Important Topics in Sanitary

Engineering
By
Husam Al-Najar
Environmental Engineering Department-The Islamic University of Gaza
http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/halnajar/courses/
What is the job description of the Sanitary engineer?
The sanitary engineer job became essential with the rapid increase of cities and
other rural population concentrations.
Sanitary Engineering Fields
Water
supply
-Collection systems
-Treatment
-Reuse (and/or) disposal
- Storm water
collection
- Storm water reuse
(and/or) disposal
- Storm water
treatment (if needed)
-Water collection
-Ground water
-Surface water
-Water treatment
-Water Distribution
Waste water
Management
Storm water
Management
Solid waste
Management
- Collection systems
- Treatment
methods
- Reuse (and/or)
disposal
WASTE WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM
Sewer: Sewers are under ground pipes or conduits which carry sewage
to points of disposal.
Sewage: The Liquid waste from a community is called sewage.
Sewage is classified into domestic and non-domestic sewage.
The non domestic sewage is classified into industrial, commercial,
institutional and any other sewage that is not domestic.
Sewerage: The entire system used for collection, treatment and
disposal of Liquid waste. This includes pipes, manholes, and all
structures used for the above mentioned purposes.
IMPORTANT DIFINITIONS
What Types of collection systems?
Separate system
Sanitary system
Combined system
Both sanitary & storm water
1. Used for domestic and industrial wastes in
addition to inflow and infiltration. Storm
water is not considered.
2. It is preferred for the following:
The size of pipes is much smaller than the
combined system sewers. This gives the
advantage of good hydraulics in the pipe
(the pipe is Designed to have a minimum
velocity to prevent sedimentation of sand)
Separation of wastewater from storm water
minimize the total quantity of sewage which
has the following advantages :
1. Smaller pumping stations are needed.
2. Smaller and more efficient treatment plants
are needed.
3. Overflow of combined sewers in the storm
events produces pollution to environment
which is not the case in separate sewer.
Only unavoidable Storm water inters the system
which protects the system from the
accumulation of sand in the sewers in the
non-paved areas.
It is used for both storm water and wastewater.
It is preferred for the following cases:
For areas of long rainy seasons.
For areas where it is difficult to construct two
pipelines in the streets crowded with other
services (electricity, telephone, gas, etc...).
Its not preferred for areas of short rainy season,
and for areas poorly paved which leads to the
accumulation of sand in the system.
Combined system is 40% lower in cost than
separate system.
Storm water
Generally, most of the countries
recently preferring separate
systems.
What type of studies are needed for the design of sewage
collection systems?
1. Contour maps, and longitudinal profiles.
2. Geotechnical investigation( type of soil).
3. Hydrological investigation( water table).
4. Metrological data( rain,.).
5. Detailed map of the area showing streets, buildings, levels of
buildings entrance etc
6. Detailed cross section for the streets showing the underground
service (water pipes, electricity cables, gas pipes, telephone,..).
7. Water supply and consumption study.
8. Identification of industrial, commercial institutional and domestic
areas.
9. Identification of collection points of sewage and possible locations of
pumping stations and point of final collection.
10. Population forecast studies.
11. Expected Development of the area (Master planning).
Design of W.W. Collection System
Design criteria:
Data needed: : Estimation of the design flow Qdes
Average daily water consumption per capita for domestic areas (L/c/d), (Q
avg
).
Average daily water consumption per capita for institution ( school, offices,
.etc. ), (Q
avg
).
Average daily water consumption for commercial and industrial areas.
Infiltration, inflow:
Q
infil
is taken as [24-95 m
3
/day/km] or [0.5 m3/day/diamter (cm)], take the
bigger value of the two.
Q
inflo
is taken as 0.2-30 [m
3
/ha/day]. ( hectare = 10,000 m
2
)
Q
des
= Q
max
+ Q
I/I
( if found) Q
I/I
= Q
infil
+ Q
inflo
Qmax = [0.80* Qavg] * P

( 0.8 > 80% return from water supply).

- P

: peak factor for domestic wastewater can be calculated

from one of the following formulas :

P
f
P
+
+ =
4
14
1 , ( P: population in thousands)
Or
167 . 0
5
P
f
P =
- The minimum domestic wastewater flow (Q
min
) is necessary to check
for the minimum velocity in the sanitary sewers, it is estimated from
the following formula:

W
avg
Q P Q
(

= *
6
1
2 . 0
min

A typical value of
W
avg
Q Q
(

=
3
1
min

Note: [Qavg]w = 0.8 Qavg , which is
the average domestic wastewater
production , while Qavg is the
average water consumption.
When it is important to use manholes?
The following table gives the allowable intervals of manholes relative to the diameter:
Pipe diameter ( inch ) Max. distance between manholes
(m)
8 30
8-10 40
10-12 50
12-16 60
16-36 100
36 150

Note: The distance depends on the maintenance equipments available.
Manholes are constructed in the following cases: Manholes:
when pipes change in diameter
change of direction
change of slope
intersection of pipes
at interval, ( 20-100 m)
Materials used for pipes:
Sewers are made from:
1- Concrete
2- Reinforced concrete
3- Vitrified clay
4- Asbestos cement
5- Cast iron (lined with cement).
6- Ductile iron (lined with cement).
7- Steel (lined with cement).
8- PVC, UPVC
9- GRB (fiber glass).
Factors effecting the selection of materials:
1- Chemical characteristics of wastewater and degree of
resistance to acid, base, solvents,
2- Resistance to scour and flow (friction coefficient).
3- External forces and internal pressures.
4- Soil conditions.
5- Type of backfill
6- Useful life
7- Strength and water tightness of joints and effective
control of infiltration and inflow.
8- Availability in diameter, length, and ease of installation.
9- Cast of construction and maintenance.
How to select the Pipes Materials?
How to measure the Strength of pipes:
The crushing strength of sewer pipes is determined by the three-edge bearing test. The pipe
is stressed until failure occurs. Table (3) gives the minimum crushing strength for clay
pipes.
Strength requirements for reinforced concrete pipes are given in table 4, for this table the
crushing force correspond to 0.25mm crack. The values in the table are pre mm diameter,
thats why they are called D-Loads (KN/m.mm)
The pipe strength in supporting loads depends on the method of pipe bedding :
- Class (D) bedding support the three bearing load only.
- Class(C) support (1.5) the three edge load (1.5 = Load factor)
- Class (B) bedding has a load factor of 1.9.
- Class (A) bedding has a load factor of 2.3 to 3.4.
- Other pipe material has similar tables to estimate their strength
The three- edge bearing test
The Objectives of storm water drainage
To prevent erosion in hillside areas (paved roads and terracing are needed)
To prevent land-slides
To improve the hygienic conditions with regard to the conveyance of wastewater
To limit inconvenience to people and traffic
To limit damage to unpaved roads
Prevent damage to housing, in case the elevation of ground floor is below street
level.
Collection for reuse purposes, Agriculture use, domestic use and recharge the aquifer
What type of Information are needed for the design of storm water
drainage system
1. Metrological and hydrological data
Rainfall intensity
Storm duration and occurrence
2. Topographical data
Boundaries of the catchments areas
Point of collection
3. Classification of catchments areas
Industrial, domestic, ..
Build up areas (run-off coefficient)
4. Soil investigations
Permeability (run-off coefficient)
Methods of Run-off Computation
Rational method
Q = C i A

Where;
( Q = is the run-off in (m
3
/hr
C = is the Run-off coefficient
i = is the average rainfall intensity in (m/hr)
A = is the drainage area in (m
2
)
Runoff Coefficient (C)
Coefficient Development
0.9 Pavement,
Road/Parking
0.7 Commercial /
Public lots
0.6 Residential
Communities
0.3 Parks /
Unimproved
Areas
0.2 Irrigation Areas
0.05 Natural Zones
Only a part of the precipitation upon a catchments area will appear in the
form of direct runoff.
To prevent groundwater pollution
To prevent sea shore
To prevent soil
To prevent marine life
Protection of public health
To reuse the treated effluent
For agriculture
For groundwater recharge
For industrial recycle
Why do we need to treat wastewater ?
Solving social problems caused by the accumulation of wastewater
Wastewater treatment methods
Chemical
Sedimentation Gas
Transfer
Filtration Flocculation Flotation Mixing Screening
Biological
Physical
Aerobic Anaerobic
Precipitation Adsorption Disinfection
Biological waste water treatment
Classification of biological Waste water methods
Aerobic and anaerobic Suspended and attached treatment
Aerobic: biological treatment is a process in
which the pollutants in the waste water
(organic matter) are stabilized by
microorganisms in the presence of
molecular oxygen
Anaerobic: biological treatment is a process
in which the pollutants in the waste water
(organic matter) are stabilized by
microorganisms in the absence of molecular
oxygen
Suspended growth process is a biological w.w.t
in which microorganisms are maintained in
suspension while converting organic matter to
gases and cell tissue (Activated sludge).
Attached growth is a biological w.w.t in which
microorganisms responsible for the conversion
of organic matter to gases and cell tissue are
attached to some innert material such as rocks,
sand, or plastic (Trickling filter).
18
Many treatment systems based on suspended microorganisms have been
developed and still used till now.
Some of these systems are aerobic and other are anaerobic.
Some of the most commonly used systems are:
Conventional activated sludge system
Oxidation ditches
Sequential batch reactor (SBR)
Aerated lagoons
Waste stabilization ponds
Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)
Suspended growth

"Examples of Attached growth system:

Many types of this system has been developed:
- Trickling filters( biological tower ).
- Rotating biological contactors( RBC ).
- Packed bed reactors
- Fluidized bed biofilm reactors.
Parameter
(mg/l)
Wastewater characteristics
North
area
Gaza Rafah
BOD 728 667 777
COD 1385 1306 1399
SS 663 617 540
Wastewater characteristics in Gaza Strip (PWA,
2003)
The existing treatment systems in the Gaza Strip
Anaerobic Lagoons
Aerated lagoons
Trickling filters
Maturation Ponds

1
9
9
8
Existing WWTP
proposed WWTP
Potential areas for Wastewater reuse
Parameter Palestinian Standards
Irrigation Recharge
BOD (mg/l) 20-60 20
TSS (mg/l) 30-90 30
TDS (mg/l) 1500 1500
EC (ms/cm) - -
T-N (mg/l) 45 100
Na (mg/l) 200 230
Cl (mg/l) 500 600
SAR 9 -
B (mg/l) 0.7 1
F. Coliform (MPN/100ml) 200-1000 200-1000
Nematodes (ovum/l) <1 <1
Palestinian Standards for irrigation and groundwater recharge