AUTOMOBILE

MODULE NO 2
CONVENTION AND NON SLIP DIIFRENTIAL, TROUBLE SHOOTING AND REMEDIES

A. BRAKES 1) Requirements of the brake 2) Classification of Brakes 3) Mechanical Brakes 4) Hydraulic Brakes 5) Electro and Vaccum brakes 6) Disc brakes 7) Braking of the front wheel 8) Rear wheel and four wheel brakes 9) Brake trouble shooting 10)Introduction Antilock braking system B. STEERING AND FRONT AXLES 1) Steering geometry 2) Steering requirements 3) Steering linkages and steering gears 4) Over steer and under steer 5) Cornering power 6) Reversibility of steering gears 7) Types of front axles and their construction 8) Trouble shooting and remedies

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BRAKE : It is a device used for slowing, stopping & controlling the vehicle. In braking operation, the kinetic energy of vehicle is converted into heat, which is dissipated to atmosphere. Requirements of the brake 1. The brakes should stop the vehicles in shortest possible distance and time. 2. The brake should work equally good on fair or bad road., 3. Paddle effort applied by the driver should not be more so as not to strain the drivers. 4. Brake should work equally good in all weather. 5. It should have less wearing parts 6. It should require less maintenance. 7. Brakes, when applied should not disturb steering geometry. 8. There should be minimum sound when brakes are applied. 9. 10.

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2. CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKES Brakes may be classified in the following ways. A. With respect to application: i. foot brake :- service brake ii. hand brake :- parking brake B. With respect to number of wheels to which brake is applied iii. two wheel brake iv. four wheel brake C. With respect to construction v. drum brake vi. disc brake

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2) Mechanical Brakes Drum brake: -

1) 2) 3) 4)

In this type, a brake drum is attached concentric to axle hub. Two brake shoes are anchored on the back plate as shown in figure. Friction linings are mounted on the brake shoes. One or two retractor springs are used to keep the brake shoes away from the drum when the brakes are not applied. 5) The brake shoes are anchored at one end, whereas on the other end force F is applied by means of some brake actuating mechanism, which forces the brake shoe against the revolving drum, thereby applying the brakes. 6) An adjuster is also provided to compensate for wear of friction lining with use.

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3) HYDRAULIC BRAKES Principle: Force applied on the brake pedal is transmitted to brake shoe through a confined liquid known as brake fluid. Construction: Hydraulic braking system consists of 1) Master cylinder 2) Wheel cylinder 3) Brake drum 4) Brake shoes 5) Brake fluid with brake lines.

(1) MASTER CYLINDER: a) It consists of two main chambers, fluid reservoir & compression chamber. b) Reservoir supplies fluid to brake system through two ports. c) Larger port is called as intake port whereas smaller port is called as d) By pass port. e) To prevent leakage, there are rubber seals on both sides of piston in the compression chamber. f) Towards the break line side of compression chamber, there is a fluid check valve with a rubber cup inside. It serves to retain residual pressure in the brake lines even after the brakes are released. (2) WHEEL CYLINDER :a) Wheel cylinders are provided to force the brake shoes against the drums. b) Each wheel cylinder is provided with piston, rubber seal, and rubber seal spreaders, springs etc. c) The brake line from the master cylinder is attached to the inlet port of wheel cylinder. d) A bleeder port is provided to bleed the air whenever necessary.

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AUTOMOBILE WORKING: 1) The master cylinder is connected by brake lines to wheel cylinder at each of four wheels. Each wheel cylinder consists of a cylinder brake drum, which is mounted on inner side of wheel & revolves with it. Inside the brake drum, two brake shoes are fitted with friction brake lining on their surfaces. 2) When the brake pedal is pressed, which is connected to master cylinder by means of piston rod, it causes the piston of master cylinder to move. It increases the pressure of fluid inside the master cylinder & in entire hydraulic system. This pressure is instantly transferred to all four wheel cylinders. As soon as the pressurized oil comes inside the wheel cylinder through inlet port, the pistons in the wheel cylinder moves outwards moving the brake shoes out against the brake drum. Thus the brakes are applied. 3) When the driver releases the brake pedal, the master cylinder piston returns to its original position due to return spring, dropping fluid pressure. Brake shoe retracting springs contract & pulls the brake shoes out of contact with brake drum to their original position & brakes are released.

Brake Drum Wheel Cylinder Master Cylinder Flexible Pipe

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ADAVANTGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM The advantages of hydraulic brake system are, 1) Mechanical linkages, joints etc. are eliminated so as to have simple construction. 2) Equal braking effort at all points to all four wheels. 3) Self lubricating 4) High mechanical advantage i.e. less effort required to operate brake 5) Differential braking action can be permitted by using wheel cylinders of different sizes for front & rear wheels. 6) It gives higher efficiency than any other hydraulic system. The disadvantages of hydraulic brake system are, 1) Fails the whole system when there is leakage or damage to any part of system. 2) Due to leakage of fluid, damage to brake shoes & linings happens. 3) This system is used to apply brakes intermittently. For parking purposes, separate mechanical linkage has to be used. Advantages of air brake system over hydraulic system are, 1) The air brakes are more powerful than the mechanical or hydraulic system, hence used in heavy vehicles. 2) Apart from braking, the compressed air from the reservoir can be used for tyre inflation, wipers, horns & many other accessories.

Faults in brakes: a) Brake pedal getting locked. b) Reduced pedal free travel. c) Excessive pedals free travel. d) Brake remains applied after releasing the pedal. e) Excessive effort required on pedal.

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4) Pneumatic brake Construction of Pneumatic brake The pneumatic brake system consists of the following parts. 1. Air compressor a) Generally the reciprocating compressor is used to build the air pressure in the reservoir. b) The compressor is driven by the engine. 2. Unloader valve a) It maintains the constant pressure in the reservoir. b) The excess of the pressure is relieved by the unloaded valve. 3. Reservoir a) It is the tank in which the air at high pressure is stored. 4. Brake Valve a) It is located between air reservoir and air line of the brake cylinder. b) Brake valve is used to control the braking action. c) Brake valve may be operated by the brake pedal. 5. Brake Chamber a) It is the housing in which brake shoe linkages are connected to the diaphragm. b) The movement of the diaphragm due to high pressure air actuated brakes shoes towards brake drum. 6. Quick release valve a) Quick release valve is used in from of brake liners to accelerate the quick release of the pressure. 7. Relay valve a) It speeds up the braking action and release of the air from brake chamber. b) It supplies the air to the brake chamber directly from the reservoir and also retains the air from rears brake chamber directly into atmosphere.

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Working of the Pneumatic brake 1) In pneumatic brake, the brake shoes are operated by means of air pressure. 2) Engine drives a compressor, which is used to compress the air and stores in air reservoir. 3) Brake cylinder is connected to air re4servious by means of the flexible linkages. 4) When the brake pedal is pressed, the compressed air enters in wheel cylinder to push the diaphragm which in turn pushes the brake shoe to apply the brake. 5) When the pressure is released from the brake pedal, it comes back with retracting spring as result in closing of the brake valve and releases the pressure inside the brake chamber.

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Advantage of Pneumatic Brake 1) These are very powerful as compared to the mechanical or hydraulic brakes. 2) Its location and working is very easy and simple. 3) Available compressed air also used for wiper. Disadvantage of Pneumatic Brake 1) Compressor consumes the part of the engine power. 2) Construction of each component is complicated. 3) System is costly.

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5) Electro and Vacuum brakes (POWER BRAKE) Construction of the Vacuum Brake 1) POWER BRAKE is designed to reduce the pedal effort required to stop the vehicle. 2) Power brake used engine manifolds to assist the driver in applying the brakes. 3) Power brake consist of the three basic parts 4) The vacuum of engine manifolds or separate exhauster can be used in vacuum or power brake. 5) System consists of vacuum reservoir connected through the non return valve to inlet manifolds of engine. 6) The two connections from vacuum reservoir go to the servo cylinder and control unit. 7) The control unit has two valves. 8) The lower valves control the connection between the reservoir and right sides of servo cylinder piston. 9) The other side of the piston of control unit is actuated by pedal by means of master cylinder. Working of the Vacuum Brake 1) When the brake pedal is OFF postion, the lower valve of control unit is open and upper valve is closed. This disconnects the atmospheric air and vacuum form the reservoir is created on the both side of the piston of the servo cylinder. 2) When the brakes are applied, it closes the lower valve of control unit and opens the upper valve of atmospheric air to push piston in servo cylinder towards the right to apply brakes. In these ways driver effort are utilized to control the position of the drive in the control unit. 3) If failure occur in vacuum power system because of stalled engine, the brake should still be applied to stop the car, but by greater effort.

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6) DISC BRAKE: Construction: 1. It consists of a cast iron disc bolted to the wheel hub & stationery housing called as the caliper. 2. The caliper is connected to some stationery part of vehicle like stub axle. 3. This caliper is cast in to two parts each containing a piston. 4. In between each piston & the disc there is a friction pad held in position by retaining pins or springs. 5. The passages are drilled in the caliper for the fluid to enter or leave in each housing. Working: 1. When the brakes are applied, hydraulically actuated pistons make the friction pads into contact with the disc, applying equal & opposite forces on the disc, causing the friction & hence slowing it down. 2. When brakes are released, hydraulic pressure on the friction pads is released. The piston moves inwards & breaks their contact with the disc.

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Q.: - Explain the advantages of disc brakes over drum brakes. Answer: ADVANTAGES OF DISC BRAKES OVER DRUM BRAKES The advantages of disc brakes over drum brakes are, 1) In case of disc brakes, friction surfaces are directly exposed to air, whereas in drum type, the friction occurs on the internal surfaces, so heat dissipation problem occurs. 2) The friction pads in case of disc brakes are flat as compared to curved friction linings in case of drum brakes. Therefore there is uniform wear of friction pads in case of disc brakes. This helps in easy selection of material for pads. 3) The design of disc brake is such that there is no loss of efficiency due to expansion. In case of drum brake, as the system becomes hot, the expansion of a drum of internally expanding shoe type brake tends to move the friction surfaces apart, causing a loss of effective pedal travel. On the other hand, disc expansion merely changes the relative positions on friction surface causing no loss. 4) Disc brakes weigh less than drum brake. 5) Design of disc brakes is very simple & involves less number of parts to wear. 6) Easy replacement of friction pads.

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7) Braking of the front wheel 8) Rear wheel and four wheel brakes 9) Brake trouble shooting 10)Introduction Antilock braking system

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B. STEERING AND FRONT AXLES 1) Steering geometry 2) Steering requirements 3) Steering linkages and steering gears 4) Over steer and under steer 5) Cornering power 6) Reversibility of steering gears 7) Types of front axles and their construction 8) Trouble shooting and remedies 1. Steering geometry The front wheel alignment depends upon the following geometrical characteristics 1. Camber 2. Castor 3. King pin inclination 4. Toe in and 5. Toe out during turns.

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1. Camber 1) The angle between the vertical line and the tyre centre line is termed as camber. 2) The camber is negative if the wheel tilts inwards at the top and positive if the wheel tilts outwards at the top. 3) The camber is measured in degrees.

4) The effect of the wheel camber are summarized as below a) Bending stress in the king pin and stub axle are reduced. b) Steering effort is greatly reduced. c) Shock loads are not transmitted to the steering wheel at high vehicle speed. d) Equal camber on the both the wheel tends to reduces rattles in the steering linkages and imparts directional stability. e) Adversely, the cambered wheels have different rolling radii at different points on the tyre and so the wheels tend to roll like truncated cone. This action causes the rapid wear of the tyre on the one side only.

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2. Castor 1) In addition to being tilted towards the centre of the front axle for kingpin inclination, the kingpin may be tilted forward or backward from the vertical and in plane of wheel. The backward tilt from the vertical is called as positive castor and for negative castor the kingpin is tilted forward in same plane. 2) This tilt of kingpin from the vertical is called the castor angle in degrees. For good results the castor angle is kept about 3 degrees. 3) Effect of positive castor :a) The positive castor on the front wheels provides directional stability to the vehicle. b) The vehicle tends to roll out on turns. 4) In case of negative castor, the vehicle tends to back or lean in on turns. 5) With positive castor when the right turn is made, the left side of the vehicle is lowered and the right side of the vehicle is lifted, then the vehicle rolls. Thus the positive castor helps the centrifugal force in rolling out the vehicle. 6) With negative castor, the left side of vehicle would lift during the right turn while the right side of the vehicle would drop. Thus the negative castor tends to roll in, the vehicle. 7) The positive castor causes a tendency in the wheels to toe in because the body of the vehicle is lifted as the front wheels toe out and it is lowered when the toe in. with negative castor, the wheels would try to toe out. 8) The positive castor provides directional stability and tries to keep the wheels straight ahead. But more amount of positive castor increases the effort required to steer. Therefore modern heavy-duty trucks tend to have a negative castor, which makes steering easier.

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3. KING PIN INCLINATION King pin inclination : 1) The king pin inclination is the inward tilt of the king pin from the vertical plane. 2) The advantages of king pin inclination are:a) It tends to keep the wheels straight ahead. b) It helps the return of wheels to straight position after a completing turn. c) It reduces steering effort when the vehicle is stationary. 3) The king pin inclination, in combination with caster, is used to provide directional stability of vehicle. 4) Because this inclination causes the vehicle to move up and the front wheels are swing away from straight ahead, then the weight of the vehicle tends to return the wheels back to straight ahead after turn is completed. 5) The amount this inclination is generally kept 7 to 8.

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4. TOE IN AND TOE OUT TOE IN:-

It is the amount by which wheels are set closer at front than at rear when vehicle is stationery i.e. Toe in = B A Effect of Incorrected Toe In Incorrect toe in causes 1. Tyre slip 2. Tyre wears on the outside of the tread. 3. Tyre Scrub 4. Poor steering stability.

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AUTOMOBILE TOE OUT :It is the amount by which wheels are set closer at rear than at front when vehicle is stationery i.e. Toe Out = A - B

Toe out is provided by keeping proper relation between the steering knuckle arms, tie rods and drop arm. These linkages are arranged such that the inner wheel, left or right, toes out more than the outer wheel when taking a curve.

Q.What is toe in & toe out in steering angle. Answer :Toe in : It is the amount by which wheels are set closer at front than at rear when vehicle is stationery i.e. Toe in = B A Toe out : It is the amount by which wheels are set closer at rear than at front when vehicle is stationery i.e. Toe Out = A B

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AUTOMOBILE Q.: -What is perfect steering? Explain oversteering & understeering? Answer: Perfect steering: 1) It is achieved when all four wheels are rolling perfectly under all conditions of running. 2) While taking turns, the condition of perfect rolling is satisfied when axles of front wheels when produced meet the rear wheels at one point. Then this point is called as instantaneous Centre of vehicle. 3) It is seen that inner wheel is required to turn through a greater angle than outer wheel.

Cornering force:1) While taking a turn, the centrifugal force acts on the vehicle, which produces side thrust. 2) To sustain that force, the plane of wheel must make some angle with direction of motion of the vehicle. 3) The angle through which the wheel has to turn to sustain the side force is called as slip angle & the force produced due to this which encounters the side thrust is called as cornering force.

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AUTOMOBILE Understeer: 1) When the slip angles of front wheels are greater than those for rear wheels, the radius of turn is increased. 2) This means that vehicle will turn less sharply than it should for a given rotation of steering wheel. 3) In other words, the vehicle will try to move away from its normal direction of motion & therefore to keep it on right path, we shall have to steer a little more than is theoretically needed. 4) This condition is called as Understeer.

Oversteer: 1) When the slip angles of front wheels are less than those for rear wheels, the radius of turn is decreased. 2) This means that vehicle will turn more sharply than it should for a given rotation of steering wheel. 3) In other words, the vehicle will try to move away from its normal direction of motion & therefore to keep it on right path, we shall have to steer a little less than is theoretically needed. 4) This condition is called as Oversteer.

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AUTOMOBILE Q.Short note on CAMBER CAMBER 1) The camber is the tilt of the front wheel from the vertical plane. When the tilt is outward at the top then the camber is called negative. The wheels are given a positive camber to start so that when the vehicle is loaded and rolling along on road, they automatically come to a vertical position. 2) The positive camber is shown in fig. which is measured in degree from vertical plane. The camber angle should not exceed 2 degree, while running any amount of camber, positive or negative tends to cause more rapid tyre wear because under this condition more of the load is shared on one side of tyre. Therefore it is clear that the tyre life will be maximum when the camber angle is in running condition is zero with average load.

3) Similarly, unequal camber in the front wheels causes the vehicle to roll in the direction of the wheel having the greater camber. With excessive camber a tyre does not come in correct contact with the road, which causes it to wear only on one side.

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AUTOMOBILE Q.: - Enlist the functions of steering system. Answer: - The function of steering system is Primary function: 1) To achieve angular motion of front wheels to negotiate a turn. Secondary function: 1) To provide directional stability to vehicle when going straight. 2) To provide perfect steering condition i.e. perfect rolling motion of road wheels at all the times. 3) To facilitate recovery of straight-ahead after completing a turn. This is done by using linkages & steering gear, which convert rotary motion of steering wheel into angular motion of front road wheels.

Q.: - Enlist the requirements of steering system. Answer: REQUIREMENT OF STEERING SYSTEM The requirement of good steering system is Vehicle control mostly depends upon the steering system, suspension systems and tyres. A smooth performance of steering system calls for the following requirements: 1. The front wheel should roll without lateral skid while negotiating curves. 2. There should be proper proportion between the angles turned by the front wheels. 3. The tyres must have good elasticity so that on turns, theses may be follow an arc of greater radius than the stiff tyres. 4. The wheel must automatically comes to the straight ahead position after negotiating the bend. When going straight, the wheel must maintain the neutral position. 5. The angular oscillations of the wheels must be minimum. 6. The system must be irreversible to a certain degrees so that minimum front wheel shocks are transmitted to the drivers hands.

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AUTOMOBILE STEERING MECHANICSM The two types of steering mechanisms are 1. Davis steering gear 2. Ackerman Steering gear

Q.: -Explain Davis steering mechanism. DAVIS STEERING MECHANISM 1) In this mechanism, the arms CL & AK are fixed to the axles so as to form the bell crank levers & to make angles DCL & BAK equal. 2) The fixed arms are slotted & slide relative to the die blocks. 3) The two die blocks are pivoted to the link PQ. 4) The link PQ is supported in two guides so that it can be moved parallel to link CA. 5) The sliding of link PQ to the left or right effects the steering of wheel. 6) The vehicle moves along the straight path when steering angles CL & AK are inclined at equal angle to the centerline of vehicle.

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AUTOMOBILE Q. :- Explain ackerman steering mechanism. ACKERMAN STEERING MECHANISM. 1) As the Davis steering gear has a number of sliding pairs resulting in high friction, wear & tear in component parts, it is no more used in vehicles. 2) Ackermans steering gear mechanism is explained as follows. 3) In this system, the links AB & CD are integral with the stub axles. These links are connected with each other through the link rod BD. 4) The links AB & CD are called as track arms. 5) When vehicle is in straight-ahead position, these links make equal angle with centerline of car. 6) The following figure shows the position of mechanism when car is turning left. 7) Thus Ackermans steering fear consists of four bar turning pairs & much simpler than Davis gear.

Figure:Ackerman Steering gear

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AUTOMOBILE Q.: - What is steering gear? List the types of steering gear? STEERING GEAR: It converts turning motion of steering wheel in to & fro motion of link rod of the steering linkage. Moreover, it also provides the necessary leverage so that the driver is able to steer the vehicle without fatigue. TYPES OF STEERING GEAR The following are the main design of steering box in common use. 1) Worm and Sector. 2) Rack and pinion. 3) Recircutlaing Ball. 4) Worm and Roller. 5) Cam and lever. 6) Screw and Nut

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AUTOMOBILE Q.: - What is steering gear? Explain rack & pinion steering gear? Answer: STEERING GEAR: 1) It converts turning motion of steering wheel in to & fro motion of link rod of the steering linkage. 2) Moreover, it also provides the necessary leverage so that the driver is able to steer the vehicle without fatigue. RACK & PINION STEERING GEAR: 1) It is simple, light & occupies less space & uses less number of linkages & components compared to worm & worm wheel type of steering gear. 2) The rotary motion of wheel is given to the pinion of steering gear through universal joints. The pinion is in mesh with rack. 3) The circular motion of pinion is transferred in to linear rack movement, which is further relayed through the ball joints & rods to stub axles for wheel to be steered.

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AUTOMOBILE Q.:- Explain worm & worm steering gear. Answer: - WORM & WORM STEERING GEAR Construction 1) It consists of worm wheel, which is carried in a casing. The casing is made in two parts. 2) The outer end of worm wheel spindle is fixed to the drop arm. 3) The drop arm is connected to a ball joint & then to tie rods. 4) The tie rod is connected to the steering arm, which is connected to stub axles. 5) The worm is keyed on steering shaft, which is in mesh with wheel. Working: 1) The movement of steering wheel turns the worm, which in turn drives the worm wheel. 2) As the wheel spindle is attached to drop arm, the rotation of steering wheel corresponds to a linear motion of the drop arm end, which is connected to tie rod.

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AUTOMOBILE Q.:- Explain Recirculating ball steering gear. Answer: RECIRCULATING BALL STEERING GEAR 1) The worms are the end of steering shaft has a nut having recirculating steel balls in between the groves of worm and nut. 2) The ball greatly reduces the friction and increases the efficiency. 3) The teeth formed on the outside of the nut are in mesh with a toothed wheel sector. 4) The drops are attached to this sector wheel through the linkage rods and the steering arms. 5) When the driver turns the steering wheel, the two steel balls rolls in the grooves and the nut travels along the length of the worm. 6) The wheel sector gets in motion from the nut which, in turns moves the drop arm to steer front wheels.

Advantages of Recirculating ball steering gear 1. Due to recirculating ball friction is reduced. 2. Due to less friction can be used for heavy duty vehicles.

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AUTOMOBILE Q.:- Explain Worm and Roller steering gear. Answer: WORM AND ROLLER STEERING GEAR 1) It consist of two toothed roller fastened to the roller shaft/cross shaft so that it meshes with thread of the worm gear or shaft at the end of steering shaft. 2) When the worm shaft is turned it causes the roller to move in an arc so as to rotate the roller shaft and at the same time turn on the roller pin connecting it to the shaft. 3) The casing of the system is fixed with the column and generally bolted to the frame.

Advantages of Worm and Roller steering gear 1) It is small and compact until as big size worm wheel is replaced by roller. 2) Good mechanical advantage is obtained. Disadvantages of Worm and Roller steering gear 1) More friction restricts its use in heavy duty vehicle.

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AUTOMOBILE Q.:- Explain the steering Characteristics? Answer: STEERING CHARACTERISTICS When a vehicle moves in a circular path the center of that path does not coincide with the point of intersection of the wheel axis. Under this condition the centrifugal force acts on the wheels and the wheels are provided slip angle. Therefore the value of slip angle has important effect on the steering characteristic of the vehicle. Understeer: 1) When the slip angles of front wheels are greater than those for rear wheels, the radius of turn is increased. 2) This means that vehicle will turn less sharply than it should for a given rotation of steering wheel. 3) In other words, the vehicle will try to move away from its normal direction of motion & therefore to keep it on right path, we shall have to steer a little more than is theoretically needed. 4) This condition is called as Understeer.

Oversteer: 1) When the slip angles of front wheels are less than those for rear wheels, the radius of turn is decreased. 2) This means that vehicle will turn more sharply than it should for a given rotation of steering wheel. 3) In other words, the vehicle will try to move away from its normal direction of motion & therefore to keep it on right path, we shall have to steer a little less than is theoretically needed. 4) This condition is called as Oversteer.

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AUTOMOBILE Q.:- Explain the HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING? Answer: HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING 1) The driver requires a larger force to be exerted on steering wheel for steering the heavy duty vehicle when vehicle has to take sharp turn. 2) The power steering makes it easier. 3) The power steering takes the assistance of hydraulic power to reduce steering efforts. 4) The power steering is operated by oil under pressure. 5) The small movement of steering wheel actuates a valve so that the fluid under the pressure from reservoir enters to cylinder whose piston operates steering linkage to steer wheel in desired direction. 6) The power steering may be assisted by

The power steering is broadly classified into two types 1. Integral type: In this power operating assembly is part of steering gear. 2. Linkage type In this power operating assembly is part of linkage.

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Q.:- Explain the Integral Type Power Steering? Answer: INTEGRAL TYPE POWER STEERING

1. INTEGRAL type power steering consists of solid cylinder which two grooves are cut to form valve spool. 2. Valve spool slides in housing 3. The system is filled with the oil. 4. The reservoirs keep sufficient oil in the system. 5. The pump is driven from engine power and delivers the oil under pressure in central part of housing and is returned to reservoirs back as shown by arrow when vehicle is running straight. 6. When vehicle takes turn, return oil line is closed and pressure is created in cylinder to have steering action.

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FRONT AXLE There are two types of Front axles 1. Live Front Axle. It is used for front wheel drive vehicle. It transmits the driving torque from the transfer box to the front axle with different swiveling mechanism. 2. Dead Front Axle. It does not rotate and is used with rear wheel drive as power is transmitted to the rear wheel. FRONT AXLE CONSTRUCTION 1) Most of the heavy duty vehicle uses the solid one piece front axle instead of the independent suspension. 2) It is made up of 0.4 % carbon steel or 1.3% nickel alloy steel by drop forging operation. 3) The end of front axle carries the stub axle. 4) On the front axle spring seat also provided to carry suspension spring.

5) Generally simple I section is provided at center to carry bending load on the axle as shown by the section A-A and circular or elliptical section to ends to carry the twist when brakes are applies as shown in section B-B. 6) The center part of beam axle is given downward sweep to have to chassis height.

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AUTOMOBILE 7) The different component attached to the front axles are stub axle, king pin and track rod.

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