO analysis. From the result obtained, it can be seen that the power saving is increase when the use of amount of capacitor banks is increase. In third part or last part of the experiment, the analysis is continued with the amount of capacitor banks same as in part 2 but the reactive power for Bus 3 and Bus 5 is change to see the effect of reducing or increasing the reactive power of the network system. From the result obtained in Table 1, it can be seen that the new perunit voltage is change when changing the reactive power and amount of capacitor banks. Table 1 show the increases in perunit voltage when the amount of capacitor banks is increase. All in all, the objectives of this experiment have been successfully achieved.

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D. P. Kothari and I J Nagarath, Modern Power System Analysis, Tata Mc Graw Hill, Third Edition, 2005. Chapman,S.J, Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, McGrawHill 2002

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